Creative Computing Magazine (December 1982) Volume 08 Number 12

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the ~i magazine of computer applieath

In-depth Evaluations:

■ Tymshare Scanset

■ Communitree

■ 6 Processors for the Apple

■ Colecovision

■ Electric Duet

■ Speech Synthesizers

■ 1 8 Games for Gift Giving

■ B & O Beosystem 8000

Tutorials on Ada
and Pilot ]

Parallel Processing
for Microcomputers

Build a Standard Keyboard
for your Atari 400

Complete Directory of
VIC-20 Products

Special Section on Robots
and Artificial Intelligence

Columns:

■ Apple

■ Atari

■£Q <BJ«

uT

i i

■ TRS-80

■ Graphics

■ Books

■ New Products

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90£Ob

X<L#2T
S8dH W STtrT tr6Z^£9T8

TO DRIVE
IS A WASTE OF TIME.

While your printer is running, your
computer is tied up . All you can
do is twiddle your thumbs until
the program is finished.

MKROBUFFER ALLOWS YOU

TO PRINT AND PROCESS

SIMULTANEOUSLY.

You just dump your printing data
directly to Microbuffer, whoosh!,
and continue processing.

Microbuffer accepts data as
fast as your computer can send
it. It first stores the data in its
own memory buffer, then takes
control of your printer.

It's that easy.

THERE IS A MKROBUFFER

FOR ANY COMPUTER/PRINTER

COMBINATION.

Microbuffers are available in
Centronics-compatible parallel
or RS-232C serial versions.

9

FOR APPLE II COMPUTERS,

Microbuffer II features on-board
firmware for text formatting and
advanced graphics dump
routines. Both serial and parallel
versions have very low power
consumption. Special functions
include Basic listing formatter,
self-test, buffer zap, and
transparent and maintain modes.
The 16K model is priced at $259
and the 32K, at $299.

FOR EPSON PRINTERS, Microbuffer
is $159 in either an 8K serial or a
16K parallel version. The serial
buffer supports both hardware
handshaking and XON-XOFF
software handshaking at baud
rates up to 19,200. Both inter-
faces are compatible with Epson
commands including Graftrax-80
and Graftrax-80-K Both are user-
expandable to 32K.

ALL OTHER COMPUTER/PRINTER

COMBINATIONS are served by the
in-line, stand-alone Microbuffers.
(Pictured here, twice actual size.)

Both serial and parallel ver-
sions are expandable up to 256K.

The serial stand-alone will sup-
port different input and output
baud rates and handshake pro-
tocol. The 32K model starts at
$299, $349 for 64K, and 64K add-
ons (for up to a total of 256K) are
just $179.

SIMPLE TO INSTALL

Microbuffer II is slot-independent.
It will fit directly inside the Apple
II in any slot except zero.

Microbuffer for your Epson
mounts easily in the existing
auxiliary slot directly inside the
Epson printer.

The stand-alone Microbuffer is
installed in-line between virtually
any printer and any computer.

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS.

When you think of how much

time Microbuffer will save,

can you afford to not have one?

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS, INC.™
31245 LA BAYA DRIVE
WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362
(213) 991-8200

POWER

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Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 1982

La&^Vegas ConvenWUIT Center

is Wo 3flfi Nevada

CIRCLE 273 ON READER SERVICE CARD

As IBM would design it

The Personal Hard Disk from Corona-.
Only for the IBM Personal Computer.

Corona specialization makes the difference:

It fits right in — right inside the IBM Personal Computer, with no
external power supply.

And it makes friends fast— with self-documenting, menu-driven,
very "user-friendly" software.

It responds to your needs— for multiple operating systems on the
same disk at the same time, in flexible partitions that grow as needed.

It backs you up — on floppies, using "selective" backup (by date, by
volume, by category), so an additional backup device is not needed.

And it has reliability you can count on— combining exclusive use of
Seagate drives with Coronas DataGuard TM and FailSafe. TM

And the price?

$1995 for 5 MB,
$2495 for 10 MB

Experience the difference specialization makes.

Ask your dealer to show you the Corona Personal
Hard Disk (or call us for dealership and quantity
purchase information).

# corona

The Third Generation Microcomputer Company
Corona Data Systems 31324 Via Colinas, Section 110, Westlake Village, CA 213-706-1505

CIRCLE 166 ON READER SERVICE CARD

in this issue

evaluations & profiles

1 ft Tymshare Scanset Anderson

v Terminal velocity

OQ Communitree Coffey

fcV The start of a new wave in human communication

QQ New Processors for The Apple Coffey

^ v Better performance and added features

Aft Colecovision Linzmayer

New kid on the block

CO Stocking Stutters Anderson, Archibald

**° 18 games for gift giving Linzmayer, McNamee

1 00 Bang & Olufsen Beosystem 8000 Ahl

■ *^ A price-is-no-object hi-fi stereo system

114 Electric Duet Ahl

Music synthesis with software

1 37 Talk ls Gettin 9 Cheaper Anderson

^ Three approaches to speech synthesis

a aq The Color Computer Speaks Norman

■ ^** Compuvoice from Radio Shack

articles

-I 20 Speech! Speech! McComb

1 fcV A close look at speech synthesis

1 56 Automatalk Prince

■ **" A progress report on robotics

1 67 lnventln 9 Tne Future Williams

'**' An historian's view

1 80 Computers & Creativity Ten Dyke

ov Can computers create?

200 Ex P erience ' Experiments and Intelligence Berry

vv A guest editorial

204 Burn "° ut To Born A ain Urbanowicz

fcV Atari makes a convert

21 4 Logo Ideas Lawler

Single-key interfaces

916 Tne Countess and The Computer Gilpin

* ,w Part II

233 Rediscovering Level II Spahitz

^&& Programming techniques for TRS-80 Model I

O4O Pilot Tutorial Smith

fc ^ w Part II

254 Improving Readability Lundeen

** Make your programs easier to use

256 Corf vs * Mimura Cerf

A championship game of Othello

fiction & foolishness

1 79 Dle Wahrheit Jaeger

213 Computer Carols Anderson

264 Plcturln 9 ,nflnit y Payack

applications & software

268 Para,lel Processing Parent

00 a Searching Techniques Mitchell

^<" How to find it

OQft Tne Monkey and The Hunter Rogowski

^^° A computer solution to a classic problem

312 Creating A Hole in Applesoft Basic Parrott

320 Kee P jn 9 Track of Variable Names McMillan

^^ v An Applesoft utility

OOO Output Au Naturel Lowenstein

***'*' Making text "look right"

326 A Scrollln 3 Routine for CBM/PET Bruey

u w An easy way to examine output listings

328 Pocket Computer Fun Rollins

^ ° A maze program that fits in your pocket

O QQ Twonky Revisited Hertel

^^^ New version of an old favorite for TRS-80

QQg Checkers White

^^ w Programming a strategy game

344 standard Keyboard For The Atari 400 Noskowicz

u Build it yourself

34fi Love Potency Meter Ahl

Build an analog to digital interface

departments

g Input/Output Readers

Q Notices Fee

-1 Q Dateline: Tomorrow Ahl

OO^ Short Programs Humble & Disque

uu ^ For TRS-80 and Atari

350 New Pr °d ucts Anderson & Coffey

360 Software Le 9 al Forum Novick

^ vv Insuring your computer

3g4 Apple Cart Carpenter

OyQOutpost: Atari Anderson

Qy Q The Graph Paper Lubar

384 IBM ,ma 0° s Fastie

QQ A Personal Electronic Transactions Yob

^^ v Directory of products for the VIC

4Qfl TRS-80 Strings Gray

41 ft Book Reviews Gray

430 lndex To Advertisers

December, 1982 WBPA fTl

Volume 8, Number 12 v '" MU

Creative Computing (ISSN 097-8140) is published monthly by Ahl Computing,

Inc., a subsidiary of Ziff-Davis Publishing Company David Ahl, President; Elizabeth

B. Staples, Vice President; Selwyn Taubman, Treasurer; Bertram A. Abrams,

Secretary. P.O. Box 789-M Morristown, N.J. 07960 Second Class postage paid at

New York, NY 10001 and at additional mailing offices.

Copyright ©1982 by Ahl Computing, Inc. All rights reserved

Editorial offices located at 39 East Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, NJ 07950 Phone

(201)540-0445.

Domestic Subscriptions: 12 issues $24 97; 24 issues $43.97; 36 issues $57 97

POSTMASTER, send address changes to Creative Computing, P.O. Box 5214,

Boulder, CO 80321. Call 800-631-8112 toll-free (in New Jersey call 201-540-

0445) to order a subscription.

December 1982 ® Creative Computing

/*

starr

r

Founder/Editor-in-Chief

Editor
Managing Editor

Technical Editor
Associate Editor
Editor-At-Large
Contributing Editors

David H. Ahl

Elizabeth B. Staples
Peter Fee

Michael Coffey

John Anderson

Ted Nelson

Dale Archibald
Charles Carpenter
Thomas W. Dwyer
Will Fastie
Stephen B. Gray
Glenn Hart
Stephen Kimmel
Harold Novick
Peter Payack
David Small
Alvin Toff ler
Gregory Yob
Karl Zinn

Editorial Assistant

Andrew Brill

Art Director
Assistant Art Director

Artists

Susan Gendzwil
Chris DeMilia

Diana Negri Rudio

Candace Figueroa

Eugene Bicknell

Production Coordinator Christina L. Erickson

Typesetters Karen Brown

Renea Cole

Advertising Director

Jeff Weiner

Creative Computing Press Laura Conboy

Claudette Moore

Software Development

Software Production

Eric F. Wolcott

Owen Linzmayer

Neil Radick

Chris Vogeli

Bill Rogalsky

Nick Ninni

Mark Levitt

Operations Manager
Comptroller
Accounting
Bookkeeping
Retail Marketing

Fulfillment

Shipping & Receiving

v

William L. Baumann

Patricia Kennedy

Jennifer H. Shaler

Ethel Fisher

Jennifer Burr
Laura Gibbons

Frances Miskovich

Rosemary Bender

Linda Blank

Pat Champion

Susan DeMark

Moira Fenton

Elsie Graff

Gail Harris

Linda McCatharn

Bridget Maher

Joanne Sapio

Carol Vita

Barbara Worry

Jim Zecchin

Ronald Antonaccio

Mark Archambault

Bill Thomas

Scott McLeod

Mike Gribbon

V.

advertising sales

Advertising Director

Jeff Weiner
Creative Computing
Ziff-Davis Publishing Company
One Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
(212)725-7957

Advertising Coordinator

Ruth Darling

Creative Computing

Ziff-Davis Publishing Company

One Park Ave.

New York, NY 10016

(212)725-3446

Northern California, Northwest

Jules E. Thompson, Inc.

1290 Howard Ave., Suite 303

Burlingame, CA 94010

(415)348-8222

From Colorado (303) 595-9299

Southern California, Southwest

Jules E. Thompson, Inc.

2560 Via Tejon

Palos Verdes Estates. CA 90274

(213)378-8361

New England

CEL Associates, Inc.
27 Adams Street
Braintree, MA 02184
(617)848-9306

Midwest

The Pattis Group
4761 W. TouhyAve.
Lincolnwood, IL 60646
(312)679-1100

Mid-Atlantic
Larry Levine

Ziff-Davis Publishing Company
One Park Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 725-7668

Southeast

Browning Publications
P.O. Box 81306
Atlanta, GA 30366
(404) 455-3430

Canada

The Pattis Group
1623YongeSt.
Toronto, Ontario M4T 241
(416)482-6288

r

r

mbpcfcpm

A

Creative Computing is available on per-
manent record microfilm. For complete
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where to send it

All editorial material, including article
submissions, press releases, and products
for evaluation should be sent to:

Creative Computing

39 E. Hanover Ave.

Morris Plains, NJ 07950

Correspondence regarding other Creative
Computing products and publications
should also be sent to the Morris Plains
address.

Correspondence related to advertising,
including ad copy, questions on billing, and
requests for rates, should be sent to

Advertising Department

Creative Computing

Ziff-Davis Publishing Co.

One Park Ave.

New York, NY 10016

Correspondence regarding subscriptions,
including orders, changes of address, and
problems should be sent to:

Creative Computing

P.O. Box 5214

Boulder, CO 80321

Your help in choosing the correct address
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An incorrectly addressed letter or package
can take as long as several weeks to reach
its proper destination.

r

subscriptions

All subscriptions orders and other corre-
spondence related to subscriptions
should be addressed to:

Creative Computing

P.O. Box 5214

Boulder, Colorado 80321 .
Foreign subscriptions must be accom-
panied by payment in U.S. currency.

Subscription prices:

U.S. Canada

1 year $24.97 1 year 29 97

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Airmail delivery on foreign subscriptions
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may send payment in sterling to:

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27 Andrew Close

Stoke Golding

Nuneaton, CV1 3 6EL

Please allow at least eight weeks for
change of address. Include old address
as well as new— enclosing if possible an
address label from a recent issue.

attention authors

Creative Computing will not be responsible
for the return of unsolicited manuscripts, cas-
settes, floppy disks, program listings, etc not
submitted with a self-addressed, stamped
envelope

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

In an age when new standards are constantly emerging,
one disk consistently meets or exceeds them all.

Maxell. The Gold Standard.

Not all disks are created equal. Some are better
than others. To tind out what's best for you, look for
Maxell disks. They now carry the Gold Standard
symbol of quality. It's your assurance Maxell disks
meet or exceed every definition of quality. No matter
who establishes it. We've earned this universal supe-
riority by never relaxing our
uniquely demanding quality
control. Every aspect of manu-
facturing is checked, then
checked again.

Your benefits are many.
Take the perpetual problem of
drop-outs. A drop-out is a tiny
defect that wastes time and
degrades computer accur-
acy and performance. Now
that you understand what a
drop-out is, forget it. Maxell
disks don't have any. Each
disk comes to you certified

drop-out free at the time of manufacture. You can
depend on this quality protecting your valuable
programs and programming time, indefinitely.
We've run disks over ten million passes under
conditions designed to find weak points and wear.
We couldn't. And you won't.

There is a Maxell disk for the
floppy system you use, or plan
to use. Check your computer's
instructions. Or write for our
complete, highly informative
brochure.

When you set the Gold
Standard as your level of
quality, you'll benefit from
improved disk performance,
immediately. Bank on it.

maxell

R

Maxell Computer Products Division, 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie, N.J. 07074, 201-440-8020

CIRCLE 198 ON READER SERVICE CARD

jtput . . . input /output . . . input

Eliminating Bad Vibes

Dear Editor:

I have recently purchased a System Saver fan by Kensington
Software. Although the fan works as advertised, I have made
two improvements that your readers may be interested in.

First I covered the vent slots on the right side of my Apple
with a section of air conditioning filter. This prevents dust
from being drawn across the inside of the computer. The
filter was attached with duct tape to the outside of the
computer.

The second improvement was to place 1/8" thick foam
rubber between the part of the fan case and the computer
that come in contact with each other. This minimizes vibra-
tion.

Robert Gershowitz

76-51 169 Street

Flushing, NY 11366

Turtle Bottleneck

Dear Editor:

The Applesoft Turtlegraphics Interpreter featured in the
July 1982 issue is an excellent program and a valuable addition
to my library. However, I did have one slight problem with it.

When I attempted to draw a line straight down using the
MOVE command, (by setting the turtle's angle to 180) the
line never turned out quite straight. A couple dots at the end
would always be plotted one column to the left.

After experimenting with the program for a while, I found
the problem to be the way in which the MOVE subroutine
computes the amount of X-axis movement. As originally
written, the variable DX would sometimes be ever so slightly
too small, causing the above mentioned problem. This can be
corrected by changing line 3010 to read:

3010 DX = INT (DIST * SIN (TA) -I- .5): DY = INT
(DIST ♦ COS (TA) + .5)

I would like to thank Creative Computing for continually
pubishing quality Apple programs. I am also very thankful for
David Lubar's new column, "The Graph Paper." I am already
looking forward to the next issue.

Matthew Storch

Box 133, RD 1

Avonmore, PA 15618

Acceleration of a Sort

Dear Editor:

I found Mark Pelczarski's "A Modular Data Base for the
Apple" (September 1982 issue, page 146) to be extremely

useful. I have adapted it to my personal filing needs— some-
thing impossible to do with commercial "locked" programs.

However, one very slight modification in the program makes
such a dramatic improvement that I really must write about
it. As written, the sort routine is much slower than it should
be, requiring 14 seconds to alphabetize 20 strings, 90 seconds
for 50, and 24 minutes for 200 items. A simple Applesoft
procedure shortens these times by almost 90%, to 2, 12, and
190 seconds respectively.

First, remove the print statement in the middle of the sort
(line 7122). This shortens the time by 20%. Then modify lines
7070 to 7180 so that two different routines are involved, one
for ascending and the other (if desired) for descending order.
The removal of the branching in line 7125 will shorten the
sort time by a factor of six.

With these modifications, files with up to several hundred
records can be handled by the Pelczarski program. The
practical limit depends not only on sort time but also on the
disk capacity and the time required to search for records on
the disk, as with all disk-based filing systems.

Peter P. Berlow

2062 Vendome Ave.

Montreal, Quebec H4A 3M5

Canada

Justifiable Adjustment

Dear Editor:

I just finished typing in Bruno Wolff's "Pseudo Word
Processor" from your June issue. After finding that the
program works quite well, I decided to write a subroutine to
give the program right margin justification.

Just add the lines below to the program and everything
should come out just right.

751 If Len (A*(J>> < 71 and Len (A*(J>) > 60
Then Gosub 5000

3000 R

5010 If Len (At (J))

71 Then Return

5020 If Mid* (A*(J),R, 1) < > Chr* (32) Then 5130
5100 C* - Left* (A*(J),R): L * Len (A«(J>>

5110 B*

5120 R

5130 R

M N

+ Right* (A«(J),L-R>

R + 1: A* (J)

C* + B«

R + li Goto 5010

Duane Hill

1074 Valley Park

Marion, IA 52302

6

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

SHARED WINCHESTER DISK!

Tu e NEXT STEP from TECMAR

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Give each Personal Computer a complete logical device The WINCHESTERS™ is $2995 and WINCHESTER/ 1 0™
for total READ/WRITE freedom, or they can all share a is only $3995. Each additional PC to share the disk needs
device for READ Only applications. only a PC-SHARE™ adapter at just $495.

All PC-MATE WINCHESTER/5™ and WINCHESTER/ 10™
disk systems now feature the new ultra fast GT DMA disk
controller. This new controller not only provides superior
performance, it can serve as the base unit for the Shared
Disk Facility.

An Expansion Chassis, Five or Ten Megabyte Winchester
Disk, Superior performance and Disk Sharing are just a
few reasons why the PC-MATE™ Winchester Disk System
should be your next step.

/VLLirsUiit

PC-Mate" by TECMAR, the
first and only complete line
of expansion options for the
IBM Personal Computer,
now brings you the ultimate
expansion product, the
ALLimONE™ Board.

™ EXPANSION FOR THE IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER.

Memory, Serial, Parallel, Clock/Calendar with Battery and more!!!

-^***

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ALLinONE m gives you memory, 64, 128,
1 92 or 256K bytes, a Serial Port, and a
Parallel Port, Clock/Calendar with battery
backup and circuitry for an optional
Programmable Array Logic chip.

comes complete with the
DB25 connectors on Serial
and Parallel Ports, Software
to set system Time and
Date, and the popular
RAMSPOOLER v utility to
allow printing as a back-
ground task.

Put all of these features
together with these prices,
and you really have it
ALLimOME™

$565. 64K Bytes $735. - 128K Bytes $875. - 192K Bytes $975. - 256K Bytes

Tecmar is currently shipping over thirty different

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Disks, Communications Interfaces, laboratory/Scientific/- The Next Step . TECMAR.

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Telephone: (216) 464-7410 Telex: 241735

CIRCLE 352 ON READER SERVICE CARD

fices... notices . . . net ic

PCW Chess Tournament

The Third Personal Computer World
Microcomputer Chess Tournament held
at Barbican Centre in London on Septem-
ber 9-12, 1982 was won by a private entry.
Michael Johnson and David Johnson (6
out of 7) proved too strong for the rest of
the field. Their program, called Advance
2.4, ran on a homemade bitslice machine.
They were awarded the trophy for first
place as well as the best amateur program
trophy. This was accompanied by a cash
prize of £150. Second prize of £50 was
won by Mark Bryant with a program
called White Knight Mark Ten (3 1/2 out
of 7).

The tournament was a seven round

Swiss event. Fourteen competitors
entered compared to twelve last year. Best
commercial entry was David Levy's La
Regence, a sensory board machine
designed by Intelligent Software (5 out of
7).

Four commercial entries competed.
The others were Bogel (4 out of 7) devel-
oped by the Hamburg company Omikron;
Comchess entered by the Dublin company
Waltham Electronics (2 1/2 out of 7); and
Spectrum Chess developed by Arctic
Computers (1 1/2 out of 7).

The criterion for classifying a program
as commercial was that it was either on
sale at the time of entry or would be
available in the shops by December 31,
1982.

Corrections

The proper address to receive more
information on the Savvy information han-
dling system (October 1982, page 182) is:
Savvy Marketing International, 100 South
Ellsworth St., 9th Floor, San Mateo, CA
94401.(415)340-0335.

The price and address for the Dotsy
Printer Center (October 1982, page 168)
are incorrect. The price is $1495, and the
address is: Metaframe Computer Corpo-
ration, Riverside St., Nashua, NH 03062.
(603) 880-3005.

%0*

The Ultimate APPLE Utility Prog

COPY II PLUS

ram

Now you can back up your protected software.
Copy II Plus is the most sophisticated bit copy pro-
gram available. It handles synchronized tracks, half
tracks, nibble counting, bit insertion and other pro-
tection schemes. It also includes a comprehensive
discussion of disk format and protection techniques,
and instructions on how to back-up dozens of
popular programs. A disk system and speed check
assure your drives are running in top condition
and a nibble editor will allow you to repair dam-
aged diskettes, analyze protection schemes, etc.

The last DOS utility disk you will need. Fully
menu driven, the Copy II Plus utilities include a
catalog display with binary file addresses and
lengths, a disk usage map, and the ability to verify
and compare files for differences. It can copy,
lock, unlock and delete files and DOS can be
copied, or removed from a disk to free up space.
You can change the greeting program on a DOS
disk, or initialize a disk from scratch. The Copy II
Plus sector editor will allow you to view and
modify data in either hex or ASCII format.

For your convenience. Copy II Plus is not copy protected for backup
Available at fine computer and software stores or direct from:

Software, Inc.

RO. Box 19730-203
Portland, OR 97219
(503) 244-5782

39

95

i

Attention current Copy; II Plus owners: Return your original disk with $19.95 for an update to Version 4.0.

CIRCLE 133 ON READER SERVICE CARD

8

December 1982 e Creative Computing

ONE GREAT LINE. ONE GREAT WARRANTY

Finally, there's one full family of printers that covers every business or word processing application-
all fromC. Itoh, a company known for packing more product into less price; and all distributed
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Which means that one call to one source can get you any printer, any time you need it, for any purpose.
All backed by a full years' warranty from Leading Edge. (Try that on any other line of printers.)

THE PRO'S.

The Prowriters: business printers-and more. The "more" is a dot-matrix process with more dots. It gives you denser,
correspondence quality copy (as opposed to business quality copy, which looks like a bad job of spray-painting).
Prowriter : 120 cps. 80 columns dot matrix compressable to 136. 10" carriage. Parallel or serial interface.
Prowriter 2: Same as Prowriter, except 15" carriage allows full 136 columns in normal print mode.

Parallel or serial interface.

PROWRfTW

THE STAR.

The Starwriter F-10. In short (or more precisely, in a sleek 6" high, 30-pound unit), it gives you more
of just about everything— except bulk and noise— than any other printer in its price range. Its a 40 cps letter-quality

daisy-wheel with a bunch of built-in functions to simplify and speed up word processing.

It plugs into almost any micro on the market, serial or parallel.

SIARWRTTB? F-TO

THE MASTER.

The Printmaster F-10. Does all the same good stuff as the Starwriter except, at 55 cps, the Master does it faster.

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CIRCLE 199 ON READER SERVICE CARD

c w. . . dateline : tomo wo w. . . da

VIDEO GAMES FOUND HARMFUL BY BAHRAIN DOCTOR

David H. Ahl

I recently travelled around the world with stops in Tasmania (9th Australian Computer
Conference), Singapore, Bahrain and London (Personal Computer World Show).

Bahrain is an island in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Saudi Arabia. With the unrest in
Lebanon, Bahrain has become the banking center of the Middle East. However, in many ways it
clings to ancient Arab traditions with civilization on the island dating back to 2700 B.C.

The following is an excerpt of an article which appeared in a Bahrain newspaper September 3,

Dr. Andrew McOuitty, a Briton who now works in Bahrain, has warned of the danger
of epileptic fits caused by certain flashing sequences—even among people with little or
no history of epilepsy.

He cited the example— quoted recently in the British Medical Journal—of a 17-year
old girl who suffered a fit after a multi-colored flashing sequence in a video game
called "Dark Warrior."

Her father was a video games maintenance engineer and she usually played machines
of different types for up to two hours a day— but only this particular sequence
precipitated epilepsy.

The girl had no previous history of fits or convulsions nor did her family.

Since the article was published, a number of other cases have been reported.

A 17-year old girl who had previously had one fit— not related to video
games— suffered an attack while playing a game called "Dune Buggy."

It is well-known in medical circles that flashing lights, for example strobes in a
disco or even a flickering TV, can trigger epilepsy in people who are susceptible," said
Dr. McOuitty, who is investigating the situation in Bahrain.

"The home video industry appears to be another cause— possibly in people who would
not normally be prone to any form of epilepsy," he says.

MEANWHILE, SINGAPORE ACTS TO CLOSE ALL VIDEO GAME ARCADES

The Singapore government announced on September 2, 1982 that all amusement centers with
electronic and video games will be closed within the next twelve months.

The Ministry of Culture issued a statement saying the 64 amusement centers throughout the
country "have undesirable influences on school children."

SINGAPORE SCHOOLS WELCOME PERSONAL COMPUTERS

A feature article in The Straits Times (Singapore) described how personal computers, mainly
Apples and TRS-80's are Increasingly being used in classrooms throughout Singapore.

While the American School has been using computers for several years, it is only recently
that they have begun to creep into regular Singapore schools. Applications are much the same as
they are in the United States— problem solving and drill and practice in mathematics,
simulations in science and social studies, and occasional applications in other subject areas.

Not only are schools using computers, but computer literacy is a nationwide imperative.
While walking around Jurong, an industrial center, we saw huge banners everywhere urging workers
to become computer literate. Free courses were offered at the Worker's Center, a kind of union.

PINEAPPLES, ORANGES AND OTHER CHINESE COPIES

I spoke with several groups of personal computer enthusiasts in Singapore. At least three
people allowed that they owned Apple look-alikes that cost considerably less than the genuine
article. Two of these copies came from Hong Kong and one, apparently, from Taipei. (Apple has
manufacturing facilities in Singapore but not in Hong Kong or Taiwan).

For the most part these Chinese copies look exactly like Apples (the shade of the case,
keyboard markings and logos are slightly different) although some use entirely different
housings and boards. Naturally, there is no warranty, and service is difficult to obtain.

On its part, Apple 1s trying to thwart these pirates. So far, Apple has won injunctions
against five manufacturers 1n Hong Kong, one in Taipei, and one in New Zealand.

Apple has also enlisted the aid of U.S. Customs which is seizing fake Apple computers at
major U.S. points of entry. This, of course, has no effect on sales 1n other major Apple
markets such as Australia, Singapore, England, and Canada.

10

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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ATARI, TOO, HIT BY CHINESE COPIES OF PAC MAN

Atari has taken legal action against two Hong Kong companies who were making Pac Man home
video games •

Video Technology Ltd. and Soundic Electronics Ltd. received court injunctions to restrain the
companies from manufacturing and marketing Pac Man games. Atari has exclusive rights to
manufacture and sell the Pac Man home video game under a license from Namco Enterprises of
Japan. v

personal computers
ive September 1
ice of the Commodore

re packages, a clever
imex 1000/Sinclair

ir prices. Rumor has
in the New York area
, down from $200 now.
sey video game,

PRICING WAR: ROUND 3

Video game makers are beginning to feel the heat as the price of low-end
comes close to that of video games. The $100 rebate on the TI 99/4A effect
brings the effective price to $199. This is also the approximate street pr
VIC-20 after the new $25 to $40 wholesale price reduction.

Atari's reduction takes the form of six $10 coupons applicable to softwa
way to get people buying the blades after the razor. And, of course, the T
ZX81 started out low— $99.

As a result of these declines, many video game makers are rethinking the
it that the Atari VCS will drop to under $100 after Christmas; street price
now is $129. Mattel will probably lower the price of Intellivision to $149
Magnavox, not waiting until January, has announced a $15 rebate on its Odys
although it's not much considering the $199 suggested list price.

COMPUTERS FOR ALL STUDENTS AT STEVENS, CARNEGIE-MELLON

Carnegie-Mellon University has one of the foremost programs in computer science today. Not
only that, but most students at CMU in all disciplines except drama are expected to be computer
literate and to use computers in conjunction with their courses.

To reinforce the view that computers are tools for use in all areas, every entering freshman
at CMU will receive a powerful small computer. At the end of four years, the computer will
belong to the student, its cost being built into tuition.

The computer the students will receive is no Apple. Expected to have nearly the power of a
small DEC VAX system, the computer will also be able to tie into the university network of large
mainframes. Just imagine 7000 students in one network playing spacewar. Target date for the
start of the program is the 1983-84 school year.

However, Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ isn't waiting. Starting in 1982,
every entering student in certain disciplines must purchase an Atari computer for about $750, a
fraction of the $50,000 cost to attend Stevens for four years. Says Dean Edward Friedman, the
objective is to have "the students begin to think of the computer as a permanent part of their
intellectual support systems."

WHILE SOME TOWNS DEBATE VIDEO GAMES, OTHERS REAP THE PROFIT

Kent, Washington, a town of 23,000 south of Seattle added about $20,000 to the town coffers
from nine video games it placed in a local recreation center.

Dallas also operates games in six recreation centers but turns them off during school hours.
To discourage game addiction, players may not use a game for more than four consecutive plays.

And Fairfax County, Virginia has been operating games for four years. Projected revenue in
1983 is $110,000.

On the other hand, many cities such as Boston, San Francisco and Baltimore have rejected the
idea of video games on public property. And even more towns have tough licensing laws, such as
Morristown, NJ, for example that do not allow game arcades and only permit game installations in
restaurants or stores where they are secondary to the main business.

SINCLAIR ZX81 OUT, TIMEX 1000 IN, SPECTRUM COMING

In accordance with their agreement with Timex, Sinclair is dismantling its North American
mail order operations and granting exclusive marketing rights to Timex. This was to occur when
monthly sales of the Timex 1000 (Sinclair ZX81) reached 75,000 units which they now have.

This also means that American Express will no longer sell the ZX81 from Sinclair (they sold
70,000 + units in four months) although they may well negotiate a similar deal with Timex,
Commodore, Atari or TI. Am Ex admits to be "seriously talking with six firms."

An interesting conflict is brewing with respect to the Sinclair spectrum. Already a
successful seller in Britain, Sinclair expects to start selling it in the U.S. in early 1983.
However Timex claims its exclusive North American marketing rights also cover the Spectrum.
Sinclair doesn't agree. Furthermore, Sinclair is talking to Am Ex about marketing the Spectrum.
The 16K Spectrum is selling in the U.K. for a dollar equivalent price of about $200; a 48K unit
goes for $280.

12

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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An introduction to the
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© Spinnaker Software Corp.. 1982

Kids love to draw.

And with Delta Drawing, your children
can have fun creating their own colorful
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about computer programming.

Delta Drawing is much more than
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With Delta Drawing, your child first
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Then, by touching the X T" key for "text
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CIRCLE 331 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Tymshare Scanset

TT

—
treat iue

miqiuting

equipment
evaluation

Terminal Velocity

Terminals. Those are for keypunch
operators. They're the big, heavy, expen-
sive things that cause eyestrain and tinges
of green around the temples. Managers
just don't deal with them, right? It would
be demeaning. Or maybe that isn't really
true anymore.

Wake up. That isn't true anymore.
Managers who don't have them at their
desks may be soon asked to clean out
those desks entirely. Horrors! There is
even a place for a terminal in the man-
ager's home — if it is small, light, and
inexpensive, of course.

le Ne Sais Ma

In France, the national telephone com-
pany has embarked on an experiment. It
is installing small, unimposing computer
terminals next to the telephones in many
homes. In the U.S., the phone company
has attempted no such program. In con-
trast, the phone companies of a few states
are attempting to levy staggering sur-
charges for the privilege of data com-
munications over phone lines. This is a
situation we'll be watching rather closely.

It is nevertheless possible, at modest
expense, to attach your own small, unim-
posing terminal to the phone line, and,
until Ma Bell finds an effective way to
deter you, enjoy all the benefits thereof.
In fact, the terminal we evaluated is a
modified version of the terminal being
distributed by the French. It is about 10"
wide, 10" high, and 14" deep. That is
remarkably small for the features it
packs.

After having shown the Tymshare
Scanset terminal to a few members of our
staff, I got in the habit of holding a quick
round of 'The Price Is Right." "How

John Anderson

much do you think it costs," I asked each
victim, chuckling to myself. To the great
credit of the Scanset, the whole crew
overbid. Everyone was surprised at how
much capability could be had for so little.

There are three models of the Scanset.
The 410, for connection via RS-232-C to
a computer or modem, can be had for
$495. We received the 415, which has a
built-in modem and modular jack for
direct connection to the phone line. It
lists for $649. Both models have an RS-
449 connector for a serial printer.
Another model will be introduced this
fall. It will be similar to the 415, and
include a telephone handset for under
$1000.

The model 415 has some pretty special
features. It stores and will automatically
dial up to 36 numbers. If connection is
established, automatic string transmission
is available on four of the phone numbers.
This means rekeying of access codes or
sign-on protocols can be avoided.

In addition, up to 12 other strings of 36
characters can be stored for later trans-

mission at a single keystroke. Internal
batteries store your directories in 2K of
CMOS RAM, so they will be preserved
when the unit is off or unplugged.

There is a built-in speaker, which allows
the user to hear the dial tone and dialing
sequence, and to determine whether a
connection has been established.

The 9" diagonal screen has 40- and 80-
character modes, and is very sharp and
easy to read. If no key is pressed for more
than about five minutes, the screen will
blank until one is pressed.

Six function keys across the top of the
keyboard simplify the command config-
uration. Commands appear directly above
the function keys at the bottom of the
CRT. The far right function key is labeled
"Next" from the connect mode, and
pressing this key will bring up the next set
of command functions. This makes learn-
ing and operation of the Scanset a verita-
ble breeze.

For the time I had the terminal on my
desk, nearly all visitors would stop and
stare a while. "Wow!" or "Neat" or "That's
cute" were the kinds of comments
elicited. And justifiably so. The Tymshare
Scanset is miniaturized extremely nicely.

39 O O B O SOODU

The "Chiclet" style keyboard. Better for chewing gum than for touch typing.

1 6 December 1 982 ° Creative Computing

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THE WALL STREET PLOTTER

For use with AppleComputer Systems

This program can help you make money, and it's so easy Two separate price move indicators may
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This package is compatible with text files containing historical quotes captured from several of the
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CIRCLE 178 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Scanset, continued...

Not Even Ladyfingers

No product is perfect, and though the
Scanset 415 comes close, it does have a
few problems. The keyboard is what
editor Staples has termed "Chiclet"
style— more suited to a calculator key-
board. The keys themselves are placed
very close together. After an hour or so
on the Scanset your hands begin to feel
like ham roasts. This may have been a
necessary trade-off for the size, but I can
envision a full-stroke keyboard that might
have been fitted onto the unit without
much sacrifice. Then again, I have never
designed a terminal.

One thing that definitely troubled me
was the proximity and placement of the
shift lock and shift keys. The shift lock is
of the same size and placed directly below
the shift key.

As a result, you will often find yourself
mistaking "shift-lock" for shift. And, as
the shift lock is a "reversing" toggle rather
than a true lock, it is less than utterly
straightforward to recover from such an
error once it has been made.

Perhaps sharp people with tiny fingers
will disagree with my criticism concerning
the Scanset keyboard. I admit, I can be
slow and stubby-fingered at times. To
such folk I would only underscore that I
feel it is an excellent product, filling a gap
in the small terminal market for the home
or business.

Compared with the current alter-
natives, the advantage of the Scanset is
clear. You can opt for a full-sized, full
stroke terminal, but be prepared to pay
for it, and then find a place for it. Add to
this the cost and placement of a modem.
And, even then the configuration is not
likely to offer sophisticated auto-dial and
function directories as are available with
the Scanset.

At the other end of the spectrum, you
might consider a hand-held terminal or
pocket computer with terminal program.
While these units have the advantage of
great portability, they are also extremely
limited. A 20-character liquid crystal
display can't really compete with a CRT
screen. And I'd take the Scanset keyboard
in a second when compared to the key-
boards on most hand-held machines.
Typing on these for an extended period is
an excruciating experience. More impor-
tantly, the cost of the hand-helds plus
modem is not much lower than that of
Scanset. Okay, you can't drag a Scanset
into a phone booth. But anywhere there
is an electrical outlet, it wins hands down.
I looked at a preliminary version of the
manual that accompanies the unit, and
found it quite straightforward and well
laid out.

For more information, contact
Tymshare, 20705 Valley Green Dr.,
Cupertino, CA 95014. Q

CIRCLE 376 ON READER SERVICE CARD
December 1982 • Creative Computing

* # * *

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Apple Panic (D) $20.95

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Wizardry (D) $35.95

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SOFTWARE PUBLISHING CORP.

PFS: Report (D) $66.95

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SPINNAKER SOFTWARE

Snooper Troops #1 (D) $31.95

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Story Machine (D) $24.95

Face Maker (D) $24.95

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D.B. Master (D) $157.95

D.B. Master Util #1 (D) $69.95

Graphics Proc. Sys (Stand) (D) . $41.95

STRATEGIC SIMULATIONS

Computer Quarterback II (D) .$28.95

Computer Baseball (D) $28.95

Cytron Masters (D) $28.95

Guadalcanal (D) $41 .95

S.E.U.I.S. (D) $28.95

Galactic Gladiators (D) $28.95

Battle of Shiloh (D) $28.95

Tigers in Snow (D) $28.95

Cosmic Balance (D) $28.95

SUBLOGIC

Flight Simulator (D) $26.95

Pinball(D) $21.95

Saturn Navigator (D) $26.95

SYNERGISTIC SOFTWARE

Odyssey (D) $21.95

Atlantis (D) $28.95

Global Prog Line Ed. (D) $44.95

VISICORP

Visicalc 3.3(D) $174.95

MISCELLANEOUS SOFTWARE

Human Fly (D) $20.95

Master Type (D) $28.95

Micro Painter (D) $24.95

New Step by Step (D) $56.95

Sam (w/DAC) (D) $86.95

Star Ship Command (D) $28.95

Ultima (D) $28.95

Zoom Graphics (D) $28.95

3-D Supergraphics (D) $28.95

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SOFTWARE FOR ENTERTAINMENT AND EDUCATION

ADVENTURE INTERNATIONAL

Rear Guard (D) $17.95

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Adventures 1-12 Each (C) . . $17.95

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Commbat(D) $18.95

APX

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Fam. Cash Flow (D) $16.95

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Assembler Editor (R) $44.95

Basic Cartridge (R) $44.95

Pac Man (R) $32.95

Centipede (R) $32.95

Caverns of Mars (D) $28.95

Missile Command (R) $26.95

Star Raiders (R) $32.95

Asteroids (R) $26.95

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Music Composer (R) $30.95

Super Breakout (R) $26.95

Computer Chess (R) $26.95

My First Alphabet (D) $25.50

Programming 2 &3(ea.)(C) . $21.00

Word Processor (D) $107.00

Pilot (Educ) $98.00

Touch Typing (C) $19.00

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Apple Panic (C/D) $20.95

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Steller Shuttle (C/D) $20.95

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Text Wizard II (D) $72.95

Canyon Climber (D) $20.95

Pacific Coast Hwy (D) $20.95

Clowns & Balloons (D) $20.95

EDUWARE

Compu-Read (D) . $20.95

Compu-Math Frac. (D) $28.95

Compu-Math Dec. (D) $28.95

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Deadline (D) $35.95

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K-Razy KrittersjIR) $34.95

K-Razy Antics (R) $34.95

K-Dos (D) $64.95

ONLINE

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Crossfire (C/D) $20.95

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Threshold (D) $28.95

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Ultima II (D) $43.95

The Next Step (D) $28.95

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Basic A + (D) $58.95

OS/A + (D) $58.95

Speed Read Plus (D) $42.95

ROKLAN

Deluxe Invaders (D) $24.95

Deluxe Invaders (R) $28.95

Gorf (D) $29.95

Gort (R) $32.95

Wizard of Wor (D) $29.95

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Space Eggs (D) $20.95

Sneakers (D) $20.95

Way Out (D) $28.95

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The Shattered Alliance (D) .$28.95
Tigers In The Snow (C/D) . . . $28.95
Battle of Shiloh (C/D) $28.95

SYNAPSE SOFTWARE

File Manager 800+ (D) .... $72.95

Protector (C/D) $24.95

Shamus (C/D) $24.95

Nautilus (C/D) $24.95

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Ali Baba & 40 Thieves (D) . . $23.95

Crypts of Terror (D) $24.95

Dr. Goodcodes Cavern (D) . $20.95

Master Type (D) $28.95

Pool 1.5(D) $24.95

Raster Blaster (D) $20.95

Sam (D) $42.95

Sammy the Sea Serpent (C) $12.95

Warlocks Revenge (D) $24.95

Visicalc (D) $176.95

3-D Supergraphics (C/D) . . . $28.95

COMMODORE

VIC-20 $182.95

1530 RECORDER ... $63.95

1525 PRINTER $314.95

1540 DISK DRIVE ... $314.95
VIC16KRAM $87.95

- MUCH SOFTWARE -

PRINTERS

NEC 8023A-C $469.00

SMITH CORONA TPl $589.00
AXIOM GP-100 $269.00

MONITORS

BMC12"GRN $83.95

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D = DISK C = CASSETTE
R = ROM (CARTRIDGE)

COSMIC
COMPUTERS

UNLIMITED

THE ABOVE PRICES ARE FOR PREPAID ORDERS

WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG: INDICATE APPLE OR ATARI

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M0N-SAT 8 am - 9 pm \l I Hf ODl'lZDO

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DIAMOND BAR, CA 91765 atari is a trademark of atari, inc

Add $2 00 Shipping per software order anywhere in
U.S. Non-U S. software orders, add $5.00 Hardware
Shipping, call for cost Calif residents add 6'/2%
sales tax Cashiers Checks or Money Orders filled
same day Personal checks require 4 weeks to clear
Matter Card and Vita OK for software only, add 3%
surcharge Include card no., expiration date and
signature Prices subject to change

CIRCLE 161 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Communitree

The Better Bulletin Board System

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Communitree, the first edition

Type: Conference host software

System: Apple II or II + , 48K

Disk drive (2 recommended)
Hayes Micromodem II

Format: Apple K-Sector diskette

Summary: Start of a new wave in
human communication.

Price: $195

Manufacturer:

The Communitree Group
470 Castro St., Suite 207-3002
San Francisco, CA 941 14

Michael Coffey

Every so often, we read an article about
the great potential of microcomputers as
videotext devices, community memories,
or replacements for the Postal Service.
We decided to plug in a modem and try a
few of these possibilities. In particular,
we wanted to explore the potential of
computers to enhance human communi-
cation.

All over North America, computer
hobbyists have put together systems that
act as bulletin boards. With any terminal,
you can call these systems and correspond
with numerous hobbyists. Normally, you
don't have to pay to use these systems. Of
course, your phone company will charge
you for the call.

Then there is the Communitree system
and the computerized conference move-
ment. While the bulletin board systems
usually assume that all callers are mem-
bers of the computer culture, the con-
ference systems try to make the computer
subservient to the user's other interests.

Hitting the Boards

Feeling community minded, we signed
on to one Community Bulletin Board
system after another. Although we
enjoyed exchanging messages with fellow
computerists, we noticed problems. Fore-
most among these were difficulties with
the operation of the BBS software. We
had to learn an entirely new set of com-
mands, many of which were hard to
remember.

Each command on a BBS is a one-
letter abbreviation of a longer English
word. Because they designed the system
capriciously as they thought of tricks they
wanted to do with it, the BBS pro-
grammers ran out of initial letters before
they ran out of functions. The BBS user,
therefore, must contend with some very
contrived mnemonic devices.

The basic command is R to read a
message. A normal person might assume
that to do the opposite, write a message,
the thing to type is W. Not so, baud rate
breath, you have to type E to write a
message. E stands for Enter, get it? In the
noncomputer world, when was the last
time you entered something other than
an entrance?

We are being unfair, in a way, because
the BBS was invented for hard-core com-
puterist conversation. For this purpose,
the system is fully adequate.

New Users Need New System

The many people who buy computers
for the first time need a good way to use
the communicability of their new pets. At

20

minimum, they need a system that does
everything a BBS does without any need
for computer buzzwords during normal
use. They should be able to read messages
immediately and should be able to send
substantial messages within an hour.

The Communitree system provides
advantages for every kind of user. You
can get by with only two or three com-
mands. The system recognizes only seven
commands in all. Each command is an
English word and can be abbreviated to
its first letter.

The three main commands are Read,
Browse, and Index. To read a message,
type "read" followed by the name of the
message you want to read. The system
displays the entire text of the specified
message, along with a list of the daughters
of that message. Since the entire system
is organized as a family tree, you can read
every message by starting at the root and
reading all the daughters and daughters
of daughters.

To get acquainted with a new tree,
read the message called "conferences,"
which is the special name for the root of
the whole tree. You will be presented
with a list of messages that you can take
as a list of topics being discussed on the
tree.

The Browse command works like the
Read command except that it only shows
the first line of each message. The Index
command shows no message text, it
merely displays the names of all the
descendants of the message you name.

In a marvelous fit of consistency, the
Communitree designers endowed all three
commands with the same set of options.
Whether you want to Read, Browse or
Index, you can limit the action by exer-
cising the "starting," "find," and "corn-
December 1982 e Creative Computing

ValFORTH "tor Man 400 QOO ._ — « «, .\™ fc5r?!?. ■

Professional Software for the Hobbyist 1 1\| |ER |\| /XT I CJ l\l J\ L.

FORTH has been used for years by ATARI* and others in programming their arcade games. FORTH is fast, 1 5- 20
times faster than BASIC, and can make use of every capability for your computer. And it's no longer the province^^,
of the professional programmer! With valFORTH and the additional packages described below, you can
create programs in an afternoon that would previously have taken weeks of hard work! K

WHAT? YOU DON'T ALREADY KNOW FORTH? >

Then take advantage of our special offer on Starting Forth by Leo Brodie. Widely acclaimed as the best vJ
book available on the subject, this entertaining treatment of Forth will make you comfortable with this vT
exciting language quickly and easily. When you order Starting Forth, you get a free copy of our "Notes V

for the valFORTH User," including references, by page, to Starting Forth.

These are the utilities developed by Valpar International s software
specialists and used to create our commercial software products.

) NEW! By Popular Demand!

valDOS. Now you can use your valFORTH system to read and write
normal Atari DOS Files created with valDOS or other sources. Also in-
cludes valDOS File Editor for creating and reading FORTH Source
Code without "screens." (Not a general file editor.)

(Over 25 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)

valFORTH

Package contains: fig-FORTH kernel with mathematical and stack op-
erations machine-coded for higher speed than normal fig-FORTH; line
editor AND screen editor, debugger, sound and graphics commands,
floating point, advanced 6502 assembler, diskcopiers, and much more!
(Over 110 pages of documentation)

GENERAL
JTWTJES AND
UJDEQ EDITOR

Utilities: 4 array types, 4 case types, text on graphics 8, extensive string
manipulation and keyboard input, STICK & PADDLE, randoms, bit
manipulation, and much, much more.

Editor: fast, powerful, complete valFORTH screen editor 1 .1 . A profes-
sional-quality tool that makes editing a pleasure.
(Over 60 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)

KJNIi5HUS&&!t

!r;ii)}ii)rrf}i

sUlrttfl,

Player-Missile: Create, move, c(

players and missiles with high level commands. Full support of 5tn

player, multicolor players, etc. etc. All critical sections in machine code.

Character Editor: Compose character sets with joystick. Simultaneous

display of created characters. Make images for players and missiles.

Sound Editor: Simple independent control of all four voices (one joystick

per voice) and audio-control register. Create any single-setting sound

with graphical and tabular readout.

(Over 35 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)

VALPAR INTERNATIONAL.

3801 E. 34™ STREET
TUCSON, ARIZONA B5713

Call Toll-Free 800-528-7070 In Arizona call (602) 790-71 41

Principal Software Authors. Stephen Maguire and Evan Rosen

Atari is a trademark ot Atari, Inc . a division of Warner Communications

Coming Attractions:

* TARGET COMPILER

* 3D WORLD

For more information fast and a |4TH %f IF HONK THEN|
bumpersticker, send 25c and a self-addressed, stamped envelope.

DISPLAY FORMATTER

Fast, simple creation of all types of display lists, with automatic 4K
boundary jumping. Automatic or user controlled memory allocation, and
formatting for horizontal and vertical scrolling, and display list interrupts.

(Over 30 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)

CIRCLE 306 ON READER SERVICE CARD

All graphics modes supported - - even GTIA and "7 + ' Draw and fill
commands faster and smarter than Basic. "Turn-toward" for "chasing"
and vanishing point effects; point labeling, etc. Also SIN, COS, ATN,
ATN2, etc. added to floating point.
(Over 35 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)

Text Compression and Aoto Text Formatting

A unique, two-part utility!

• Text Compression allows the packing of text into much less space
than normally required. Useful for wordy Adventure games, "artificial
intelligence," etc.!

• Auto Text Formatting takes both normal and compressed text and
routes it to the video screen "windows.'

(Over 20 pages of documentation. Requires valFORTH.)

valFORTH alone requires 24K
valFORTH plus one or more packages requires 32K minimum
Memory requirements include 10-12K working space.
All products are now on non-protected disks.
Over 270 pages of detailed documentation!
valFORTH $45.00

General Utilities and Video Editor 40.00

Player Missile Graphics, Character Editor, and Sound Editor 40.00
Display Formatter 35.00

Turtle and valGraphics and Floating Point Routines 45.00

Text Compression and Auto Text Formatting 35.00

Heavy-Duty Professional Binder (provided free when ordering
3 or more packages at one time) 1 3.00

♦ Save $50.00*
With an order of all six packages above, you pay only $203.00.

Starting Forth (published at $1 5.95) 1 4.00

valDOS and valDOS File Editor $40.00

When ValForth and one or more additional packages are purchased and proof
of purchase of APX Forth is furnished, a $1 5.00 credit will be given.

Plus Shipping and Handling

VISA and MASTERCARD accepted

Communitree, continued...

plete" options. Here are some examples
of how the options work:

read FLOWER complete

would display the message called "flower"
and all its descendants.

browse FLOWER starting B-aug-82

would show all descendants of "flower"
that are dated on or after August 8, 1982.

read FLOWER -find daisy

displays messages tied to "flower" that
contain the string "daisy"

Because these English-like commands
are uncomfortably long for repeated
typing, the system lets you abbreviate
each option to a single letter. The longest
example above becomes:

b FLOWER s 8-auq-82

The less frequently used options for Read,
Browse, and Index are Beyond, Exiled,
and Only exiled. Here are some examples:

r FLOWER beyond WATERING

displays descendants of "flower" that
come after the message called "watering"

b FLOWER exiled

displays descendants of "flower" including
those that are scheduled for deletion.
Only by specifying "exiled" or "only-
exiled" can you look at moribund mes-
sages.

i FLOWER or.lyexiled

shows names of only those messages
belonging to "flower" that have been
scheduled for deletion.

Making Your Mark

We all enjoy reading databases. How-
ever, for many of us, contributing our
own remarks provides even more excite-
ment. We like the idea of having untold
numbers reading our words, reacting to
them and, perhaps, benefiting from the
process.

To contribute to the tree, just decide
which message needs your amendment,
amplification, or answer. Then type
"add to," followed by the name of the
message you selected. Here is an
example:

add to FLOWER

Now the system asks for the name of your

UELCOME TO THE CONFERENCE TREE

TERMINAL LINE LENGTH

(28-88,

OR CARRIAGE RETURN

FOR 88)^48

LOWER CASE OK <C/R=YES>?

TYPE 'READ HELP' ANY

TIME

OR 'READ CONFERENCES'

TO START

'S' KEY TO PAUSE OR RESUME PRINTING

APEX NETWORK HARDWARE SOFTWARE TOPICS

OF INTEREST. APPLE/// USERS LINE

COMMAND? R CONFERENCES

**« CONFERENCES

8-JAN-88

PARENT= NONE

USAGE=688

CURRENT CONFERENCES ON THIS CONFERENCE

TREE SYSTEM ARE:

♦♦♦ SUBMESSAGES

♦ ♦♦

HELP

16-JUL-81

USERS

16-JUL-81

SYSTEM

16-JUL-81

INQUIRY-TREE

l-JUN-82

PROBLEMS??

13-JUN-82

HOURS

13-JUN-82

APPLE. I I

13-JUN-82

FOLLK

1 7- JUN-82

DUMB . JOKE . BRANCH

9-JUL-82

ASK. TECH

12-JUL-82

FOR. SALE

12-JUL-82

OS-9

12-JUL-82

CP/M

13-JUL-82

APPLE.///

13-JUL-82

FINANCIAL-SUPPORT

23-JUL-82

BOOKS. 6c. THINGS

2-AUG-82

MAKE-SUM -MONEY

19-AUG-82

Listing J. Getting an overview of a tree. Conferences is the name of the trunk of any
tree. Each submessage has a set of sub messages that you can read.

new message. If you want to talk about a
rose, type the name rose. The system will
ask you to verify or change the current
date and permit you to begin typing the
text of your message. You may type as
many as 50 lines of text. When finished,
you press the return key one extra time.
The only problem comes when you
make an error or change your mind about
what you want to say. The system is not
very good at helping you change things
you have already typed. Changing some-
thing on the same line you are working
on works all right, but changing a previous
line requires typing that whole line over
again.

"1 want no interruptions, gentlemen — everyone please disconnect his pocket bleeper. "

The Communitree people would prob-
ably like to provide a full screen editor on
their system, but such an editor would
require a herculean programming effort
if it were to work with all the different
types of equipment that tie into the tree.
For now, the old-fashioned backspace -
and -re type line editor must suffice.

One very interesting fact about the
Communitree system is that you need not
sign your messages. Of course, you can
stick your name, initials, or pseudonym
in the last line if you like. Anonymity can
encourage a degree of frankness that is
not commonly found in face to face con-
versation.

The Care and Feeding of Trees

The system stores the text of each
message on disk along with some other
information about it, including name and
date. The system also keeps all message
names and auxiliary information in RAM
so that it can find things as quickly as
possible .

A tree that grows unchecked will even-
tually fill a disk. You can add more disk
drives, but the system can keep track of
only 321 messages before it runs out of
RAM. Naturally, you need a way to
control the growth of the tree.

When messages become obsolete,
boring, or offensive, you can remove them
from the tree. This process is called

22

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

You havenl lived until youve died in space

SCORE HI-SCORE SHIPS

03360 03380 t&

And here's your chance.

Software author Peter Folkos has created
Alien Ambush, a space age nightmare. It's a hi-res,
full-color arcade game, fiendishly written to give
those nasty aliens every advantage.

So if you have access to a 48K Apple* with
DOS 3.3 or a 16K Atari 400/800** with a disk
drive, and you're hot for some new thrills, Alien
Ambush was written for you. But be warned: it just
got a lot tougher to survive in space.

*Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. **Atari, Atari 400 and Atari 800 are trademarks of Atari, Inc.
Distributed exclusively by Micro D, 17406, Mt. Cliffwood Circle, Fountain Valley, Ca. 92708 (714) 540-4781

CIRCLE 231 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Communitree, continued.

COMMAND? R MJC

♦** MJC 15-AUG-82

PARENT=USERS USAGE= 35

Michael Coffey, Technical Editor,
Creative Computing, 3? E Hanover Ave
Morris Plains, NJ 87959, 201-549-9445

Technical specialties include
Apple II and III, CP/M , Pascal,
Fortran, WP , and database management.
Actually, I'm not very specialized
at all. Nontechnical specialities
include communication, animation,
dance ,
and roller skating.

I would love to hear about
better software for conferencing
and about better computers that are
eas ier to use .

Thanks for
be i ng there . . .

«■♦•► SUBMESSAGES ♦ ♦♦
HIYA! ! ! 16-AUG-82

VIC-29 18-AUG-82

HI -MIKE 14-SEP-82

COMMAND? A MJC

DISK IS 36 PERCENT FULL
SYSTEM DATE IS 1 4-SEP-82
C/R IF OK, ELSE DD-MMM-YY :
YOUR MESSAGE NAME? DEMO-MESSAGE
ENTER MESSAGE. EMPTY LINE < C/R ALONE)
TO LEAVE ENTRY MODE.
LINE 1:

THIS IS A DEMONSTRATION OF HOW
LINE 2:

-TO ENTER A MESSAGE ON THE CONFERENMCE
LINE 3:

-TREE. NOTE THAT TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
LINE 4:

-APPEAR IN THIS LISTING.
LINE 5:

THIS MESSAGE IS CALLED DEMO-MESSAGE
LINE 6:

-AND IT IS TIED TO THE MESSAGE CALLED MJC
LINE 7:

THE EDITOR COMMANDS ARE: LIST, REPLACE,
CONTINUE, QUIT, AND SAVEPERMANENT

EDITOR COMMAND? SAVEPERMANENT

WAIT A MOMENT. . .

COMMAND? R DEMO-MESSAGE

*** DEMO-MESSAGE 14-SEP-82

PARENT=MJC USAGE= 1

THIS IS A DEMONSTRATION OF HOW
TO ENTER A MESSAGE ON THE CONFERENCE
TREE. NOTE THAT TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
APPEAR IN THIS LISTING.

THIS MESSAGE IS CALLED
DEMO-MESSAGE

AND IT IS TIED TO THE MESSAGE CALLED
MJC

+++ NO SUBMESSAGES ♦♦♦

COMMAND? I DUMB . JOKE . BRANCH

Listing 2. Adding a message. First, we read a message, then
we add a new submessage. Our new message, Demo-Message,
is a branch of MJC which is a branch of Users.

DUMB . JOKE . BRANCH

9-JUL-82

84

BAD-JOKE

9-JUL-82

59

MOUSE

12-JUL-82

41

MARIN

16-JUL-82

31

VITAMIN

12-JUL-82

49

HORMONE

l-SEP-82

15

RAPIST

12-JUL-82

49

DUCK

12-JUL-82

39

L2

12-JUL-82

37

L2. CORRECTED

12-JUL-82

33

WE'RE.FREINDS,RIGHT?

12-JUL-82

39

XCLONE-HEADS

14-JUL-82

27

ELEPHANT

16-JUL-82

24

BBZZZZZZZZZ. . .OUCH

!

16-JUL-82

24

WILD,WILD-WESV

19-JUL-82

31

NEW-WAVE

19-JUL-82

34

WAVE -NEW

27-JUL-82

26

NOW I MREALLYCONFUSED

27-JUL-82

27

DAR.DE.DOOO!

27-JUL-82

21

SHOCKING

29-JUL-82

22

TENNIS. ANY ONE?

39-JUL-82

22

BUNNY

39-JUL-82

22

THE*FAMILY*

39-JUL-82

22

NOW . SER I OUSLY , FOLKS

39-JUL-82

29

DIRTY-JOKE

31-JUL-82

22

AND. THEN

28-AUG-82

11

SURVEY -WARP

2-AUG-82

22

CHARGE! ! !

2-AUG-82

22

DEW. DROPS

2-AUG-82

29

BUMPER-SNI CKER-2

3-AUG-82

18

BUMPER-SNI CKER-3

3-AUG-82

16

BUMPER-SNI CKER-4

3-AUG-82

17

BUMPER-SNI CKER-5

12-AUG-82

29

BUMPER-SNI CKER-6

1 6-AUG-82

16

ALMOST . . .

26-AUG-82

19

THANK. YOU. . .

26-AU6-82

16

pruning and consists of two steps. The
first step is to exile the messages that
should go away. Any user who knows the
password can type "exile" followed by
the message name to mark a message and
all its offspring for later deletion. Only
the system operator can complete the
second step of the process, which is to

squeeze the disks.

When a message has been exiled, it
becomes harder to access but remains on
the system, taking up space. When you
squeeze the disks, the exiled messages
and their offspring become overwritten
by other messages, and previously used
space becomes available. Since squeezing

24

Listing 3. Reviewing a branch. The Index
command displays the names, dates, and
number of times used, of every message
under a branch.

a disk can cause large bodies of data to
disappear, the Communitree people

December 1982 e Creative Computing

BASF QUALIMETRIC

INSURING ATOMORROW FOR TODAY'S INFORMATION

The BASF Qualimetric standard is a
dramatic new international standard
of quality in magnetic media. ..insur-
ance that your most vital information
will be secure for tomorrow when
you enter it on BASF FlexyDisks®
today.

The Qualimetric standard reflects a
continuing BASF commitment to per-
fection... a process which begins with
materials selection and inspection,
and continues through coating, pol-
ishing, lubricating, testing, and 100%
error-free certification. Built into our
FlexyDisk jacket is a unique two-piece
liner. This BASF feature traps damag-
ing debris away from the media sur-
face, and creates extra space in the
head access area, insuring optimum
media-to-head alignment. The result
is performance so outstanding,
and durability so lasting, that BASF
FlexyDisks are protected by the indus-
try's only lifetime warranty*

When your information must be
secure for the future, look for the dis-
tinctive BASF package with the Quali-
metric seal. Call 800-343-4600 for the
name of your nearest supplier.

A

* I I

I

BASF

Enter tomorrow on basf today

▲

Contact BASF for warranty details E 1982, BASF Systems Corporation. Bedford. MA

CIRCLE 122 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Communitree, continued. . .

recommend that you make a copy of
the data disks before performing the
squeeze. Once you have made a copy,
you can squeeze without anxiety. If you
do not like the results, you can recopy,
move things around, and squeeze again.

Two important commands for moving
messges around are "unexile" and
"+addto." The first of these restores a
previously exiled message to normal
status. The latter command works the
same as "addto" except that it starts with
some text in memory, instead of starting
from scratch. First you read a message
you want to alter or move, then you type
"+addto" and the name of the intended
parent for the final message. Next, you
give a new name to the message just read
and alter it as if you had just typed in the
whole text.

Here is an example in which we copy a
message called "cherry-blossom" from a

branch called "flower" into a branch
called "fruit" and give it the new name
"baby -cherry":

read CHERRY-BLOSSOM

♦add to FRUIT

(computer asks -for new message name)
BABY-CHERRY

At this stage, we have the ability to list
the text of the message, add lines to it,
delete lines, or save it as is. The old
message will remain unchanged unless we
go on to exile or otherwise modify it.
With "H-addto," we are merely creating a
(possibly altered) copy of the original.

Summary and Evaluation

If you understand most of this article,
you know almost enough to operate your
own communitree. The only other re-
quirement is the ability to plug in an
Apple II, disk drive, and Hayes Micro-

modem II. If you understand only the
first half of the article, you are almost
fully equipped to use someone else's
Communitree. You need to be able to
turn on your terminal and dial your tele-
phone.

To all observers at Creative Com-
puting, the Communitree system showed
distinct advantages over the generic bulle-
tin board systems. Beginning users can
appreciate the relative simplicity of the
Communitree command structure. Heavy
users enjoy the ability to read only those
messages that are worth their time. Of
the conference systems now available for
64K computers, Communitree is the best.
We hope that many programmers will
emulate the Communitree designers and
their concern for appropriate design for
the user and fulfillment of a carefully
formulated goal. Their strong points are
carefully orchestrated details, not frills.
Their weak points are intelligent com-
promises, not cut corners. □

comstar's written guarantee

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TEMPLE OF APSHAI(0.T)32K
INTRU0ER |T|16K
ACTION QUEST (D.T)16K
CROSSFIRE (D.T|16K
ALI BABA (0) 32K
RASTER BLASTER (0)32K
CAVERNS OF MARS (D)16K
PAC MAN (C)
PROTECTOR |D.T)32K
CHICKEN (D.T) 16K
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36
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250.00 199

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LIST
DAVID'S MIDNIGHT MAGIC $ 34.95
STAR BLAZER 31.95

LABYRINTH 29.95

DUELING DIGITS 29.95

CH0PLIFTER 34.95

Z0RK I OR II 39.95

WIZARDRY 49 95

SWASHBUCKLER 34.95

BASIC COMPILER (0ATAS0FT) 99.95

ROACH HOTEL

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CROSS FIRE

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CYCLOD

BATTLE 0E SHILOH

TIGERS IN THE SNOW

VISICALC 3.3

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34.95
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NOW
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BASKETBALL (D) I. Ill 20.95 $ 18

LOST COLONY (O.T)I.III 29.95 24

FAMILY TREE (D.T)I.III 29.95 24

AOVENTURELAND (T)l.lll 24.95 21

ELIMINATOR (T)l.lll 19.95 17

TEMPLE0FAPSHAI[D.T|l.lll 39.95 31

RESCUE AT RIGELIO.TJI.III 29.95 24

RICOCHET (D.T) I. Ill 19.95 17

CURSE OF RA (0) Mil 19.95 17

EMPIRE OF 0VERMIND(T)l.lll 30.00 24

GALACTIC TRILOGY (Ojl.lll 39.95 31

GALACTIC EMPIRE|T|I.III 14.95 13

GALACTIC TRADER(T) I. Ill 14.95 13

GALACTIC REVOLUTIONISM 14.95 13

SCARFMAN (0) I. Ill 19.95 17

SARG0N II (T)l.lll 29.95 24

PENETRATIR (D.T)I.III 24.95 21

FORTRAN 80(D) I 100.00 80

BASIC COMPILER (0) I 195.00 147

EDITOR/ASSEMBLER* (0) I 49.95 39

EDITOR/ASSEMBLER* (T) I 29.95 24

LEVEL III BASIC (T) I 49.95 39

BATTLE OF SHILOH (T|l.lll 39.95 31

TIGERS IN THE SN0W(T) I. Ill 39.95 31

FLIGHT SIMULATOR(T) Mil 25.00 21

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CIRCLE 157 ON READER SERVICE CARD

26

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

na guess wno stars as the
movie monster. You! As any of six
different monsters. More \f you
have the disk version.

You can terrorize and destroy
four of the world's largest and
most densely populated cities in
over 100 possible scenarios.
From Tokyo to the Golden Gate,
you are the deadliest creature in
the air, on the land, or in the sea.

You can be the deadly am-
phibian who simultaneously
smashes street cars, lunches on
helpless humans and radiates a
ray of death.

If you were a giant winged
creature, think of the aerial
attacks you could make on the
terrified but tasty tidbits beneath

But as in all the best monster
movies, you're up against every-
thing the human race can throw
at you — even nuclear warheads
and a strange concoction devel-
oped by a team of mad scientists.

For only $29.95 you get 6 stu-
pendous monsters, each with its
own monstrous summary card,
4 teeming metropoli displayed in
graphic detail on your computer
display and mapped in the
accompanying 48-page illustrat-
ed book, the awesome sounds of
monsterly mayhem, and spine-
tingling, real-time, edge-of-your-
seat excitement.

I \\

/r<

s

i

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N'

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tV

fa

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*>

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v

^Li

I

GET CRUSH, CRUMBLE & CHOMP

now at your local dealer for your APPLE,
or TRS-80 . . before its too late.

ATARI,

% &

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CIRCLE 117 ON READER SERVICE CARD

*/ SEASON'S V

^GREETINGS A

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

CP/M

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PROWRITER 100 CPS 489

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FORTRAN 80 149

COBOL 80 539

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SEASON'S GREETINGS
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CIRCLE 232 ON READER SERVICE CARD

. •*

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A

v^

^HOLIDAY
PACKAGES

VW

creative

confuting
equipment

Evaluation

H

^+

New Processors For the Apple II

Long ago and far away, Steve
Wozniak (the Woz) discovered a chip
called the 6502. He decided to design
a computer around it. For the past five
years, countless engineers have been
competing to improve that computer.

The most radical engineers have
designed boards containing other
processors to complement the 6502.
The first such board to become pop-
ular was the Softcard, which contains
a Z80 and is distributed by Microsoft
Consumer Products. Since then, other
Z80 boards and boards containing
6809s, 8088s, 68000s, and specialized
math processors have been announced.

As a consumer, you may be wonder-
ing why you would want to add
another processor to your Apple. The
reason for most people is that these
boards can deliver either increased
performance or new features. Some
can deliver both. In every case, you will
have to learn new procedures to use a
new board.

In this article, I shall describe boards
containing the following processors:
Motorola 6809, Intel 8088, Advanced
Micro Devices 9511, and Motorola
68000. Each board comes with soft-
ware and a manual. The prices range
from $345 to $975.

The Mill by Stellation Two

When Stellation Two first an-
nounced The Mill, I was curious
because the 6809 is supposed to be a
big improvement over the 6502 in
efficiency and programming. How-
ever, I knew that good software would
have to be provided in order for the

Michael Coffey

new chip to be worth buying. The
Stellation people have earned my
highest respect for assembling an
impressive collection of software for
their board.

The first Mill package was called the
Pascal Speedup Kit. With the Mill and
Stellation's enhancement to the Apple
Pascal system, your Pascal programs
can run up to twice as fast. When I
tested the package, I found only slight
improvements. However, fellow mem-
bers of a Pascal user group have tested
the package with its recent updates
and found it to be quite helpful,
especially with math-oriented pro-
grams.

The 88Card may be

the card of choice for

any business software

developer who owns

an Apple II.

Next, Stellation introduced a 6809
assembler that works with Apple DOS
3.3. The assembler is moderately
powerful — on a par with the Apple
DOS Toolkit assembler or Lisa. Not
wanting to learn a new assembly
language, I have not studied it in great
detail. This assembler would be most

30

useful to Apple owners who wish to
develop software for other 6809-based
computers, such as the TRS-80 Color
Computer or the Hitachi MB6890.

Stellation's most important soft-
ware product has been a package
which includes OS-9 and Basic09 with
the Mill for a price of $495. OS-9 is an
operating system that contains many
useful features borrowed from Unix,
including multitasking and hierar-
chical file directories.

Basic09 is an elegant hybrid of Basic
and Pascal. Both the language and the
operating system were published by
Microware Systems Corporation and
adapted to the Apple II by Stellation
Two.

88C ard by Coprocessors, Inc.

CP/ M is an operating system used
by hundreds of thousands of com-
puters. CP/ M-86 is a new version of
CP/ M designed for Intel's new micro-
processors, including the 8088. Copro-
cessors supplies an 8088 card with 64K
of RAM along with a disk containing
CP/ M-86, all for $899.

Since CP/ M-86 can be used on the
DEC Rainbow 100, the IBM PC, and
most other new business computers,
the 88Card may be the card of choice
for any business software developer
who owns an Apple II. Of course,
several other vendors are planning
products very similar to the 88Card.
As we go to press, Coprocessors is
the only company that has managed to
ship a working CP/M-86 system to
Creative Computing.

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 195 ON READER SERVICE CARD

michael shrayer's

nrCTRtC

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ocessing system

J Easy to Learn - Like lightning you will be up an<irurWiing with a comprehensive and sophisticated word
processor. Our manual says you can be an expert in ine hour, our users tell us it takes less than 30 minutes.
The manual's 1 28 pages are packed with figures, illdktratHpns and examples for the beginner and"old pro".

1 Easy to Use - With the ELECTRIC PENCIL you brocess words, not commands. ELECTRIC PENCIL'S
menus and simple two keystroke commands keeps yolr mind on your work, NOT on your manual. ELECTRIC
PENCIL issoeasytouseyoursecretary will WANTto us&^t Y sosophisticatedyou'll begladshedid. David Ahl,
the editor of Creative Computing says, "ELECTRIC PEN^JL 2.0 is the most user friendly word processing
package available." ^\

~> Features - ELECTRIC PENCIL has a 36k+ text buffer (48f\««k system), supports disk, tape and Stringy
Floppy files (disk version)* and has every majorfeature you want in4 word processor. It is'bullet proof"- Data
recovery is a built-in feature. The exclusive DICT-A-MATldfeatureCves your off ice the flexibility of dictation-
word processing without fancy equipment. Your dictation p lay back^T^ont rolled from the computer keyboard.
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with a 50,000 word dictionary (sold separately) - without patched afidVjpgrades. Simply press one of the
control key combinations and new additions to your system are instantlyaP^ailable. Add automatic proofing,
spelling correction, dynamic print formatting, proportional printing, communications, graphics and typesetting
and many other add-on features when you need them. \

Versatile - ELECTRIC PENCIL runs on TRS-80 model I and model III compters under all versions of
TRSDOS, and NEWDOS without modification or patching (Patches required for otfter operating systems). It
also supports parallel and serial printers as well as single and double density disft systems.

ELECTRIC PENCIL is the choice of thousands- make it yours for only $89.95 (dis^jjgion) or $79.95 (tape
and Stringy Floppy versions). Manual only $24.95.

ELECTRIC PENCIL is available at computer stores, selected B. Daltoi
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Stringy Floppy trademark EXATRON Corp
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CIRCLE 207 ON READER SERVICE CARI

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Processors, continued...

Basic09, The Elegant Hybrid

As a language cynic, I was prepared to ridicule Basic09
as yet another nonstandard implementation of the
ancient and honorable beginners all-purpose symbolic
instruction code. I was stunned to discover that Basic09
combines the friendliness of Basic and the logical
sttucWwe of Pascal without imposing too many nasty
inconsistencies. If I were to build my own algebraic pro-
gramming language, 1 would make it look very much like
Basic09.

Important legacies from Pascal include named pro-
cedures, structured data types, and advanced loop
statements. Programs need not contain line numbers.
Procedures can call themselves, and all variables are local
to the procedure invocation in which they are used.

Unlike Pascal, Basic09 will not let you nest procedures
within procedures. This rule disallows multiple pro-
cedures with identical names and forces all shared data
to be passed as parameters. Named constants and explicit
pointers are also missing from Basic09. The lack of
pointers makes some programs difficult to translate from
Pascal.

With Basic09, you get most of the familiar Basic
features. Input statements can prompt the user, and
strings are fully implemented, as in Applesoft or Micro-
soft Basic. File input and output are fully integrated into
the language, not pasted on as in Applesoft. The Read...
Data... Restore suite, missing from most Pascals, and
only partially implemented in Applesoft, is fully func-
tional in Basic09.

1 used the Basic09 editor/compiler to enter several
programs. The system caught many syntax errors as soon
as I typed them. Others were caught when I crossed from
the Edit mode to the System mode. I enjoyed having a
chance to fix errors before running my programs.

Basic09 flips into Debug mode whenever it encounters
an error or user interruption during a program run. This
handy mode allows you to display values of variables and
other indicators of program status. You can also wade
through the program, statement by statement. When I
first learned to program, I had to simulate that function
by hand on paper and pencil. Although I wish the
debugging commands were integrated into the System
mode, 1 am satisfied with the provided set of features.

You can learn the program line editor in just a few
minutes. Unfortunately, the main reason for this ease of

mastery is the lack of powerful editing features. You will
never mistake this editor for a word processor because
you can not easily change existing lines. You must issue
a Change command, retyping the old version of the text
piece you want to change followed by the new version.

Basic09 incorporates many important advantages for
serious programmers. All operating system facilities,
including multitasking and file maintenance, are avail-
able within all Basic09 modes and user programs. For
example, your Basic09 program could read a disk
directory and display a list of file names before asking
the user to choose a file to read.

Programmers will find I / O implemented more sensibly
in Basic09 than in most other systems. You use all
sequential files (e.g., most disk files) the same way you
use all sequential I/O devices (e.g., keyboards, printers).
Consequently, you can write programs without regard to
the origin or destination of data, leaving the decision
to the user. The file system makes no distinction between
direct-access and sequential disk files. Therefore, you can
write files using one technique and read them using the
other.

The I/O statements are quite well designed, especially
when compared to Applesoft. You can keep many files
open at the same time and never get bogged down with
channel numbers or other rigamarole. Ordinary Basic
Input and Print commands can be used with any file. The
Read and Write commands are similar to Input and
Print, but are specialized for use with files, making it
easy to put multiple values on each line of a file.

For random access to records, you use the Seek com-
mand which skips to the specified byte of a file. Get and
Put perform high-speed data transfers between variables
and files, performing no interpretation or conversion of
binary data representations.

The Create command initializes disk files. The Open
command associates operating system file names with
Basic variables for use in subsequent I/O statements.
The Close statement terminates access to a file, frees the
memory associated with it, and (in the case of disk files)
forces data to be recorded permanently. Finally, you can
use Delete to get rid of files you don't need.

The Basic09 package is a very worthwhile system,
especially for computer science students and companies
with programming staffs.

I booted the Coprocessors system,
and found it works much like every
other CP/ M system I have used. My
biggest problem was that I had no
CP/ M-86 applications to run.
CP/ M-86 has only a few enhance-
ments over regular CP/ M (now called
CP/ M-80). The best of these, from the
user point of view, is a Help command.

Other new commands in CP/ M-86
include TOD and COPYDISK. TOD
can set or read the time of day, and
COPYDISK duplicates a CP/M-86
disk. In CP/ M-80, these functions are
performed by third-party programs.

CP/M-86 offers many benefits to

December 1982 c Creative Computing

the assembly language programmer.
The ability to manage large chunks of
memory and the ability to move pro-
grams up to MP/ M-86 (the multiuser
system) and Concurrent CP/ M-86 are
foremost among them.

The 88Card implementation of
CP/M-86 contains a few surprises.
The system disk, for example, con-
tains no disk formatting program. I
had to use the Apple DOS INIT com-
mand. The COPYDISK command
works only with two disk drives, and
the entire system is designed with an
80-column display in mind. Rumor
has it that newer versions of the soft-

33

ware will include a formatting pro-
gram.

The general unfriendliness of CP/ M
has not prevented it from becoming a
standard for business software
developers. Many programming lan-
guages are already available for
CP/ M-86, and virtually every major
8080 and Z80 software developer is
now polishing 8086 software for
marketing as soon as possible. Why
not jump on the bandwagon?

In the 8088 arena, CP/ M-86 has one
major competitor. IBM supplies an
8088 disk operating system called
PC-DOS. That operating system is

Processors, continued...

owned by Microsoft who sell it under
the name MS-DOS. The differences
between the current versions of
MS-DOS and CP/M-86 are quite
subtle. Both systems are direct deriva-
tives of regular CP/M. I expect that
MS-DOS will soon be released for
the 88Card. Many software developers
have told me that they intend to sup-
port both systems. Therefore, you
needn't worry about buying the
"wrong" operating system.

AD8088 by ALF

Intel, one of Silicon Valley's giants,
has designed the 8088 chip to replace
the 8080 as an industry standard.
Companies as diverse as IBM, Micro-
soft, and Digital Research have
decided to support this new Intel

The AD8088, as hinted

above, is the first in
a series of ALF boards
that will work together
to soup up your Apple.

product, and no fewer than four com-
panies have announced 8088 boards
for the Apple II. One of the great
frustrations of the past year has been
the lag between announcement and
delivery of some of these boards.
ALF Products, best known for their

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CIRCLE 268 ON READER SERVICE CARD

wonderful line of music products for
the Apple, have turned their Apple
expertise toward a new set of perform-
ance enhancing boards, the first of
which contains an 8088, some ROM,
and just a little bit of RAM (2K),
all for just $345.

The ALF AD8088 card comes with
software that makes Applesoft run
faster. The system requires a 16K
RAM card in slot 0. When you have
installed the ALF system, near\y every
Basic program in your library will run
faster. Even compiled programs and
some machine language programs will
experience performance improve-
ments.

ALF always provides excellent
documentation with their products.
The AD8088 was easy to install and
use. I just plugged in the card, typed
RUN FTL and the slot number of the
card. From that point until DOS was
rebooted (or the computer turned off),
the 8088 helped Applesoft run faster.

Two 8088 cards. On top isALFsAD8088,
which supports Applesoft and can hold
12K RAM. Below is Coprocessors 88
card, which supports CP/M-86 and con-
tains 64K RAM.

I tried the system with a function
plotting program. The program com-
putes many sines and cosines and plots
hundreds of points. I ran the program
with and without the AD8088. I also
compiled the program using Speedstar
and ran the compiled version with and
without the AD8088. The results are
shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Without
AD8088

With

AD8088

Basic
Compiled

34 seconds 15 seconds
26 seconds 7 seconds

34

As you can see, the card outper-
formed the compiler when used
separately. The combined perform-
ance of the compiler and the ALF sys-
tem is astounding. Performance
improvements will vary with the type
of program. I was able to concoct some
programs which showed no improve-
ment at all, by either method.

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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COPYRIGHT 1981 - PATENTS PENDING

566 IRELAN, BUELLTON, CA 93427
(805) 688-2047

CIRCLE 298 ON READER SERVICE CARD

SEE YOUR RH ELECTRONICS
PRODUCTS DEALER

FOR YOUR APPLE II':

SUPER FAN II™ $ 74.95

SUPER FAN H™/ZENER RAY™ $109.00

SUPER RAM II™ $125.00

RH 12 VOLT TRANSVERTER $149.00

FOR MICRO COMPUTERS:

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tested Videoterm is compatible a th most
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for you and your Apple ][.
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Introducing the Enhancer ][: a new Standard
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which can be entered into the Apple by the
mere touch of a key. Life can become even
easier because the Enhancer ][ can remember
what you typed while your Apple was busy
talking to your disc [or doing other
things]. Naturally, it knows the difference
between upper and lower case letters
and what shift keys are supposed to do. <
It even knows to auto repeat any key held
down. The Enhancer ][ replaces the
encoder board making installation simple.

Suggested retail price: $149.00

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VisiCalc* users can define
often used commands and file
names to a single keystroke.

This low cost, versatile
strip of pressure sensitive
switches adheres to the Ap-
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the Enhancer ]['s keypad
connector port.

Suggested price: 3579.00

Soft Video
Switch™

The Soft Video Switch is an
automatic version of the
popular Switchplate. It knows
whether it should display 40
or 80 columns or Apple
graphics. It does the tedious
work of switching video-out
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The Soft Video Switch can be
controlled by software. Any
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The price is: $35.00

Keyboard and

Display

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The original Keyboard &
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Enhancer ][ will not fit).
These Apples have memory
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Keyboard & Display Enhancer
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[includes]

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CIRCLE 194 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Slrlus s All Star Games

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All software represented in this advertisement are copyrighted products of Sirius Software, Inc., 10364 Rockingham Drive, Sacramento,
California 95827, (916) 366-1 195. All rights reserved. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Atari is a trademark of Atari Inc. IBM is a
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is a trademark of Fox Video Games, Inc.

CIRCLE 311 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Processors, continued...

To accomplish speed improve-
ments, ALF altered the Applesoft
interpreter to force the 8088 to do
most of the arithmetic. The more
arithmetic you have in your program,
the more you will benefit from this
card. Most graphics programs contain
lots of multiplication and division,
two things that the 6502 does very
slowly.

You can write 6502 assembly lan-
guage programs that use the 8088 for
arthmetic or block movement. You
can also write 8088 programs, though
no assembler is provided. The 8088
programs can run simultaneously with
6502 programs. In the future, standard
operating systems, like CP/M and
MS-DOS should become available for
the AD8088.

The AD8088, as hinted above, is the
first in a series of ALF boards that will
work together to soup up your Apple.
The next board will contain up to
128K of RAM, and the third will con-
tain a special graphics processor. The
graphics card, priced at $145, should
speed up Applesoft graphics com-
mands and provide new graphics
facilities. The RAM card will cost $445
with 128K, $370 with 64K, or $295
with no RAM. The card will also
accept an Intel 8087 numeric processor
which ALF plans to sell for $195.
Rumored delivery dates are well
before Christmas.

The Fast Floating Point Board
by Computer Station

The FFP holds seniority over all the
other boards in this review. Computer
Station, makers of fine graphic printer
drivers and other software, has been
selling the product for as long as I can
remember. The AMD 9511 does
exactly one thing, arithmetic. The
advantage of this specialization is that
the chip operates very fast, perform-
ing thousands of floating point opera-
tions per second.

Computer Station provides effective
software and simple documentation
for interfacing this processing power
to Applesoft, Pascal, and Fortran. The
whole package costs $475. Among the
boards reviewed here, only the FFP
board and the Mill include software
for Apple Pascal. Like the other pro-
cessors, the FFP requires a RAM card
when used with Applesoft.

Installation creates no hassles. Plug
in the card, boot the system, and
rename a couple of files. The system
works in any slot except zero. When
you boot the Apple, a modified Basic
interpreter is loaded, so until you
reboot, most Basic programs should
run faster. After this installation, the

configured software can be copied to
other disks from which it will auto-
matically install itself.

I tried the FFP with the same pro-
grams I used with the AD8088 card.
The performance was very similar to
the AD8088 for the program con-
taining trignometry and graphics.

Table 2.

Pascal-Fortran compatibility. After
installing the Computer Station soft-
ware unit into your system library, you
can use the 951 1 for all transcendental
functions. The faster sines and cosines
of the 95 1 1 should help many graphics
and engineering programs.

1000

Fplot

Primes

square
roots

6502

AD8088

9511

34
15
15

53
23
29

51
10

5

However, a prime number program
was not quite as fast on the FFP as on
the AD8088. On the other hand, a pro-
gram that calculated 1000 square roots
ran much better on the FFP. The
timings (in seconds) are summarized
in Table 2.

The story behind these results is
interesting. The 9511 performs float-
ing point operations faster than the
8088 because there are no built-in
floating point instructions on the
8088. To use the 951 1 in conjunction

One big advantage

of the FFP is

Pascal-Fortran

compatibility.

with the 6502, however, a numeric
conversion must be performed. Dave
Hudson of Computer Station found
that, in some cases, the numeric con-
version takes longer than the time
saved by the 9511. His software uses
the 9511 only for the most time-con-
suming functions, not for multiplying
and dividing. The ALF software uses
the 8088 for all multiplications and
divisions as well as the more time-
consuming operations.

The only big disappointment I
found with the FFP came when I used
it in conjunction with compilers.
Although some programs worked,
others did not. I tried both Speedstar
and the Hayden compiler, getting
similar results from each. The function
plotting program is among those
which do not run on the FFP when
compiled. A smaller complaint is that
arithmetic performed by the 9511 is
slightly less accurate (6-digit vs. 9-
digit) than that done by the 6502 or
8088.

One big advantage of the FFP is

Coming Soon: A
Specialized Processor
for Graphics

ALF Products has announced
the ADGS graphics subsystem to
be used with their AD8088 card for
the Apple II. The standard Apple-
soft HGR, HPLOT, DRAW, and
XDRAW functions will operate
faster than ever. New capabilities,
including additional colors, block
drawing, window clipping, and
exclusive— or plotting, will be
implemented.

Many of the features of today's
graphics utility programs have been
designed into the hardware of this
new card. Color character fonts,
3-D line drawings, color fill, and
hi-res scrolling are among the tech-
niques that will now be fast enough
to be practical. Furthermore, since
these capabilities are implemented
on a card, your programming will
be much easier than with disk-based
utilities.

The ADGS will also have con-
nectors for eight paddles or four
joysticks. The analog interface pro-
vided will read devices three times
faster than the Apple game paddle
port does. This means that your
programs can respond more
accurately to paddle or joystick
input when using the ADGS.

The ADGS uses direct memory
access techniques to perform these
functions without assistance from
the Apple 6502. The AD8088 card
contains ROM software that con-
trols the ADGS. The speed of the
AD8088 in calcualting and moving
memory is one of the secrets to the
great speed of the ADGS. The com-
bined price of the ADGS and the
AD8088 is $490, which includes all
necessary software and documenta-
tion.

Although I have not tested the
ADGS, I think you should know
about it before purchasing a new
processor card. The ALF reputa-
tion for reliable, easy to use pro-
ducts suggests that the ADGS will
be a good product to try.

December 1982 c Creative Computing

39

-•

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IBM PC Interface (IBM DOS). Manual & Cable 5'

Mirror built-in for easy backup

Apple Interface, Manual & Cable 5'

Other Interfaces, Omni Net Constellation. Mirror

LIST OUR

PRICE PRICE

$2995 $2495

$4795 $3995

$5795 $4795

$ 300 $239

$ 790 $649

$ 300 $239
All in Stock.

Apple AUn CP M IBM VisiCjIc WoidSUi anil /80 aif
registered trademarks ot Apple Computer Inr Warner
Communications Co OigrtJl Research Inc Inter
national Business Machines Corp VisrCorp Inc MicroPro
International Corp andlilog Inc respectively MicroPro
MailMerge SpellStar DataStar SuperSort and CalcStar
are trademarks ol MicroPro International Corp Insott and
Data Design are trademarks ot Insott Inc RAMCard
Microsoft Multiplan and MS are trademarks ot Microsoft
Corporation Videi and Videoterm are trademarks ol
Videi Inc VisiCorp VisiDei Visilrend Plot Visrlileand
Desktop Plan are trademarks ot VisiCorp Inc VIC20 is a
trademark ol Commodore

AD #942

VISA

MONITORS

NEC.

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PRICE

12" Green
12" Color. Composite
SANYO. 9" B&W
if 9" Green

12" B&W

12" Green

13" Color, Composite

13" Color RGB

Monitor Stand

12" Green

12" Green #300

13" Color I, Composite

13" Color II A. RGB. Hi Res. (Ap II. Ill & IBM-PC)

13" Color III, RGB. Commercial, (Ap II. Ill)

DVM. Color II or III to Apple II Interface

Note Color II and III come with cable for IBM PC

ZENITH.
AMDEK.

249
450
190
200
250
260
470
995
50
150
200
449
999
569
199

OUR
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$159
$349
$149
$119
$199
$199
$349
$795
$ 39
$119
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$175

HOT LINE FOR INFORMATION

ON YOUR ORDER

(503) 772-3803

NATIONAL
ORDER DESK

TOLL FREE
(800) 547-1289

ORDERS
ONLY

All Other Orders Including Oregon: 772-3256

Portland, OR. Cash L Carry Outlet. 11507 D SW Pacific Hwy Terrace
Shopping Center, Tigard. OR. Over-the-counter tales only. Prices as
shown. On 99W between Rte. 217 and Interstate 5. Call 245-1020.

8" CP/M-80

ADVENTURE. Adventure's #1 to #12 inclusive
*ASHI0N TATE. dBase II, 8"

COMSHARE TARGET. Target PlannerCalc
INFOCOM. Deadline, 8"
Zork I, 8"
Zork II. 8"
INNOVATIVE. Spellguard. 8"
ISM. MatheMagic

MICROCRAFT. Legal Billing & Time Keeping
Prof Billing & Time Keeping
if MICROPRO. WordStar* plus free WordStar Training Manual
MailMerge™
SpellStar™

Special! All Three Above. WordPac
WordStar Training Manual
DataStar T M
SuperSort T M
CalcStar™

Special! All Three Above. DataPac
MICROSOFT. Multiplan (uses MSDOS)
Fortran 80. 8"
BASIC Compiler, 8"
COBOL 80. 8"
BASIC 80. 8"
OASIS. The Word Plus (a WPS)
PEACHTREE. Magic Wand, 8"

GL. A/R, A/P or Inventory, 8"
PERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer f "
Perfect Speller™
Perfect Speller™
generators, (a DBMS)
a WPS)

L

QUALITY. GBS with 3
SELECT INFO.. Select
SORCIM. SuperCalc

Super Writer, call on availability

Spell Guard, call on availability

SUPERSOFT. Disk Doctor (CP/M-80)

Diagnostics II (CP/M 80)

Scratch Pad (CP/M 80)

1 BUSINESS & SYSTEM

/ SOFTWARE

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8" $ 129

$ 95

$ 700

$495

$ 50

$ 39

$ 60

$ 45

$ 50

$ 39

$ 50

$ 39

$ 295

$220

$ 100

$ 75

$ 750

$395

$ 750

$395

lining Manual $ 495

$249

$ 250

$14*

$ 250

$149

$ 895

$459

—

$ 25

$ 350

$199

$ 250

$150

$ 350

$180

$ 695

$359

$ 275

$199

$ 500

$325

$ 395

$295

$ 750

$545

$ 350

$275

$ 150

Call

$ 500

$350

$ 750

$495

$ 389

$239

$ 189

$119

$ 289

$179

$ 700

$525

$ 595

$375

$ 295

$219

$ 395

$295

$ 295

Call

$ 100

$ 75

$ 125

$ 95

$ 295

$225

Thp\ HEWLETT
mifiM PACKARD

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PRICE

H/P 85A Microcomputer Limited Special

$2750

$1699

H/P 7225A Professional Flat bed Plotter Limited Special

$2750

$1699

H/P 7470A Graphics Plotter New!

$1550

$1195

H/P41C Calculator

$ 250

$210

H/P 41CV Calculator with 2 2K Memory

$ 325

$275

H/P 41 Card Reader

$ 215

$179

H/P 41 Optical Wand

$ 125

$105

Wide variety of software and accessories available

Call

Qz commodore

O

commodore

VTC20

Vlv/ L\J Home Computer

Datasette VIC 1530

Disk Drive VIC 1540

Super Expander VID 121 1A 3K with lots of extras

3K Memory Expander Cartridge

8K Memory Expander Cartridge

16K Memory Expander Cartridge

VIC Modem, Telephone Interface

Joystick

Game Paddle Pair

Software full line in stock. Call

$300

$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$

75

600
70
40
60
159
120
10
20

$229

$ 59
$479
$ 56
$ 29
$ 48
$115
$ 96
$ 8
$ 15

DISKETTES

• Control Data Corporation 12 for 10 Special. Limited Time!

CDC. 120 each. 5'« with ring. SS. SD (Apple, IBM, etc)

12 each. 5"., with ring, SS, SD (Apple, IBM. etc)

12 each, 5 1 * with ring. SS. DD (H/P. IBM 320K, etc)

12 each 8", SS, SD

10 each. 5 : 4 with ring, DS. DD (IBM)
IBM. 10 each, 5'/,, SS, SD (Apple. IBM, etc)

10 each. 5 1 *. SS. DD (H/P, IBM 320K, etc )
VERBATIM. 10 each 5V with ring. SS. SD or SS. DD
MAXELL. 10 each 5 «. SS. SD
DYSAN. 10 each 5V SS, SD
10 each 5. DS. DD

$

450

$195

$

40

$ 22

$

51

$ 28

$

51

$ 28

$

50

$ 39

$

60

$ 45

5

65

$ 49

$

50

$ 28

5

55

$ 35

$

55

$ 39

$

65

$ 49

ORDERING INFORMATION AND TERMS:

All Mail P Box 1380, Jacksonville. OR 97530

We ship immediately on Cashier Checks. Money Orders, Fortune 1000 Checks, and Government Checks
Personal Checks and Company Checks allow 20 days to clear Add 3S for VISA or MC Add i\ for shipping, insurance and handling(mmimum$5| UPS ground is standard Add 10S more
for US Postal. APO or FPO Include telephone no No COD Prices subject to change and typographic errors, so call to verify Allgoods are new, include factory warranty and are guaranteed
to work Due 1 our low prices all sales are final Call before returning goods for repair or replacement ORDER DESK HOURS 8to6PST,MF 10to4Sat&Sun 1pm hereis4pm inNY

UUK KtrtKLIll/to. We have been a computer dealer since 1978 and in mail order since 1980 Banks First Interstate Bank. (503) 776 5620 and Jefferson State Bank
1503) 773 5333 We belong to the Chamber of Commerce. (503) 772 6293. or call Dun & Bradstreet it you are a subscriber Computer Exchange is a division of OTech Group. Inc

•

>&fg$£$gt% £

Manufactured
Exclusively for

Bell e, Howell b Y ^cippkz computer

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SAVE

B&H Apple 11 +

64K (48K +ALS16K)
DISK N w/3.3 Cont.

DISK II Only

'1725 $ 1195

$ 645 $ 520

$ 525 $ 450

OR: SAVE OVER *350 on a pair of drives
Buy a pair of Micro-Sci A2 Drives.
See opposite page.

Apple II* differs fromth
Apple Apple II* only in that it is in
black hammertone color and its
warranty is longer
Warranty Factory warranty is by
Bell and Howell (not by Apple) and
is one year parts plus 90 day labor
Warranty service available at Bell
and Howell service centers or
return to Computer Exchange

cippkzn/ii+ .

supply center

HARDWARE

for Apple II/II +

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PRICE PRICE
MICRO-SCI. Disk Drives. Plug/software compatible
to Apple See Micro Sci section
RAM CARDS:

Microsoft. 16K RAM Card $ 195 $149

* ALS. 16K ADDRam $ 149 $ 59
Saturn Systems. 32K $ 249 $169

64K $ 425 $319

128K $ 599 $459

*> Axlon. 320K RAM Disk system $1395 $950
80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS:

ALS. Smarlerm $ 345 $249

Videx. Videoterm $ 345 $249
See more ALS and Videx below

Vista. Vision 80 $ 395 $249

MftR. Sup R term $ 375 $319
MISCELLANEOUS:

ALS. Smarterm 80 Col Card Special $ 345 $249

2 Card (Z 80) W/CPM Special $ 269 $199

* 16K ADDRam Special $ 149 $ 59

* Synergizer Pack Special $ 749 $450
Synergizer Pack includes above 3. ♦ CP/M book
Note: Above is a limited time offer

Apple Computer.

Silentype II Printer $ 395

Graphics Tablet $ 795

Joystick II $ 50

Game Paddle $ 30

Numeric Keypad $ 150

*. Axlon. 320K RAM Disk System $1395

CCS. Serial Interface 7710A $ 150

Other CCS Cards in stock Call

Dan Paymar. Lower Case Chips $ 50

Hayes. Micromodem II $ 379

Smartmodem $ 279

Kensington. System Saver $ 90

j»> Keyboard Company.

Joystick II $ 50

Game Paddle $ 30

Numeric Keypad $ 150

MftR. RF Modulator $ 30

Sup R fan $ 50

* Microsoft. Z80 Soft card $ 399

16K RAM Card $ 195

Softcard Premium Pack $ 775
Mountain.

CPS Multifunction Card % 239

* Clock/Calendar $ 280
Novation. Applecat Modem $ 389
Orange Micro. Grappler $ 165

+ Practical Peripherals, w/cable & Conn )
MBS 8K Serial (Epson) $ 159

MBP 16K Para (Epson) $ 159

* Microbuffer II 16K. (printer") $259
Microbuffer II 32K. (printer ») $ 299

RH Electronics. Super Fan II $ 75

SSM. AIO ll.Senal/Para Interfaces 225

TG Products: Game Paddles $ 40

Joystick $ 60

Select APort $ 60

Jf Videx. Videoterm 80 col $ 345

Soft Video Switch $ 35

Enchancer II $ 149

Enchancer (Rev 6) $ 129

Function Strip $ 79

Applewnter II preboot disk $ 20

Visicalc to 64K preboot disk $ 50

Visicalc to 176K preboot disk $ 90

Full Videx Line Call, up to 35% off

SOFTWARE

on disk for Apple 11/11 +

OUR BEST SELLERS -
CALL ON OTHERS

$ 49

$ 49
$189

$335
$675
$ 39
$ 19
$119
$950
$139
Call
$ 39
$289
$229
$ 69

$ 39

$ 23
$119
$ 25
$ 39
$269
$149
$579

$209
$245
$329
$119

$129
$129
$209
$229
$ 59
$169
$ 29
$ 45
$ 45
$249
25
99
99
59
15
39
69

BUSINESS

Apple Computer. Inc.

The Controller (Accounting)
Apple Writer II
Apple Pascal
Apple Fortran
DOS Tool Kit
DOS 3 3 Upgrade Kit
Apple Pilot

DJ Portfolio Evaluator
How to 1
Microcouner
Micro Telegram
Time Manager
Apple Logo
Applied Soft Tech.. Versa Form
Artsci. Magic Window II
Ashion-tate. dBase II (CP/M)
Beagle Bros.. Utility City
DOSS Boss
Borderbund. G/L with A/P

A/R (call on avail )
Payroll
Continental. GL. AR. AP or PR. ea
1st Class Mail
Home Accountant
dBase II for Apple 11/11+ CP/M
Hayden. Pie Writer (Specify brd )
High Tech.. Store Mgr
jf. Job Control Sys

Info Master
Howard Soft.

Creative Financing
Real Estate Analyzer II
Tax Preparer
Info. Unlim.. Easywriter (PRO)
* Innovative. Spellguard (CP/M)
Lexisoft. Spellbinder (a WPS)
)•> Micro Craft.

(CP/M) Professional Billkeeper
Legal Billing & Timekeeping
Micro Lab. Data Factory ver 5
Visifactory
Invoice Factory
Tax Manager
Micro Pro. (all CP/M)
jL WordStar® ♦ Training Manual
MailMerge T M
SpellStar™
SPECIAL 1 All 3 above
Data Star™
CalcStar T M
SuperSort » M
SPECIAL' All 3 above
WordStar® Training Manual
Muse. Super Text II

Super Text 40/80
Super Text 40/56/70 New'
Form Letter
On-Lme. Expediter II Compiler
Screenwriter II
General Manager

625

150

250

200

75

75

150

50

50

250

250

150

175

389

150

700

30

24

495

495

395

250

75

75

700

170

250

750

189

195
195
150
175
295
495

750
750
300
75
200
150

375
125
200
700
295
195
200
690

150
175
125
100
100
130
150

OUR
PRICE

$499
$119
$199
$159
$ 59
$ 59
$119
$ 45
$ 39
$199
$199
$119
$139
$289
$115
$459
$ 22
$ 18
$369
$369
$295
$189
$ 59
$ 56
$459
$115
$189
$350
$119

$145
$145
$115
$129
$150
$269

$395
$395
$249
$ 56
$129
$ 99

$199
$ 69
$119
$350
$169
$119
$119
$345
$ 25
$113
$129
$ 95
$ 75
$ 69
$ 95
$115

Osborne C P. Soft.. (Disk and Book)

Some Common Basic Programs

75 Business. Statistics and Math

programs for the Apple II $ 100

Practical Basic Programs

40 more very valuable programs

beyond "Some Com Basic Prog" $ 100
Peachtree. GL. AR. AP. INV or PR $ 400

Magic Wand (Specify board)
Perfect. Perfect Writer
Perfect Speller
Perfect Filer
Sensible. Sensible Speller
Silcon Valley. Word Handler
Sof/Sys. Executive Secretary

Executive Speller
Solldus Softech

Stockfile

Stockseller
Software Publishing.

PFS II

Graph
Sorcim. SuperCalc. (CP/M)
Southeastern.

Data Capture 4 0. specify brd
SSM. Transcend.

(Call on others) New 1

Stoneware. DB Master

DB Utility I or II
Systems Plus.

Acctg. Plus. General Ledger

Acctg Plus. GL. AP and A/R

Acctg Plus, above ♦ Inventory
VisiCorp Personal Software.

Visicalc 3 3

VisiDex Special!

VisiFile

Desktop Plan II

Desktop Plan III

Visiplot

VisiSchedule New 1

VisiTrend & VisiPlot Special 1

VisiTerm

UTILITY & DEVELOPMENT

Beagle. Utility City $ 30 $ 22

DOS Boss $ 24 $ 18
Central Point Software:

Filer. DOS Utility $ 25 $ 18

Copy II Plus (bit copier) $ 40 $ 35

Comp. Appl . Nibbles Away II $ 70 $ 59

Epson. Graphics Dump $ 15 $ 9
Insoft.

GraFORTH by Paul Lutus $ 75 $ 59

ALD System II by Paul Lutus $ 75 $ 59

TransFORTH II by Paul Lutus $125 $99

Electric Duet by Paul Lutus $30 $ 25
Microsoft.

A.L.DS $ 125 $ 75

BASIC Compiler $ 395 $299

Cobol 80 $ 750 $559

Fortran 80 $ 195 $149

Olympic Decathlon $ 30 $ 24

TASC Compiler $ 175 $159

Omega. Locksmith (bit copier) $ 100 $

On Line. Expediter II. Compiler $ 100 $

LISA 2.5 $ 80

Penguin. Comp GraphicsSys New 1 $ 70

Phoenix. Zoom Grafix $ 40

Quality. Bag of Tricks New' $ 40

Southwestern. ASCH Express $ 80

Sensible. Back It Up. (bit coper) $ 60

$ 500

$250

$ 389

$239

$ 189

$119

$ 289

$179

$ 125

$ 95

$ 250

$139

$ 250

$189

$ 75

$ 55

$ 600

$350

$ 700

$450

$ 125

$ 95

$ 125

$ 95

$ 295

$219

$ 90

$ 69

$ 89

$ 69

$ 229

$179

$ 99

$ 75

$ 425

$295

$ 995

$595

$1395

$775

$ 250

$189

$ 250

$175

$ 250

$199

$ 250

$199

$ 300

$219

$ 200

$159

$ 300

$239

$ 300

$210

$ 100

$ 79

75
69
$ 60
$ 53
$ 29
$ 29
$ 59
$ 49

sP ec\AL

$1,795
SAV€ $ 765

B&H APPLE 11 +
64K STARTER SYSTEM

• 48K B&H Apple 11 +

• ALS 16K RAM Card

• Disk II with 3.3 DOS ft Controller

• Sanyo 9" Green Monitor

Save $832 total. Substitute a A2 Micro-Set drive
Add another A2 drive and save a total of $888

OVERSTOCK SPECIALS
FOR APPLE 11/11 +

VIDEX. Videoterm, 80 column $ 345 $249

ALS 16K AddRAM Card $ 149 $ 59

ALS ZCard. Z80 CP/M Card $ 269 $199

ALS Smarterm 80 Col Card $ 345 $245

ALS Synergizer Pack $ 749 $450

HOME & EDUCATION

Broderbund.

Apple Panic $ 30

Arcade Machine (call first) $ 45

Star Blazer $ 32

Choplifter New' $ 35

Many others

Budgeco. Raster Blaster $ 29

Continental. Home Accountant $ 75

Edu-Ware. Several in stock Call

Hayden. Sargon II (Chess) $ 35

Infocom. Deadline $ 50

Zork I or II $ 40

Insoft. Electric Duet by Lutus $ 30

GraFORTH by Lutus $ 75

Zargs New* $ 35

Spider Raid New' $ 30

Lightning. Mastertype $ 40

Microsoft. Olympic Decathlon $ 30

Typing Tutor II $ 25

Muse. Robot War $ 40

Castle Wolfenstem $ 30

On Line.

Ultima II $ 55

Threshold $ 40

Cranston Manor $ 35

Mystery House $ 25

Softporn (X Rated) $ 30

Ulysses & Golden Fleece $ 40

Cannonball Blitz New 1 $ 35

Sentient. Oo-TOPOS $ 33

Sinus. Gorgon $ 40

Twerps $ 30

Sir-Tec. Wizardry $ 50

Knight of Diamonds New' $ 35 $

Sub Logic. Flight Simulator $ 34 $

Pinball S 30 $

Strategic. Southern Command $ 60 $

OTHER BRANDS IN STOCK CALL

$ 21
$ 32

$ 24
$ 26

Call
$ 22

$ 56
Call
$ 29
$ 38
$ 29
$ 25
$ 59
$ 27
$ 24
$ 29
$ 24

19
29
23

40
30
26
19
22
22
26

$ 25

29
22

$ 39
26
28
23
30

al

PIM-JJI FOR THE APPLE 11/11*. III
EaKiSI DIRECT SUBSTITUTES

MICRO-SCI for APPLE DRIVES

Micro Sci A2 drives and/or controllers are direct plug

compatible substitutes for Apple drives and controllers.

LIST

OUR

# For Apple II

PRICE

PRICE

A2. SIT, 143K Disk Drive

$ 479

$369

Controller Card for A2 Drive

$ 100

$ 79

A40, 5V, 160K Disk Drive

$ 449

$359

A70. W, 286K Disk Drive

$ 599

$479

Controller for A40 or A70

$ 100

$ 79

Filer. Disk Utility Software

$ 20

$ 15

NEW!

# For Apple III A3. 5*. 143K Drive $ 449

$359

A73, 5'A. 286K Drive $ 649

$529

A143, 5'4. 572K Drive $ 799

$669

ATARI

R

800 Computer 16K

$ 899

$665

800 Computer 48K

11099

$777

810 Disk Drive

$ 600

$444

850 Interface

$ 220

$169

410 Recorder

$ 100

$ 79

16K RAM

$ 100

$ 85

32K RAM

$ 200

$109

Call for other software and accesories

8001 32K Computer

995
995

KlfTC* 286K To,al ' Dual Dnve PC8031
HI ML V 32K addon and I/O Unit PC8012 $ 649
Call for other software and accesories.

$739
$739
$445

THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPUTER MAIL ORDER FIRM

Computer Exchange

ALL MAIL: P.O. Box 1380, Jacksonville, OR 97530

WAREHOUSE AND OFFICES BY APPOINTMENT AT 6791 UPPER APPLEGATE ROAD

CIRCLE 147 ON READER SERVICE CARD

I AD #942

A Division of

OTECHEWm

* Means a BEST buy.

Processors, continued...

Dtack Grounded 68000 Board
by Digital Acoustics

The revenge of Motorola comes in
the form of the most powerful single-
chip CPU available today. The folks at
the microprocessor division were
sickened by the enormous success of
MOS Technology's 6502, which was
invented by ex-employees of Motorola.
The 68000, with a 16-bit data bus, 24-
bit address bus, and many 32-bit regis-
ters, is in many ways more powerful
than most of the computers made by
DEC and Data General. This micro-
processor can address 16 megabytes of
memory, without bank switching, seg-
ment selecting, or other software
bookkeeping.

The Dtack Grounded board does
not fit inside the Apple II. Instead, it
must lie outside your computer, con-
nected to it via a ribbon cable and
small interface card, both of which
are supplied. Also in the package you
will find a disk and several documents.
The disk contains an Applesoft inter-
face and an impressive 3-D graphics
demonstration. The price for all this
varies according to how much RAM
you want on the board. The 12K
version costs $627, and the maximum
RAM board, 92K, goes for $947.

The software for Applesoft speedup
is not quite as simple to use as that
provided by ALF and Computer
Station for their boards. Besides boot-
ing a modified DOS, you must add a
two-statement prefix to each Basic
program. That prefix loads and
activates a link to the Dtack board. I
found no other problems with the sys-
tem.

Theoretically, the Dtack board
should be much faster than the 8088s,
951 1 or the 6502. Timing (in seconds)
for the Fplot program is shown in
Table 3.

Table 3.

Without

With

68000

68000

Basic

34

13

Compiled

26

5

You can see only a modest advan-
tage for the 68000 compared to the
AD8088. Assembly language pro-
grammers should be able to squeeze
out greater benefits. The supplied
software makes the 68000 perform
only the arithmetic parts of each pro-
gram. By recoding graphics and other
parts into 68000 assembler, you can
achieve more dramatic results. The
Dtack demonstration software shows
detailed 3-D images being generated
in motion in real time. All observers
were impressed. However, nobody
volunteered to duplicate the feat.

Processors on Parade. The magnificent specimen in the upper right is the Dtack
Grounded 65000 board, which is approximately the same size as the Apple II mother-
board. Attached to the Dtack is the interface card that ties it to the Apple bus. Pro-
ceeding clockwise, we see the FTP from Computer Station, the AD 8088 from ALF,
the Mill from Stellation Two, the Booster CPU, and the Booster 32K RAM card, both
from Number Nine. Smack in the middle, we find the 88 card from Coprocessors.

The Booster System by Number Nine
Computer Engineering

Last but not least in our survey
comes a board that does not have a
revolutionary new processor. Instead,
it has a souped up 6502. The CPU in
this system is the 6502C, which can
run much faster than the CPU in the
Apple and run All the same software.
To take advantage of the faster CPU,
you must also buy a special RAM
board from Number Nine. A very fast
32K static RAM board costs $625;
the processor board sells for $350.

The Booster System includes a 32K RAM
card (top) a 3.6 MHz CPU (below) and a
128K RAM card (not shown).

The booster boasts the easiest soft-
ware installation of all the boards
tested. Absolutely no alteration to
software is required. Consequently,
all games, languages, and applications,

42

even copy-protected programs like
Visicalc, can take advantage of the
high-performance hardware.

The hardware part of the installa-
tion is not so easy. The CPU and RAM
boards communicate with each other
via a ribbon cable. Because these
boards can provide many functions
beyond merely speeding up an Apple,
there are many jumper switches on
them. Figuring out how to set the
jumpers can be difficult.

The manuals that come with the
boards contain straight reference
material suitable for engineers. Most
ordinary people buying these boards
will have to go through some trial and
error, and may have to call the manu-
facturer for advice.

Number Nine also makes a 128K
dynamic memory board which, theo-
retically, could make performance a
teeny bit faster when used in addition
to the 32K board and CPU. Using the
128K board without the 32K board
should work out a bit slower. The
bigger board costs $625. I tested a
system with 32K of Booster memory,
since it seemed to be the most cost-
effective configuration.

My timing tests showed that this is
the fastest CPU when running inter-
preted Applesoft Basic. It also
acquitted itself very well with the com-
piled FPLOT and prime number pro-
grams. The timings (in seconds) are
shown in Table 4.

Suspecting that the 6502C and

December 1982 ® Creative Computing

Arcade Gamers . . .

Our fabulous
New Wave Strategy line
by Terry Eagan
represents a new concept
in strategy gaming.

is an involved economic-defense
simulation. Simple to play yet intrinsically complex,
its underlying model may require years of strategy
optimization. ZENDAR may take some slightly longer
than one hour to play, but potential empire builders
will find it positively captivating. (Pure Strategy)

Mm

D*v*lop#d Rs set*

S:15

6:12
R:l"

6:17

R:l

:89

6 '05

conmrno »h' for mblp ?

is a battle of wits and strategy. You dispatch
troops to defend your front line and break through an enemy sector.
This game requires quick offensive and defensive tactical
maneuvering. (Arcade-Strategy)

is a chase game with the realism you've come to expect from SubLOGIC.
Dispatch your police cars to prevent bank robbers from escaping in their Porsche 924. (Arcade-Strategy)

Learn in 5 minutes,
play in 1 hour.

48K Apple II disk, $29.95

or for direct orders, add $1.50 and specify GPS or first class mail.
Illinois residents add 5% sales tax. Visa and MasterCard accepted.

Apple" is the registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

CIRCLE 295 ON READER SERVICE CARD

•MB

Communications Corp.
713 Edgebrook Drive
Champaign, I L 61820
(217) 359-8482
Telex: 206995

TIMEX

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1

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P.OT UNPICK REM RUN "ASO RETURN IP INPUT POKE Ml

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ARC ARCCOS ARCTAN ,Al. UN

COPV CONT CLS SCROLL n • PAUSE RRfA*

h"|z |x Ic |v |b In 1m I I~«l

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1

TIMEX INTRODUCES THE $ 99* COMPUTER.

TIMEX

=

sinmlair- iddd

This new computer from Timex represents a
major breakthrough: a real computer at an al-
most unreal price. How is this possible? As
technology increases, price decreases. It hap-
pened to the calculator. It happened to the digital
watch. Now Timex has made it happen to the
computer. It's our advances in circuitry and micro-
chip technology that made it possible. We've
taken the conventional computer and reduced it
onto four extremely powerful chips... including
our Master Chip which replaces as many as IS
conventional microchips.

THE COMPUTER DE-MYSTIFIED

TM

With the Timex Sinclair 1000, you also get a
step-by-step learning guide that we took as much
care in designing as we did our computer. With
our guide, you can start running programs within
an hour. Within weeks you'll be writing your own.
Each step you take makes the next step easier. By
the time you're through you will have mastered
BASIC programming. BASIC is the computer lan-
guage most widely used today.

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO BEGIN

The Timex Sinclair 1000 allows you to use your
own television set as a display monitor, and your
audio cassette recorder to retrieve and enter
stored programs. Everything else you need to
join the world of computer technology is in-
cluded: the Timex Sinclair 1000 computer; all
necessary TV and audio cassette recorder con-
nectors; plus the Timex Sinclair 1000 easy-to-
read learning guide that allows you to begin
working with the computer immediately.

aa SftLCS

iMSun

Pdt-Mtl

inn

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so.oo

EDUCATION

BUSINESS

HOME FINANCE

ENTERTAINMENT

AS YOUR SKILL EXPANDS SO DOES OUR SYSTEM

As you progress further into computer technol-
ogy our computer system is designed to keep up
with you. Pre-programmed cassettes are avail-
able on subjects such as education, business
and entertainment.

You can also expand the capacity of the
Timex SinclairlOOO for an additional $49.95* by
adding the 16K RAM memory bank. This helpful
option lets you do further advanced programs as
well as more ingenious graphic displays.

Within the near future a hard copy printer will
be available as well as a telephone modem, a
simple device that will allow you to link up to
other computer data banks.

The power of the computer is within your
reach today. Visit your local retailer or dial j

ourtoll-freenumberl-800-248-4639
for the Timex computer dealer
nearest you.

TIMEX COMPUTERS

THE POWER IS WITHIN YOUR REACH

♦Suggested retail price.

© Timex Computer Corporation, 1982
CIRCLE 368 ON READER SERVICE CARD

More Apple II owners choose Hayes
Micromodem II than any other modem
in the world. Compare our features.
Thousands of Apple II owners have com-
pared, considered, and are communicat-
ing now — with Micromodem
II. And the modem most pop-
ular with Apple II users will be

the best selling modem for you! :

A complete data com-
munication system,
Micromodem II
is not "base
priced" plus

necessary op-
tions." It's a
complete, high-
performance system. The printed circuit
board fits quickly and easily into the
Apple II, eliminating the need for a serial
interface card. And the Microcoupler™
(included) connects the Apple II directly
to a standard modular telephone jack,
preventing the distortion of acoustic
couplers. Auto-dial and answer features
are built in. Operation can be full or
half duplex, with a transmission rate of

300 bps. And it's Bell 103 compatible and
FCC approved.

Now there's Hayes Terminal Pro-
gram, too! Our new Terminal Program
makes Micromodem II easier than ever

to demonstrate — and sell!
Now you and your custom-

ers can access all thegreat

features of Micromodem

II in a matter of sec -
^^^ onds. Because
Hayes Terminal
/ Program is menu

driven, you can
choose from a wide
variety of options, as
well as change hard-
ware configuration, di-
rectly from the keyboard.
Use CP/M: DOS 33 or Pascal
formatted diskettes to create,
send, receive, list and delete
files —all from the same termi-
nal program disk. The Terminal
Program opens up a whole world of con-
venience for your customers. They can
generate ASCII characters not normally

e§3

II

available from Apple keyboards. And
they can use the Terminal Program with
several popular printers (serial or parallel)
to get hardcopy during data transmission.

Software sold with Micromodem
II or separately. At Hayes, we've packed
a lot of performance into a very competi-
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whether you're selling the package, or
ringing up add-on sales to current
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If your customers are ready to
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with factory-tested dependability,
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'Micromodem II and Microcoupler are trademarks of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc. © 1982 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Sold only in the U.S.A.

CIRCLE 204 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Processors, continued...

68000, as implemented on the above
boards, might complement each other,
I tried both of them together. Not
surprisingly, the combination yielded
the best times of all. With this combin-
ation, programs ran from 5.7 to 23.3
times faster than they did on the plain
6502, at a total added cost of $1602.
The timings (in seconds) can be found
in Table 5.
Table 4.

Basic
Compi

led

Without
Booster

34
26

With
Booster

10
8

Table 5.

Basic
Compi

led

Standard
6502

34
26

With

Booster

and 68000

6

4

Performance Comparison

Table 6 contains a summary of all
of the tests 1 performed. The only
blemish results from the fact that
Fplot would not run with the 9511
after compiling. The "Combo" line
shows the results of using the 6502C
together with the 68000.

The only clear winner is the 6502C/

Table 6.

68000 combination. The 6502C
excelled mainly when running inter-
preted Basic. The 68000 impresses
most at running compiled programs.
Don't forget that the 6502C can speed
up programs in any Apple compatible
language; the other boards are more
limited.

The 8088 and 9511 ran neck-and-
neck in these tests, but the 8088 seems
to have an advantage since it is a more
general processor. The ALF 8088 card
also calculates numbers with greater
accuracy than the 9511 (9-digit vs.
6-digit precision.) You can expect
additional language and operating sys-
tem support for the AD8088.

The compiled programs were pro-
duced with the Speedstar compiler
from Southwestern Data Systems. The
Primes program calculates and prints
all the prime numbers between and
1000. The Fplot program calculates
many sines and cosines and plots
hundreds of points. The roots pro-
gram calculates 1000 square roots and
prints status messages as it runs. These
tests indicate not the full potential of
the cards, but the power available to
an ordinary Basic programmer.

Summary

Each of the products completely
fulfilled the promises made for it. I
have described six different cards for

three different kinds of users. The
ALF, Computer Station, Number
Nine, and Dtack Grounded cards give
improved performance to most exist-
ing Applesoft applications. The Stella-
tion card provides an exciting new
programming environment. The
Coprocessors card prepares you for a
new generation of business applica-
tions.

Manufacturers Of Add-on Processors
For Apple II

ALF Products
1448 Estes
Denver, CO 80215

Computer Station
11610 Page Service Dr.
St. Louis, MO 63141

Coprocessors, Inc.

50 West Brokaw Rd., Suite 64

San Jose, C A 95110

Digital Acoustics — Dtack Grounded
1451 E. McFadden, Suite F
Santa Ana, CA 92705

Number 9 Computer Engineering
P.O. Box 1802
Hartford, CT 06144

Stellation Two
P.O. Box 2342
Santa Barbara, CA 93120

□

Interpreted
Primes Fplot

6502

9511

8088

6502C

68000

Combo

53
29
23
15
20
8

34
15
15
10
13
6

Roots

51

5
10
15

5
2.8

Primes

43
24
15
12
12
6

Compiled
Fplot

26

**

7
8
5

4

Roots

49
9

8

14

3

2.1

Table 7.

Manufacturer Model

ALF AD8088

Computer Station FFP
Coprocessors
Dtack Grounded
Number Nine
Engineering

88 Card
68000 w/12K

Stellation Two

Booster CPU+
32K RAM
OS/9 Mill

Processor

8088
9511
8088
68000

6502C

6809

Emphasis Price

Performance 345
Performance 495
Features 899

Performance 643

Performance 975

Features

495

Pascal/
Fortran?

No

Yes

*

**

Yes
Option

♦CP/M-86 can support many languages from various vendors, but not

Apple Pascal.
** Pascal support for the Dtack board is available from other suppliers.

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

47

Colecovision

New Kid On The Block

treat iue

computing

equipment

eunluatian

Owen Linzmayer

Ever since its introduction five years
ago, the Atari Video Computer System
(VCS) has been the most popular home
arcade game machine. Several manu-
facturers have tried to topple Atari from
the top of the ladder. To date, none has
succeeded. Most of these companies
lacked one or more of the following: a
better product, a large advertising cam-
paign, a well known brand name, or
continued product support. Enter
Colecovision.

Colecovision is the newest and most
promising contender for the home arcade
game crown. Not only does Colecovision
have respectable origins, it is backed by a
tremendous radio and television adver-
tising campaign. In my opinion, Coleco-
vision is a much better product than the
Atari VCS, and if the cartridges currently
available are any indication, Coleco seems
to have devoted considerable thought to
user support.

The System

The basic Colecovision package has no
manufacturer suggested retail price.
Prices in the stores range from as low as
$160 to upward of $200. The basic system
consists of a console unit, two hand-held
controllers, a power supply, a complimen-
tary Donkey Kong game cartridge, an
antenna switch box, and a video cable.
Everything you need to play, except a
working color television set, is included
in the Colecovision package.

The Console Unit

The main console unit is composed of
sturdy black plastic with a grainy finish.
It has a low-profile, sleek design and
measures only 15" x 9.5 V x 5" with a game
cartridge inserted.

The sliding on/off switch is clearly
marked and located to the left of the
cartridge slot. Although the words ON
and OFF are printed directly to the side
of it, due to the nature of a sliding switch,
it is not very clear whether the unit is on
or off. For some reason, Coleco, like most
other home game manufacturers, neg-
lected to include a small LED on/off
indicator. This would have been useful,
particularly for young players.

Directly to the right of the power switch
is the RESET button. This button is flush
with the surface of the console, making it
difficult to hit accidentally. Pressing the
RESET button at any time causes the
unit to end the current game, and returns
you to the banner screen. Incidentally,
every time the system is reset or powered-
up, you must wait for 12 seconds before
you can choose a new difficulty level and
begin again. This is one of the most
annoying waits I have ever encountered
in a game.

Located on the righthand side on the
front of the console is the interface port.
Three expansion modules that can be
plugged into this port— one at a time —
have been announced. Covering this
opening is a flimsy little door that slides

48

up to allow access to the exposed edge
connector.

At the time of the initial release of
Colecovision, there were no expansion
modules available. I spoke with Coleco
representatives who said that there should
be two expansion modules on the market
by the time you read this. The first
module, with an estimated retail price of
$60, will allow any cartridge that runs on
the Atari VCS system to be run on the
Colecovision. In other words, owners of
Atari VCS systems can buy new Coleco-
visions and continue to use their old
cartridges— a very clever marketing ploy.

The second expansion module is a
driving controller. It consists of a large
steering wheel, a numeric keypad, and a
pressure -activated footpad that acts as
the accelerator. The only cartridge cur-
rently available that makes use of this
module is Turbo. Arcade fanatics know
Turbo as the racing game from
Sega/Gremlin. Coleco has plans for other
flying and driving games that will make
use of this module.

Coleco also has plans for a keyboard
module which will turn the Coleco Vision
game unit into a computer. A release
date for this unit has not been
announced.

When properly inserted in its slot, the
cartridge protrudes about 2" from the
console. The game cartridges and the slot
are designed to make it impossible to
insert a cartridge incorrectly. The advan-

December 1982 c Creative Computing

CP/M

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APPLE

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dBASE II

$489

SuperCalc™

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Perfect Writer"

$249

VisiCalc®

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WordStar®
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WordStar®/
MailMerge M

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EasyWriter II™

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TCS Accounting"

$289

SuperWriter™

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CIRCLE 185 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Krell's College Board

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CIRCLE 217 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ColecoVision, continued...

tages of this design are, however, dimin-
ished by the fact that you can still plug a
cartridge in while the power is on. If you
do plug a cartridge in while the power is
flowing, you may destroy the cartridge.
There should be a safeguard to prevent
such accidents.

On the back of the cabinet, there is a
switch which allows you to select TV
channel 3 or 4 for game play. This switch
is recessed and is hard to get at even with
a pencil tip, making it difficult to
change— either by design or mistake.
Right next to this switch is the video-out
RCA connector. To the left of the RCA
connector is the power connector. The
removable power cable has four prongs
arranged so that it can't be plugged in
incorrectly— another example of good
design.

The right half of the console contains
the "guts" of the system. Most of this
space is taken up by the main logic board.
The left half of the cabinet is a recessed
storage area for the hand-held controllers.
On the bottom of the storage well is a
drawing of the controllers, which indi-
cates which controller is to be used by
each player.

Hand Controllers

It always amazes me when I, with
excellent hind-sight, notice something so
wrong that I wonder if the manufacturer
had anyone test the product. I feel that
way about the hand controllers for the
Colecovision, each of which consists of a
joystick, two fire buttons, and a keypad.
These controllers get high marks for
comfortable use, but fall short when it
comes to responsiveness.

The eight-directional joystick is not
really a stick at all; it is more like a
joyknob. At first, I thought that since the
knob spun, possibly it doubled as a paddle
controller. Not so. Although a joystick
and paddle on the same controller is a
good idea, it just wasn't meant to be.
After an initial break-in period, the joy-
stick does become more responsive and
accurate. Even so, I would prefer a real
stick that I could grab hold of rather than
a small knob. Based on the press releases
for it, it appears that the new Atari 5200
video game system has controllers similar
to those of the ColecoVision, but with a
real joystick.

The two fire buttons on the controller
are located directly opposite one another.
These buttons are totally independent,
which means they can control two dif-
ferent actions. The left button is perfectly
positioned for a teen-age hand, but the
right one should be just a tad lower for
maximum comfort.

The keypad on the controller is used
primarily for selecting difficulty levels.
The keypad arrangement is similar to that
found on a touch-tone telephone. Rather

50

than buttons, there are twelve small,
plastic-encased switches on a thin board.
Unlike many computer systems that use
similar membrane keypads, these switches
provide a satisfying click when pressed.
There is a slot on the controller that
allows a keypad overlay to slide in from
the side.

From all obvious signs, the controller is
meant to be held in the left hand, with the
right hand manipulating the keys and the
joystick. One nice thing that proves the
designers really do care about you, is the
small, smooth recess on the controller
where your pinkie grips the side. They
must have wanted to build a more com-
fortable controller than those used on
other game systems.

The controllers themselves can be
detached from the console. Each has a
curly cord that, when stretched to limits,
measures 5'6". This cord is similar to the

1UP

4000

Screen 2 of Donkey Kong.

cord found on the handsets of most
telephones. The ColecoVision designers
again tried to make it impossible for you
to make a mistake. The plug can be
inserted only one way— with the side
marked TOP facing up.

If you don't like these controllers, don't
worry. Any controller that works with an
Atari VCS or home computer also works
with the ColecoVision. When a Coleco-
Vision is plugged into an Atari, only the
joystick and left button are functional. If
you are using an Atari joystick, you must
still have one ColecoVision controller
plugged in so that you can select difficulty
levels with the keypad, and you must limit
yourself to games which use only the left
button, as this is the one that corresponds
to the Atari fire button.

Power Supply

The ColecoVision unit plugs into a
1 10/120 VAC outlet. The 5'8" power cord
that emerges from the back of the console
has a bulky 4.5" x 3" x 2" black plastic
power supply at the other end. The
purpose of this power supply is to convert
the AC into low-voltage DC.

The owner's manual instructs you to
remove the power supply when you are
not playing, but it is an easy thing to

December 1982 c Creative Computing

AARDVARK
TRS-80 COLOR OSI VIC-64 VIC-20

SINCLAIR

TIMEX

QUEST - A NEW IDEA IN ADVENTURE
GAMES! Different from all the others.
Quest is played on a computer generated
map of Alesia. Your job is to gather men
and supplies by combat, bargaining, explor-
ation of ruins and temples and outright
banditry. When your force is strong enough,
you attack the Citadel of Moorlock in a
life or death battle to the finish. Playable
in 2 to 5 hours, this one is different every
time. 16k TRS-80, TRS-80 Color, and Sin-
clair. 13K VIC-20. $14.95 each.

ADVENTURES!!!

These Adventures are written in BASIC, are
full featured, fast action, full plotted ad-
ventures that take 30-50 hours to play. (Ad-
ventures are interactive fantasies. It's like
reading a book except that you are the main
character as you give the computer com-
mands like "Look in the Coffin" and
"Light the torch.")

Adventures require 16k on TRS80, TRS80
color, and Sinclair. They require 8k on OSI
and 13k on Vic-20. Derelict takes 12k on
OSI. $14.95 each.

ALSO FROM AARDVARK - This
TRS-80 Color and OSI), business

CATERPILLAR

O.K., the Caterpillar does look a lot like a
Centipede. We have spiders, falling fleas,
monsters traipsing across the screen, poison
mushrooms, and a lot of other familiar
stuff. COLOR 80 requires 16k and Joy-
sticks. This is Edson's best game to date.
$19.95 for TRS 80 COLOR.

PROGRAMMERS!

SEE YOUR PROGRAM IN THIS SPACE!!

Aardvark traditionally pays the highest com-
missions in the industry and gives programs
the widest possible coverage. Quality is the
keyword. If your program is good and you
want it presented by the best, send it to
Aardvark.

ESCAPE FROM MARS

(by Rodger Olsen)
This ADVENTURE takes place on the RED
PLANET. You'll have to explore a Martian
city and deal with possibly hostile aliens to
survive this one. A good first adventure.

PYRAMID (by Rodger Olsen)
This is our most challenging ADVENTURE.
It is a treasure hunt in a pyramid full of
problems. Exciting and tough !

HAUNTED HOUSE (by Bob Anderson)
It's a real adventure — with ghosts and ghouls
and goblins and treasures and problems —
but it is for kids. Designed for the 8 to 12
year old population and those who haven't
tried Adventure before and want to start
out real easy.

DERELICT

(by Rodger Olsen & Bob Anderson)
New winner in the toughest adventure from
Aardvark sweepstakes. This one takes place
on an alien ship that has been deserted for a
thousand years — and is still dangerous!

TUBE FRENZY

(by Dave Edson)
This is an almost indescribably fast action
arcade game. It has fast action, an all new
concept in play, simple rules, and 63 levels
of difficulty. All machine code, requires
Joysticks. Another great game by Dave
Edson. TRS 80 COLOR ONLY. 16k and
Joysticks required. $19.95.

CATCH'EM

(by Dave Edson)
One of our simplest, fastest, funnest, all
machine code arcade games. Raindrops and
an incredibe variety of other things come
falling down on your head. Use the Joy-
sticks to Catch'em. It's a BALL! — and a
flying saucer! — and a Flying Y!— and so
on. TRS 80 COLOR. $19.95.

■ASIC THAT ZOOOMMSM
AT LAST AN AFFORDABLE COMPILER!

The compiler allows you to write your
programs in easy BASIC and then auto-
matically generates a machine code equiv-
alent that runs 50 to 150 times faster.

It does have some limitations. It takes at
least 8k of RAM to run the compiler and it
does only support a subset of BASIC—
about 20 commands including FOR, NEXT,
END,GOSUB,GOTO,IF,THEN, RETURN,
END, PRINT, STOP, USR (X), PEEK,
POKE, *,/,+, -, > , < ,=, VARIABLE
NAMES A-Z, SUBSCRIPTED VARIABLES,
and INTEGER NUMBERS FORM 0-64K.

TINY COMPILER is written in BASIC. It
generates native, relocatable 6502 or 6809
code. It comes with a 20-page manual and
can be modified or augmented by the user.
$24.95 on tape or disk for OSI, TRS-80
Color, or VIC.

Please specify system on all orders

is only a partial list of what we carry. We have a lot of other games (particularly for the
programs, blank tapes and disks and hardware. Send $1.00 for our complete catalog.

GisA

AARDVARK - 80
2352 S. Commerce, Walled Lake, Ml 48088

(313)669-3110

Phone Orders Accepted 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. Mon.-Fri.

CIRCLE 102 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Q&

Coleco Vision, continued...

forget. If left plugged in for an extended
period, the power supply gets rather hot,
but probably not hot enough to set your
house on fire.

Switch Box and Video Cable

For your convenience, Coleco Vision
comes with a small box that allows you to
switch your TV from normal to game
mode. With this box attached to the VHF
terminals of the TV and the antenna, you
can leave the game connected and easily
switch between watching regular TV and
playing with your ColecoVision. The
cable that runs from the game console to
the switch box is a handy 15 feet long.

Cartridge

A free Donkey Kong cartridge comes
with every ColecoVision system sold. If
this cartridge is any indication, future
arcade game cartridges should be excel-
lent home versions of popular coin-op
games. Donkey Kong is licensed to
Coleco from Nintendo, the Japanese
manufacturer of the coin-op machine.

Donkey Kong plays just like the original
coin-op game, with a few exceptions.
There are only three different screens in
the cartridge program— there is no con-
veyer belt board. The screens on Donkey
Kong are very similar to those in the
arcade game, but some things had to be
changed when the conversion was made

to the home system. Remember, most
coin-op arcade games are played on
monitors that are higher than they are
wide; just the opposite is true of home
video games.

1UP 13460 =

ELEVATOR

Screen 3 of Donkey Kong.

The ROM chip that Coleco currently
uses in the ColecoVision cartridges is a
4764. The CPU for the game console is a
Z80.

The graphics on the ColecoVision are
really impressive. The resolution is much
higher than that of the Atari VCS and
even the Intelli vision. There are several
brilliant colors which can all be used on
the screen at the same time; Donkey
Kong even boasts a multi-colored Mario.

The graphics are fast moving and
smooth. Things don't appear to jump

around on the screen as they do in some
Atari VCS games (most notably, Pac-
Man). The graphics are comparable in
every way to an arcade game.

The Future of ColecoVision

When I spoke to the people at Coleco
in late August, they planned to have 15
cartridges available by January, 1983.
These were, in order of scheduled release:
Donkey Kong, Venture, Cosmic Avenger,
Smurf, Ladybug, Mousetrap, Carnival,
Turbo, Victory, Zaxxon, Football, Space
Panic, Baseball, Tunnels & Trolls, and
Space Fury.

And there is good news for Atari VCS
and Intellivision owners, too: Coleco
plans to release versions of these games
for your systems too, but their release
dates are later.

Despite the few faults I found with it,
ColecoVision is well on its way to
becoming the most popular home video
system of the 1980's. Due to its low price
and the fact that it is expandable, Coleco-
Vision is not as risky an investment as
some of the other home systems. It seems
to me that in the future, ColecoVision
will be the system that all new game
machines will have to measure up to.

Coleco Industries Inc., 945 Asylum
Ave., Hartford, CT 06105. (203) 278-0280.

□
CIRCLE 375 ON READER SERVICE CARD

METEOR STORM

MADE

EXCLUSIVELY
FOR THE

Dealer Inquiries Invited

/
//

METEOR STORM Is a FAST-ACTION, Arcade Quality, game. Written in
machine language especially for the Atari. You, as the Pilot of a Fighter
space ship, must rescue as many people from the besieged city of Zarton
as you possibly can. You'll have to fight your way through a meteor storm
and aliens, with your lasers blasting a path. Then you must dock with the
mother ship and safely deliver your precious cargo of human lives. This is
your chance to be the HERO of Zarton.

16K Tape or Disk $29.95

Ask for Meteor Storm at your local computer store or order direct
from us. Add $2.00 for shipping. Use your Visa, M/C

2160 West 11th Ave., Eugene, Oregon 97402

(503) 683-5361

CIRCLE 303 ON READER SERVICE CARD

December 1982 c Creative Computing

k

The game that grabs you

•i

wo

Plug into the high-scoring lanes of
Bulldog Pinball and you won't want
to get out. It's the fastest pinball game
you've ever played. The fascinating
world of pinball, brought into the
computer age with every carom,
every ounce of arcade excitement
— even TILT!

Available from your local dealer, or call:

1-800-343-1218

(in MA, call 617-937-0200)

Bulldog Pinball: #19312;
Atari 400 or 800 tape, $29.95

HAYDEN

CIRCLE 203 ON REA

TT

WRITE AN IBM-PC

HOW TO WRITE AN APPLE

exceptional books join the DATAMOST library

(— Iprp

use, easy to understand books, which
teach you how to write usable, useful
programs on your computer. And you
don't have to worry about irrelevant
material which has no interest for you.
because there are three specific volumes.
One for the Apple.* one for the IBM-PC:
and one for the TRS-80*

In each of these books author Ed Faulk
leads you through your favorite com-
puter and takes the mystery out of writing
programs for it. As you proceed, interest-
ing chapter by interesting chapter, you'll

wonder \

by the thought of programming!

If you want to get the very most out of
your Apple, IBM-PC or TRS-80 then you
really want HOW TO WRITE A PRO-
GRAM. Before you're past Chapter 2
you'll be programming. By the end of the
book you'll be willing to tackle business
programs, personal use programs and
even games and adventures! $14.95

Get your copy now. Available at computer
and book stores, or:

<Sj] DATAMOST (213)7091202

9748 Cozycroft Ave. Chatswoith. CA 9131 1

>ri<o?App* InclBM-l narkoffBM( is a trademark oi

VISA M >ntsadd6

CIRCLE 170 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ft! Mai zln TlTHInTuWrnTutu^uv

A Prentice-Hall Company

Reston, Virginia

Toll free (800) 336-0338

V v

3^

^

/ <-

When all hell
breaks loose.

Pandora's box is open. And all the evils
of the past are loosed upon mankind
Armed with bolts of lightning, you

Khave the chance to recapture and
return these corrupt creatures
of doom to the prison of
Pandora's box. Time is short.
The world is already changing
for the worst. Your skills and
courage are needed.

^

/T

"

Pandora's Box— a new jjenei^tfbn
game with overtones of Hi-res
adventure graphics.
Only $29.95lortheAppl^r
At your computer store, or:

•^i

I y

9748 Cozyeroft

latsworth, Ca 913J

* *

VISA/MASTERCARD accepted $2>0O shipping/
(Califor nia rr iiflrnti mill iT'l'H Wr'i tax)

J*.Apple II is a trademark of Apple Compm^rs. Inc.

■■■■■■

^

J

1

Y^

CIRCLE 171 ON READER SERVICE CARD

lLiJIL«lk T *S||LiJIK

A«Jlt[^fl|

You're stationed on an asteroid as a welcoming committee for a new race
of aliens. But you find out the hard way they believe the only good
Earthman is a dead one 1 You and your IBM-PC controlled lasers are the
only defense between them and the inner planets and Earth itself. The
fighting is fierce, the odds tremendous, but if you fight the alien battalions
hard enough and long enough you can at least delay their advance.

Space Strike has all the excitement, firepower and competitiveness
that first made computer games such smash hits.

So help save the Earth while you enjoy the most absorbing
and fascinating game available for your IBM-PC

3s?<

*&£■

?C

'*** ^*J

M\

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A

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A MASTI RCHARGf

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CIRCLE 172 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Exclusive for the IBM-PC
Requires color graphics adapter. |
Only $29.95
at your computer store, or from: i

d]DATAMOST 23709 202L

9748 Cozycroft Ave.. Chatsworth CA91311 1

^

ult work involved, no long hours,
education necessary. All it takes is courage— a lot
of courage plus swift reactions and quick thinking*.

The money you want is right there in front of you . .
all those beautiful $$$ signs that represent
tremendous wealth. Just run through the maze
and grab it as you go. Simple, right? Sure it is. But,
keep a sharp lookout because the Money
Munchers' gang want that loot for themselves.

Outwit the mean Money Munchers and get to
upper levels and what happens? Why the real
trouble begins . . . because now there are special,
nasty Guardians to help the Money Munchers.
While the munchers pick upthe bucks, the
Guardians follow your trail— and if you let them catch you
you'll only be remembered as the richest man in the cemetaryi

Ah, but the riches that can be yours if you reach the top level,
alive! Ytes, this is your chance to collect the kind of $$$ you've
dreamed about. All it takes is courage . . . and a great survival
instinct!

^

q

eware

$29.95 for the Apple II*
At computer stores, or:

r

MOSTi

For the most maze fun
you've ever had and
thousands of random
mazes, get MONEY
MUNCHERS today— be a
millionaire tonight!

by Bob Bishop

9748 Cozycroft Ave, Chatsworth, CA 91 31 1 . ( 21 3) 709-1 202

VISA/MASTERCARD accepted. $2.00 shipping/handling charge.
(California residents add 6 1 /«% sales tax.)

•Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

CIRCLE 173 ON READER SERVICE CARD

mm* —

Choplifter

The Bungeling Empire is Broderbund's
favorite adversary. In Starblazer the
player attacked it with a WWIII jet. The
scenario has changed for Choplifter, and
111 let you select which country might
best represent the Bungelers today.

Stocking Stuff ers

Games for Apple, TRS-80 and Atari

The Bungelers have taken 64 hostages
from the U.N. Conference on Peace and
Child Rearing and crammed them into
four barracks near the eastern border.

You, the leader of the Sanguinistas,
have a helicopter with enough parts for
three missions. It is loaded with unlimited
fuel, bombs, and rockets.

From your command post (a U.S. Postal
Service distribution center) just east of
the boundary line, you receive word that
one of the barracks has exploded and
caught fire. The hostages are running free
temporarily, looking for help. This may
be your chance.

Lifting off in your helicopter, you hit
one of the buttons— the movement but-
ton—on your joystick. This spins the
chopper around to face west. Push the
second button and you fire in the direc-
tion you are facing to test your guns.

Pressing the movement again and hold-
ing it, you swing all the way east. A short
jab at it turns you halfway back, perpen-
dicular to the sentry moon.

Tilt the chopper in the direction you
want to go, and you flutter across the
border. A Bungeling tank, green against
the pink sand below, fires helplessly at
you. (It might sound like odd camouflage,
but in black and white, the tank is almost
invisible.)

You see a hostage waving at you, and
another. An enemy tank outraces them
as you start to set down. Pull the joystick
back, and you lift up again.

You are perpendicular to the tank, so
you can drop bombs while it moves back
and forth firing. Ease the stick over and
push the fire button as fast as you can.
The bombs fall and explode with noise
and flare on the surface until you hit the
tank. All is quiet again for a while.

You land, level the chopper carefully,
and watch the hostages come running to
your craft.

The animation in this game is amazing.
The helicopter lifts and tilts, the l/4"-tall
hostages wave and run, jets come in and
turn to fire two rockets, fires and explo-
sions rage... the American flag on the
distribution center even appears to wave
in the electronic breeze.

Once you have landed the first 16
hostages, you must decide how to free
the remaining groups so that you can
load and save them.

creative GOiRpatf Rg

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Choplifter

Type: Arcade helicopter action

System: 48K Apple II or 11 + , DOS

3.2 or 3.3 disk drive ; joystick
optional; soon available for
the 32K Atari 400/800

Format: Disk

Language: Assembly

Summary: Unending, realistic action.

Price: $34.95

Manufacturer:

Broderbund Software

1938 Fourth St.

San Rafael, CA 94901

58

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Dan Gorlin's program is impressive.
The joystick controls are touchy enough
to make a novice bounce the 'copter
around like it's doing the pogo. The
movements of the little hostages are
correct down to their wave from the P.O.
after they have been freed.

Even the way the jets peel off and fire
their miniscule missiles is well done: the
aircraft get larger as they get closer and
turn into their attack run. The three-
dimensional effect is very good.

The player's score is based on the
number of hostages safely freed. At the
top of the screen are displayed the num-
bers which tell how many hostages have
been killed, how many are aboard the
airship, and how many are safely at the
distribution center. There is nothing to
be gained by blasting tanks, jets, or the
smart bombs.

Tanks can only hit the 'copter when it
is on the ground loading escapees. The
jets can occasionally hit the copter on the
ground, and often in the air. The smart
bomb will ram in the air, or rain bombs if
the craft is loading. You can also fly right
into the ground, if you aren't careful.

While you try to save them, hostages
will be mowed down by tank fire, rockets,
or bombs. They can also be squashed by
the helicopter if you aren't careful, or hit
by the blade if the machine isn't firmly on
the ground.

It is an unusual concept carried out
well.

Gorgon

A cloud of sparks glows, then coalesces,
shrieking into a winged beast that instant-
ly swoops toward a helpless human on
the surface of the planet. In a desperate
attempt to dive fast enough to destroy
the being, you hammer the control panel

creative GontpatiRtf

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Gorgon

Type: Arcade game of the Defender
genre

System: 48K Apple II or II + , DOS 3.2
or 3.3 disk drive

Format: Disk

Language: Assembly

Summary: Another finger-twister
from Sirius.

Price: $39.95

Manufacturer:

Sirius Software, Inc.
10364 Rockingham Dr.
Sacramento, CA 95827

on your fighter.

Even as you begin your dive, another
cloud of sparks shrieks and begins to form
behind you, but you haven't time to deal
with that creature yet. It forms a gleaming
red head, its jaws opening and closing
malevolently, explosive homing eggs
spewing from it.

No! Your target has seized the human
and is beginning to rise from the earth.
You have one chance left. You must blast
the creature and catch the human as he
falls.

Fire... fire again! Got it! Now to swoop
in: saved. Must drop to the surface and
release the victim, then climb up to deal
with the others.

,*>*s

**

SC0RE:*88848 HI-SCORE: 82188 rUEL:88B8

At the top of your screen, you watch
the sensor radar plot of the enemy. The
main screen view is but one small part of
the entire planet surface. You can, in
fact, exit at the left and reenter at the
right. So can the creatures.

Scientists believe these beasts have
entered earth's atmosphere from a time
warp. Perhaps the most dangerous of
them are birdlike creatures, some of
which launch homing explosive eggs as
the head does. Others just attack your
fighter. Only one type steals humans— for
some purpose you aren't eager to dis-
cover. All, however, will destroy your ship
by ramming.

To add to your problems, you have a
limited amount of fuel. When it runs low
you must thread your way through a
gauntlet of sensor satellites.

Touch the satellites and you lose a ship,
so refueling can be as dangerous as actual
battle.

To confound you even more, if you
swoop too low when trying to destroy a
kidnapping flyer, you kill the human
yourself. You know what the media will
do with that.

The Gorgons were the Greek triad of
sisters that included Medusae. One glance
at her head would turn a person to stone.
As a result, she is reputed to be the
prototypical blind date. (She was about a
-10 billion; snakes for hair, you under-
stand.)

None of the gals flew around kidnap-
ping people.

Gorgonize, however, has come to mean
petrify (as with fright). Gorgon has just
the opposite effect: you react fast and
wish you were faster.

It is a solitaire space battle with no
paddle or joystick control. Instead, you
use the keyboard. A moves the ship up, Z
puts it into a dive. The arrow keys move
it in the corresponding direction, while
the space bar fires.

If you press the motion keys rapidly,
you enjoy steady progress. Press them
moments apart and you move, stop, then
move again. This is true for the battle and
refueling segments both.

The small sensor screen at the top
signals your location with a + sign. You
can track the enemy with that, while
evading their missiles.

The missile bird tends to head straight
for the top of the screen, only dropping
when you are in another frame. You must
react instantly to destroy it as it swoops.

Nasir seems to have programmed the
majority of his creatures to defend the
kidnappers. They tend to hover above
the scene of the crime, forcing you to
manuever well.

You can pause, restart the game, and
turn the sound effects off.

This game by Nasir (written before he
left Sirius) offers splendid animation,
graphics, and appropriate sound. Even a
beginner will enjoy it, although he may
not do too well at first.

Nightmare Gallery

Good evening. I'd like to welcome you
to Nightmare Gallery. We have assembled
a small group of f unloving guys and ghouls
to. ..recruit you.

There are vampires, ghosts, werewolves
and ghouls. Don't bother crying for your
mummy: he's here also. The tombstones
or mausoleums are just here for— shall I
say— shelter?

"/ warned you about playing that video game!"

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

59

Great Games From

Piccadilly Software Inc.

Piccadilly
Software

Presents

Slar

Blaster

Piccadilly
Software

Presents

Survival

COMING IN* THE 2ND HALF OF 1982

Piccadilly
Software

Presents

Falcons

!5="=> — i

%*4

\j ^S

11 ,

■ A /'^^

u^Kfli.l IAS .^4

*JH

- 1 r- N

Piccadilly
Software

Presents

Suicide!

Piccadilly
Software

Presents

Warp

Destroyer

Piccadilly
Software

Presents

Succession

Available at your local dealer.

Requires: APPLE ll/APPLE II PLUS with 48K in Dos 3.3 or 3.2 • APPLE
Piccadilly Software Inc. • 89 Summit Avenue • Summit, N J. 07901 • (201) 277-1020

If you're unable to obtain Piccadilly Game* from your local dealer, send $29.95 per game plus $1.50 per order tor postage and handling. NJ residents add 5%
sales tax. Outside US, send $3.00 per order lor shipping. "Apple is a registered trademark ot Apple Computer Inc.

CIRCLE 271 ON READER SERVICE CARD

I strongly suggest you turn the sound
off on your Apple. The sudden shrieks
that emanate from it are enough to wake
the dead .

It is my sad duty to supply you with
these three revolvers and an endless
supply of bullets. You will forgive me for
pointing at them, I'm sure. I have a slight
allergy to silver. I'm also pledged to give
you these three temporary shields, proof
against the undead...but not our ghost
companions.

Our playful little group's desire is to
have you join us, permanently. We can't
understand your reluctance, and will try
to persuade you. Won't you join our
party?

You, with your filthy pistol, must try to
shoot us as we gambol from tombstone to
mausoleum. As we dance from row to
row, your fire retires us to whence we
came. Strike a fleabitten werewolf; he
turns into a mossy tombstone. A hand-
some vampire bat, however, becomes a
striking mausoleum.

Luckily for us, these monuments stop
your fire. Oh, you'll chip them away as
you continue shooting, but others are built
by the mummies and the falling ghosts
the ghouls drop. The mummies walk from
the top of the screen down toward you,
leaving columns of monuments; the
ghosts plummet, also adding monuments.

If you hit a ghost as it falls, you won't
kill it, but you may gain extra shields.
Bullets ripping through the mummy can
destroy the monuments it replaces, al-
though the mummy won't be harmed.

As for the rest of us, the werewolves

creative conepatiRg

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Nightmare Gallery

Type: Arcade game in Centipede
genre

System: 48K Apple II or II + , DOS 3.3
disk drive; paddles optional

Format: Disk

Language: Machine

Summary: A scream (in the night)

Price: $34.95

Manufacturer:

Synergistic Software
5221 120th Ave., S.E.
Belle vue,WA 98006

dance from column to column. Two
columns side by side give them the short-
est path. Should the columns be separated
by a space, they will be forced to cross
that space, targets for your fire.

Vampires fly down toward you leisure-
ly. Either species may, with a cheery
shriek, embrace you and your pistol if
they successfully reach the bottom of the
screen. The mummy and ghost must fall
on you for the happy conversion.

Oh, you can foil our recruiting efforts
for a while if you wish to be a spoilsport,
by using one of your shields. While it
lasts, however, you can't shoot.

You'll even earn extra pistols at three
different levels for decimating our ranks.

When at last we gather you into our
fold, you will be able to leave a permanent
record of your foolish struggle for pos-
terity. If you tire during the fight, you
may pause. But should you hesitate during

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hIh hIh ulii

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Kill III Mil! lllll _. 1*1

the fight... you'll be retired.

This is splendid Halloween entertain-
ment all year around. Concept and exe-
cution are hilarious, and the package
cover featuring Robert Clardy and Ron
Aldrich's names is excellent. One com-
plaint: there was no envelope to protect
the diskette. The package was punched
for a three-ring binder, but I keep my
disks in a box. Please include envelopes
in products.

Oops. I see the sky beginning to lighten
in the East. Our little band must leave
you now. Don't relax, though. Well be
back again.

Space Eggs

Space Eggs is an early Nasir Gebelli
program with lots of movement, color,
and smooth animation. Nasir must have
been influenced by the movie Alien when
he designed this one.

In it, you patrol space in your three-
piece steam-operated calliope -cum-space-
ship, charged with keeping the peace.
Your ship divides when you sight the

^m

PROTECT YOUR HARDWARE
FROM THE UNEXPECTED.

Not to mention the unavoidable pollutants in the air.
Performance robbing dust, grime, spills and static electricity

Cover Craft Dust Covers help extend the useful life, of
your computer equipment at a fraction of the cost.
Perhaps that's why more people throughout
rely on Cover Craft Dust Covers than any o

Visit your local dealer or contact Cov

Oust Covers for most terminals, disks, printers, modems, etc. **

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C Shipping extra.

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PO Box 555, Amherst, NH 03031 • (603) 889-6811

CIRCLE 167 ON READER SERVICE CARD

,tf** XC

December 1982 c Creative Computing

61

vicious space eggs. You attack first with
your single-gun nose wing.

The three-color eggs dance and swirl
and change colors at the top of the screen
as you sweep back and forth beneath
them. Hit one and it hatches to release a
space spider. If you fire desperately at
the spider to keep it from ramming you,
you are liable to hit and hatch another
egg.

Clear the screen of the spiders, and
more eggs appear. This time, a stricken
egg hatches into the dreaded lips. If you
escape their kiss of death, you move on
to a flight of wolves, followed by hairy-
eyed fuzzballs.

Should you fail to shoot all their lights

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Space Eggs

Type: Arcade shot-'em-up

System: 48K Apple II or 11 +

DOS 3.2 or 3.3 disk drive,
paddle or joystick

Format: Disk

Language: Assembly

Summary: A twisting, tootling terror

Price: $29.95

Manufacturer:

Sirius Software, Inc.
10364 Rockingham Dr.
Sacramento, CA 95827

48K

Apple II Plus
ROM Applesoft
DOS 3.3

Printer Optional

1

The Computer Age Bar Guide
for parties and casual entertaining

Tell Micro Barmate what you have . . .
If II tell you what you can make

f^ • Mix a drink according to your stock
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• Select by classification, ie: cocktails,
cordials, aperitifs

• Create and enter your own specialties

• Select from our Ingredient Index

PLUS Hundreds of Unusual & Popular Drinks

Complete Holiday Beverage Guide • Proof table

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Alcohol limit guide • Completely menu driven

How to make your own liqueurs • Many print functions provide

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Apple is the registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. MA residents add 5% sales tax

CIRCLE 361 ON READER SERVICE CARD

out before they ram you, your second
midsection ship sporting two guns re-
places the nose wing. However, it begins
back with the allotted clutch of eggs,
again hatching spiders first.

s c o r E s ;;;> 7 his© .;;:• ;-

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If you are lucky enough to get 1000
points with either the nose wing or the
midsection, you have an opportunity to
duck the first stage with the second. That
gives you three shots at once, but the
ducking procedure is not easy.

Usually, though, you must bring up
your last line of defense. The third and
last section of your ship also has two
guns, but it is a big target.

The ships respond a bit slowly to the
paddle, I felt. I would like to have the
shots go faster, too. This is a game for
people with quick reflexes and long fuses.

I found no pause feature, nor any way
to turn off the sound. Space Eggs is an
interesting variation on the MBAFAS
(Move Back and Forth And Shoot)
theme.

Beer Run

I'm going to call this a ladder game, as
in the "ladder genre," which includes
Apple Panic and Donkey Kong.

Genre is one of those critical words
writers use to make people think they

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Beer Run

Type: Ladder arcade game

System: 48K Apple II or II + ,

DOS 3.2 and 3.3 disk drive ;
paddle, joystick, or Sirius
Joyport optional

Format: Disk

Language: Assembly

Summary: The Galumphing Gourmet
visits Olympia

Price: $29.95

Manufacturer:

Sirius Software, Inc.
10364 Rockingham Dr.
Sacramento, CA 95827

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

•

I

I

i

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i] ill

Qcommodore

INTERFACES

ADA-1450 Serial $149

ADA-1600 Parallel 149

RS232 cable for Vic or 64,6m 30

Video Audio cable for 64 & monitor 25

MONITORS — Great resolution
for the CBM 64 or VIC

Panasonic. 16" Color S360

Amdek Color I

Panasonic. 9" b&w

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

Spellmaster Dictionary (great for WordPro!) S199

OZZ Data Base System (8050) 240

Silicon Office (database, wp) 995 (Nev

Wordcraft 80 '• • • • 2

VisiCalc (new expanded)

Dow Jones Portfolio Management System (RS232) 120

WordPro 4 * or 5 < 299

The Manager 199

Galaxy One (games) 39

Legal Time Accounting 425

I.R.M.A 295

BPI A R, G L. Job Cost. Inventory. Payroll 325 pkg

SJB carries many other lines of equipment and
products. Call us for our new fall catalogue.

MasterCard, Visa, Money Order, Bank Check

COD (add $5) accepted.

Add 3% surcharge for credit cards

In stock items shipped within 48 hours, FOB., Dallas, TX.

All products shipped with manufacturer's warranty.

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE
800-527-4893 800-442-1048 (wth.n Texas)

SJB will meet any competitive price under
similar in-stock conditions. /

SJB DISTRIBUTORS, INC.^X

10520 Piano Road, Suite 206 <
Dallas, Texas 75238
(214) 343-1328

Prices are subject to change without notice.

SOFTWARE FOR CBM 64 Z

Word Processing $80

Computer Tutoring Game 50

CBM EasyCalc (for the 64) call

CBM EasyFinance call

CBM EasyPlot call

CBM EasyScan (appointment manager) call

Sprite-Magic (build sprites on screen,

save to disk or cassette) 30

Assembler Package for CBM 64 (cassette)
Editor (creates and updates source code),

Assembler, Loader, Disassembler 50

Mailing List 50

IEEE Interface 90

Parallel Interface 99

RS232 Interface (modems, printers) 40

VIC PRODUCTS

VIC 20 Computer, 5K $199

Vic Datasette Recorder 60

Vic 1540 Disk Drive 467

VIC MODEM (for CBM 64) 100

VIC 1525 Graphic Printer (for CBM 64) 325

8K Memory Expansion Cartridge 49

16K RAM 95

24KRAM 149

IEEE Interface 80

Gorf (great arcade game) $39

Omega Race 39

Midnight Drive 23

Super Alien 23

Vic Super Expander 55

Vic Cassette Recreation Pack 46

Vic Cassette Home Finance Pack 46

Arcade Joysticks — Heavy duty with 2 firing

buttons! Great for the VIC or 64

. S25

SuperPET (5 languages, 2 processors)

. $1409

CBM 8032 Computer, 80 column

. 1029

CBM Memory Expansion, 64K

359

PET 4032,40 Column

795

CBM 8050, 1Mg. Dual Drive

. 1259

CBM 8250, 2Mg. Dual Drive

. 1760

CBM D9060.5 Mg. Hard Disk

. 2795

CBM D9090.7.5 Mg Hard Disk

. 3195

CBM 4040, 340K Dual Drive

919

CBM 2031. 170K Single Drive

489

PRINTERS — LETTER QUALITY

CBM 8300,40cps

. $1450

Diablo 620,25cps

. 1350

Nee Spmwriter 7700,55cps

. 2350

Nee Spmwriter 3500,35cps

. 1600

PRINTERS — DOT MATRIX

CBM 4022,80cps graphics

. $395

CBM 8023,150 cps graphics

589

Okidata 82A,120cps serial or par

449

Nee 8023A(parallel)

499

CIRCLE 313 ON READER SERVICE CARD

know what they're talking about. (At
times, it is a polite way to say "copy.")

E.B. White wrote the best description
of critical words in The Elements of Style
(Strunk and White). He termed them
"words that at first glance seem freighted
with delicious meaning but that soon burst
in air, leaving nothing but a memory of
bright sound."

Genre, proclaims my dictionary, means
a variety or type. It is still a writer's buzz-
word.

So Beer Run is a ladder game . As such ,
it is at the top of the ladder for animation ,
speed, and enjoyment.

The game was written by Mark
Turmell, and he must have had a ball.
The scenario is to catch Artesians,
bouncy little characters that abound in
the Sirius Building and the Olympia Brew-
ery building next door.

You are a beer runner. Trying to thwart
you are green guzzlers (about the color I
turn after a few too many), and the
bouncers. The guzzlers move across the
floors, and up and down the ladders; the
brawny white bouncers appear to be
confined to one floor.

You can see several floors at one time,
with ladders between them. At one level
is an elevator, which can disappear and
reappear on another floor, with an arrow
pointing in the direction it is heading.

Using either the keyboard or paddle,
you can move back and forth on the
screen. By pressing the space bar or

48K

Apple 11/ 11 +
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DOS 3.3

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Apple is the registered trademark ot Apple Computer, Inc MA residents add 5% sales tax

CIRCLE 362 ON READER SERVICE CARD

paddle button when your runner alter-
ego is in an elevator or at a ladder, you
can make him move up or down.

Any time you take a ladder that extends
to a floor above, you go up. You can only
go down on ladders that end at the
platform you are on. This is important: if
you are on a ladder that extends up and
down you always go up.

Your score mounts up in a number of
ways and is stored on disk. First, the
Artesians will drop cans of beer for you.
Each one you catch with your out-
stretched hand adds another point to your
score. Kegs sometimes appear on the
screen; collect them and you earn the
number of points written on the keg.

You gain 25 beers each time you ride
an elevator, plus a bonus depending how
close to the Artesians you are.

E E R S s & S3 . ;: ' © I I J T MENS

HE

©

When you reach the top of the Sirius
Building, you have a chance to catch a
blimp to the building next door. The
blimp lowers a rope. If you catch it on the
first try, you earn 200 points and a runner.
If you catch it on the second or later pass,
you receive 50 points and an extra
runner.

Once in the Olympia Building, you must
reverse your direction and work your way
down to the basement. If you are lucky,
you'll nab an Artesian and receive bonus
points. Should you reach the basement
without doing so, you still earn an extra
runner. (You begin with three.)

Avoid being trapped by either the
guzzlers or the bouncers. They will def-
enestrate you (toss you out a window),
and the graphic will show you falling.

You can pause the game, restart, and
turn off the sound effects. It is fast and
funny, but frequently frustrating.

Track Attack

This has to be the game I know the
most about. Not because I play it often,
however. It and The Complete Graphics
System from Penguin Software were the
subject of an article I wrote about design-
ing commercial software.

Chris Jochumson wrote this because
Doug Carlston feels "he does well with
things that folllow paths." (Chris also did

December 1982 e Creative Computing

NO POSTAGE

NECESSARY

IF MAILED

IN THE

UNITED STATES

BUSINESS REPLY CARD

FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO 10008 WASHINGTON, DC

POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE

NRI Schools

McGraw Hill Continuing

Education Center
3939 Wisconsin Avenue
Washington, DC. 20016

Everybody's making money

selling microcomputers.

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servicing them.

New NRI Home Study Course Shows

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Personal and Small

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Seems like every time you turn around,
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Growing Demand
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This is only one of the growth factors influenc-
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NRI can train you for this exciting, rewarding
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Computer Assisted Instruction

Your TRS-80 even helps train you. You receive
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Space Quarks for Broderbund). The exe-
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The scenario is this: you are a modern-
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You must drive around a trainyard
avoiding the onslaughts of a fierce phan-
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green '52 DeSoto shaped like a lozenge.

A freight train, loaded with gold, tootles
through the yard. Every time you crash
through the wall of a freight car filled
with gold it is transferred to your vehicle.

After you have liberated it, you must

creative GOiRpatiRg

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Track Attack

Type: Arcade activity

System: 48K Apple II or II + ,
DOS 3.2 or 3.3 disk
drive; joystick optional;
soon available for the 32K
Atari 400/800

Format: Disk

Language: Assembly

Summary: The Fair Train Robbery

Price: $29.95

MAnufacturer:

Broderbund Software

1938 Fourth St.

San Rafael, CA 94901

A sophisticated Z80™ based
microcomputer training system

Only $500.

T||P The Fox is the

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heart of The Fox is a Z80 CPU, a chip

which includes more capabilities than

any other 8-bit microprocessor.

With a large memory capacity and so-
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more expensive units, The Fox is ideal
for teaching microcomputer technology
in schools, colleges and industrial train-
ing environments. Other features in-
clude extensive user prompting
firmware, large digital readouts, power
supply and exceptional versatility.

Compare The Fox with other low-cost
microcomputers and you will agree that
The Fox is the way to introduce micro-
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EDUCATORS! E&L also offers
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Among the many features of The Fox
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Z80 CPU

Low cost

Large memory capacity

Unlimited expansion with STD bus

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Large digital readouts

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Solderless breadboarding area

Stackable molded case with
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Call or write for complete information
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CIRCLE 186 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Price applies in U.S. only and is subject to
change without notice.

™Z80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc.

store the gold. It can be recovered by the
DeSoto lozenge, but you can reliberate
the loot by ramming into the phantom.
This is the only time it is safe to do so.

You can't run into the engine or any of
the boxcars you have emptied. If you
empty all four boxcars before the train
refills, you earn another car.

You earn points for the gold and for
restealing it from the phantom car, and
the faster you are the better. You lose
points if the phantom steals it, and more
if it deposits the gold back to the train
loading area.

Do you still follow me? There's no rest
for the wicked yet.

The second level occurs after you have
stolen at least one piece of gold. As you
roll along the left side of the screen beside
the train, you can press the space bar or
joystick button. That makes your char-
acter leap onto the top of the train.

Next your little person must jump from
car to car using the joystick, or the Z for
downward tumble, A for upward jumps.
If you miss, you go under the train, and
lose a player and all the gold you have
ripped off.

SCORE 00000 UM.UE 85 0000

■ J • • • « m m m m m 8 <■ m •• •• •• «• » •• •• . ?&.*&

diillll

::|:::::1|:::1::::::|:::
iiiftftt

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::|::::::|::::f:::l::::::t::::

llii w?K

-if itfe'

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:|::::t::::|::::|::::|::::::||:::t:

MINIMI Mil till'

M

If you get into the engine, you move to
level three of the game. Again avoiding
the phantom (those '52 DeSotos must be
real juggernauts), you direct the train
around the tracks to pick up 1 1 pieces of
gold. Each one worth all the gold you
picked up at the first level.

Collect all 11 and you earn another
extra character. Bang into the phantom,
and there go all points from this level.
Press the space bar or joystick button
while the train is at the right side to return
to the first level and back into your car.

If you notch your disk, you can save
the high score to it. You can also turn off
the sound, pause, change speeds, restart
a game, and reconfigure your joystick or
keyboard.

Track Attack is an unusual game re-
quiring good reflexes. Try it; you might
like it.

Apventure to Atlantis

Robert Clardy has been involved with
Apples almost since the machine fell off

December 1982 c Creative Computing

the tree. He is one of the oldest members
of the Apple Pugetsound Program Ex-
change Library (publisher of Call-
A.P.P.L.E.), and is treasurer for the
group.

He wrote Higher Graphics in 1979.
Odyssey in 1980 (using Integer Basic) and
recently rewrote it in Applesoft. His latest
adventure, Atlantis, includes real-time
arcade action. ..and it works.

Clardy's Odyssey was one of the early
text adventures with the added grace of
limited animation. Atlantis is a much
more involved follow-up to Odyssey. It is
a standalone game, however.

You begin the game by rolling the
following attributes: wisdom, intelligence,
strength, and charisma. When I say rol-
ling, I don't mean with dice. Instead, a
graphic onscreen scrolls at high speed
through the numbers 8-18 for each
attribute.

Press any key to stop the roll. You do
that for each attribute, and when you are
satisfied with them all, you move on. If
you aren't satisfied, you begin again.

You also select your alignment and
your reaction time.

Alignment lets you decide whether your
character is chaotic, lawful, or some thing
in between. In cowboy novel terms, the
chaotic characters are the loners, while
lawful folks make up the posse. If you try

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Apventure to Atlantis

Type: Graphic adventure with
arcade action

System: 48K Apple II or 11 + ,
DOS 3.3 disk drive;
paddles optional

Format: Disk

Language: Machine

Summary: Multiventure from a
master

Price: $40

Manufacturer:

Synergistic Software
5221 120th Ave. S.E.
Belle vue, WA 98006

to assemble a group of opposed align-
ment, your morale will be down and you
will have problems.

As for reaction time, in the arcade
sequences of the game this dictates how
much time you have to cope with what-
ever creature menaces you. If you select
0, you have a straight adventure: nothing
attacks or shoots at you. Select 9, and
your name had best be Wild Bill Hickok
II.

Your trip begins on the island of
Lapour, where the orb of power of The
High One was lost. You find the orb, and
must build a group of trusted comrades —
guards and wizards— to destroy the island
of Atlantis.

The guards can be summoned. The
wizards must be wooed with promises.

Your view of Lapour is from above.
You control the direction of your char-
acter's travel, and watch him or her
encounter— and perhaps combat — var-
ious beasts, from androids and ores to
great apes, ghouls, and land squids. You
decide whether to fight or run, then press
a key to stop the roll of numbers.

These battles increase your experience,
and you can always replace fighters at
the castle. Your character will also meet
sorcerers' apprentices who can be per-
suaded to join the quest.

Ornithopters regularly visit the planet
from Atlantis to drop off more monsters.
If you read your 26-page book of instruc-
tions carefully, you will uncover a way to
hijack one.

When you are underway, you can select
weapons to determine your firepower.
Among these are crossbows and guns,
plus an assortment of attack spells (if you
have any).

Your adversaries in this aerial com-
petition might include submarines you can

1. What in the world
is a Waldo?

Play

and the answer will come to you!

Are you prepared for an all out war, man vs. bug style? In this fast-action
arcade game, you must defend yourself against a barrage of flying, slithering
and crawling bugs! Armed with a generous supply of deadly insecticide, you
must either take the aggressive or get squished like a common you-know-
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2. Where is it possible
to go while seated on the
back of a flying horse?

Find out when you play

and the Golden Fleece

This game features everything you look for in a good vacation . . . travel, the
opportunity to meet new people, and adventure, all in beautiful 21 color Hi Res
graphics. Are you the stuff legends are made of? Find out by playing
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December 1982 ® Creative Computing

69

^Eafif

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19.95/29.95
19.95/29.95
24.95/34.95
24.95/34.95
69.95/99.95
99.95/149.95
19.95/29.95
1 79.95/250.00

14.95/19.95

15.95/19.95
19.95/29.95
49.95/69.95

COMPUTING INC

Your Salvation

In The Sea Of

Inflation.

D Tack 68000 board for the Apple II
with 4K Ram 895.00

714735-2250

P.O. Box 2025
Corona, CA91720

Lazer Model/32 (1 6032 board for the Apple II)

CALL!

CIRCLE 116 ON READER SERVICE CARD

bomb; other ornithopters; Atlantean two-
man scout ships; dragons; flocks of gar-
goyles, harpies, and rocks; air squid, green
skulls; dark demons; and warlocks.

Once the enemy appears, you can aim
with either the arrow keys or paddle 0. A
crosshair appears near your vessel, and
enables you to aim. Since your range is
limited, you must wait until the enemy is
right next to you.

Should you be successful in these
forays, you must adjust the heading of
your ship according to the prevailing
winds, your velocity, amount of fuel, etc.
You can adjust your altitude, and when
you are comfortable, you can land to
refuel.

This is an island world. Once you land
on an outcropping, you find deserted
castles. Denizens lurk within, but so do
the fuel, weapons, and other reinforce-
ment you need to destroy Atlantis.

As you travel from room to room in
these castles, you can have either a wizard
or a guard at your head . This means there
will be either one or the other on the
graphic.

The graphics are simple, but quick.
They appear onscreen in a second, per-
haps because there is little color.

Should a vicious trog appear, you can
aim your weapon (arrows are easier to
recover than magic spells) and fire. The
arrow from the crossbow will transfix
it— if you have aimed correctly.

Don't take any potshots at the wizards
that appear from time to time. You may
be able to bring them to your side if your
charisma is high enough. At times, they
will get into wizard's duels with your
henchpeople.

There are notes, hidden and /or magical
objects and doors, and enough puzzles to
satisfy the most ardent adventure fan. It
might be possible for a person to play
through in four or five hours, but it would
take dedication.

Unlike most of the other adventure
games on the market, A tla n tis isn't linear.

That is, you aren't forced to follow the
steps in a certain sequence. Different
things depending upon which you choose
to explore (although the same rooms
appear in each scene).

Once you have completed the game
and destroyed Atlantis, everything
changes. The rooms shift, random factors
are adjusted, and nothing is as it was.
You can also increase the speed of the
reactions of the attackers.

Commands are mainly one-letter, such
as U for "use some object." You can turn
off the sound, and save the game until
later.

The game has sound, color, animation,
excitement, and— for when you're really
stuck— a hint sheet. If you find static
adventures boring, try this one.

Knight of Diamonds

Wizardry left many of its fans panting
for more. Their impatience for a new
scenario has been rewarded with Knight
of Diamonds (KOD).

One player, I am told, completed the
quest within a week or so. I wonder why?
What fun is there in racing through such
a complex and challenging program?
Particularly when slow, thorough explor-
ation will bring characters up several

3. How long was this
product on the top
thirty?

WDEHB

This adventure game holds an all time record for its long held position on the
Softalk top thirty. Once you play the game, you will understand why. WIZARD
& THE PRINCESS features some of the most challenging and imaginative
puzzles in all adventure-dom and has stumped players all over the world! You
can't call yourself a master adventurer until you've played WIZARD & THE
PRINCESS. Available from your local computer store for $32.95 or order
directly from SIERRA ON-LINE

Available on APPLE and ATARI [fi K^StCWtfl

sma m/ENTUR E \ h Jon-line inc

36575 MIDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 209 683 6358

4. What valuables await
the wise detective in
this classic adventure
game?

The mention of mystery brings up images of huge old Victorian houses, trap
doors, narrow escapes and — most of all — MURDER!!!
Over two years ago, a tantalizing adventure was released that combined all of
these images and made them hotter through the use of HI-RES GRAPHICS.
Now, that adventure has been made bigger because the original authors and
Bob Davis (creator of ULYSSES and the GOLDEN FLEECE) have added new
puzzles and pleasures to that game, made better through the use of 21 color
Hi-Res Graphics to really make the adventure come to life. What treasure
awaits you if you solve the mystery? Find out by playing MYSTERY HOUSE,
available from your local computer store for $29.95 or order directly from
SIERRA ON-LINE

Available on APPLE

SIERRMENTURE

36373 HtUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 3023 2096836838

December 1982 e Creative Computing

71

Apple

*

* Atari* * Commodore*

Franklin* * IBM* • TRS-80*

Krelfs College Board

SAT*

Preparation
Series

New
for

'83

A COMPREHENSIVE PREPARATION
PACKAGE / MORE THAN 40 PROGRAMS

1. Diagnostic analysis

2. Prescription of individual study plans

3. Coverage of all SAT* skills

4. Unlimited drill and practice

5. SAT* Exam Question simulator

6. All questions in SAT* format and at
SAT* difficulty level

7. Instantaneous answers, explanations
and scoring for problems

8. Worksheet generation and performance
monitoring - (optional)

9. A complete record management system-
(optional)

10. Systematic instruction in pertinent math,
verbal & test taking skills - (optional)

Krai's unique logical design provides personal-
ized instruction for each student according to
individual needs.

Krell's College Board SAT* 81/82 Prep.
Series has demonstrated a mean com-
bined math and verbal score increase of
more than 100 points by using sophis-
ticated drill & practice techniques alone.
This new series is much expanded and
updated. In addition extra cost options
are now available to provide worksheet
generation, record management, and
systematic instruction in all math and
verbal areas tested by the SAT*.

All versions of Krell College Board SAT*
Preparation Series provide answers,
explanations and instantaneous raw scor-
ing. Standard package $299.95

APPLE. ATARI, COMMODORE. CP/M, IBM.
AND RADIO SHACK*

SWORD OF ZEDEK

Fight to overthrow Ra, The Master
of Evil. Treachery, deceit, and witch-
craft must be faced in your struggles
as you encounter wolves, dwarves,
elves, dragons, etc. Each of the
twelve treasures will enhance your
power by making you invisible,
invulnerable, etc. Each game is
unique in this spectacular and
complex world of fantasy. $24.95

LOGO

©M.I.T. 1981

$99

NO FRILLS
for Apple II®

NO FRILLS PAK

1. Two copies of Krells LOGO for Apple II*

2. Utility Disk with M.I.T. 's valuable
demo programs including Dynatrack

3. The official M.I.T technical manual LOGO

FOR APPLE II by H. Abelson & L. Klotz
No Frills Turtle Price $99.00

LOGO

FRILLS ONLY

FRILLS FOR LOGO / Support Pak for:
M.I.T. LOGO, KRELL & TERRAPIN INC.

1. Krell utility disk

2. Alice in L0G0LAN0

3. LOGO for Apple II - by H. Abelson

4. Alice in Logoland Primer

5. Comprehensive wall chart

6. LOGO & Educational Computiny Journal

$89.95

NO FRILLS LOGO AND

ALL THE FRILLS COMBO

FOR APPLE II* $149.95

SPRITES NOW AVAILABLE

FOR LOGO Call for information
Prices slightly higher outside U.S.

TIME TRAVELER

Using the Time Machine, players
must face a challenging series of
environments that include: The
Athens of Pericles, Imperial Rome,
Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon,
Ikhnaton's Egypt, Jerusalem at the
time of the crucifixion, The
Crusades, Machiavelli's Italy, the
French Revolution, the American
Revolution, and the English Civil
War. Deal with Hitler's Third Reich,
Vikings, etc. Players may set level
of difficulty. Each game is unique.

$24.95

Shelby
Lyman
Chess*

Shelby's Socrates Chess Tutorial
Series uses the latest Al techniques
to customize each lesson for you.
Instruction modules cover every
aspect of the game. For all micro's.
Call or write for details.

Amazing Ben

The Royal Road to

Artificial Intelligence.

$79.95

Connections

A complete game system. Learn
the principles of scientific reasoning
in your choice of game formats.
Expand minds at all ages. Subject
areas include: Geography, Biology,
Everyday Objects, etc.

Game System $99.95

Data Base, $24.95 per subject,
3 for $50

Isaac Newton + F.G. Newton

Perhaps the most fascinating and
valuable educational game ever
devised - ISAAC NEWTON challenges
the players to assemble evidence and
discern the underlying "Laws of
Nature". FULL GRAPHICS NEWTON
- presents all data in graphic form.
This game is suitable for children.
Players may select difficulty levels
challenging to the most skilled adults.

Both Games $49.95

Pythagoras and the Dragon

Mathematics in a fantasy game
context. Based on THE SWORD OF
ZEDEK introduces Pythagoras as a
mentor to the player when called on
for aid, Pythagoras poses math
questions and depending on the
speed and accuracy of response,
confers secret information. With
Pythagoras as an ally, the quest to
overthrow Ra, The Master of Evil,
assumes a new dimension of com-
plexity. Depending on \he level chosen
problems range from arithmetic
through plane geometry. APPLE,
TRS-80, PET, ATARI* 32K $39.95

KREli

SOFTWARE CORR

Tim stam of the an m education* computing

1320 Stony Brook Rood I Stony Brook NY 11790
Tolophono 516 751 5139

Krell Software Corp has no official ties with the College

Entrance Examination Board or the Educational Testing Service

Krell is howewr a supplier of products to the E T S

'Traoemarks of Apple Comp Corp Tandy Corp Commodore Corp
Digital Research Corp IBM Atari Corp Terraoui !«

Socrates Chess Corp.
N Y S results add sales ta«

CIRCLE 216 ON READER SERVICE CARD

levels before they venture deeper into
the dungeon.

The scenario in this game is for char-
acters who have advanced through the
ranks in Wizardry (minimum of 13th

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE
Name: Knight of Diamonds

Type: Top-of -the -line fantasy
adventure

System: 48K Apple II or II 4-,
DOS 3.3 disk drive

Format: Disk

Language: Run-time Pascal (no
special equipment
needed)

Summary: Deeper dungeons for
your alter egos

Price: $34.95

Manufacturer:

Sir-Tech Software, Inc.
6 Main St.
Ogdensburg,NY 13669

level). Bishops, fighters, mages, lords,
ninjas, thieves, and other classes must be
experienced to survive.

You cannot create characters in this
game. You can use only experienced
characters from The Proving Grounds.
(This is a bit inconvenient when you want
to begin a new sacrificial lamb or storage
unit.)

Here, too, is a quest, its goal the staff of
Gnilda, which projects a totally imper-
vious force field that protects the City of
Llylgamyn. Neither magic nor physical
attack has been able to penetrate the
field.

1 ) 5 MAJOR 0hIMV0 ,:
2) 4 PRIESTS • 4 i

SPIKE'S OPTION!

niCHT S >PELL P <(tP.n
R HJN U 'SE

# CHARACTER NhME CLASS mC HITS STATUS

t SPIKE

2 WHISKERS

3 AVENGER

4 SLICK

5 POMPANO

6 MERLIN

N-FIG

n-ft:.

N-::^t|
N-THI
G-F

N-l

Through treachery it was manipulated by
an evil wizard, Davalpus, to seize the
throne and slay the royal family of

Llylgamyn. Wearing the armor of the
fabled Knight of Diamonds, a remaining
young prince destroyed Davalpus only to
die with him in the ruins of the castle.

Now, the armor must be gathered from
the six terrible levels of the ruins and the
staff found. ..or the city of Llylgamyn will
fall.

Your quest begins in the city, where
you find the familiar franchise operations:
Gilgamesh's Tavern, Boltac's Trading
Post, the HoJo's Adventurer's Inn, and
the famous Temple of Cant.

The game uses the Wizardry system
and graphics. Most commands are one-
keystroke. You have direct control of
each person in your party (as many as
six). Only three characters can fight with
weapons at one time, although magic-
users can fire spells over the front line.

Monster groups are tough, and many
of them are new species. Often, there are
four groups of up to nine beasts per group.
There are swarms of insects, wereprides
of weretigers, clouds of fuzzballs, dwarf-
like men called dinks, bats, snakes, and
other vermin.

Even though the battles are much
tougher, the treasures reflect this: they
are more generous. Also, you garner more
experience points during battle than in
Proving Grounds.

Warning: the Magician General has

5. How would you get
past a pink bull?

Find out when you play . . .

A Pink Bull? A haunted suit of Armor? A toy soldier with a real gun? Where
else but Cranston Manor would you find challenge like this?
The estate of the "late" old Mr. Cranston is littered with rare, priceless art,
perilous traps and puzzling problems foe you to solve. Be forewarned ... a
(k)night in CRANSTON MANOR is a night you won't forget. Available from
your local computer store for $34.95 or order directly from SIERRA ON-
LINE

A vaMable on APP LE 1/ V \Y^ ffM

siERRmamiRE Kb Jon-line inc

36575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 9W 362 3023 209 683 6S58

6. How big is

K N

■U

\

/

V

M

^

k •!;.«■. 11 1^7

wvi

: ,*."*«

Everyone knows by now that TIME ZONE is the biggest adventure game in
history, but how many disks does it take just to hold the actual TIME ZONE
program? How many disks does it take to hold an adventure that features over
1 200 Hi-Res color pictures and covers all of time? How big is the end product
of a project that took the likes of Ken and Roberta Williams, Bob Davis, and
Jeff Stephenson over a year to develop?

Play the first ever micro-epic, TIME ZONE, and make a little history of your
own. Available from your local computer store for $99.95 or order directly
from SIERRA ON-LINE.

Available on APPLE

SIERR MENTVRE

36575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5023 209 633 6358

December 1982 e Creative Computing

73

BE

CHALLENGED

If you are a talented micro
computer specialist, you follow
the field closely, you know
what's been done and
what's expected. —

But you've never seen anything
like

SAVVY

TM

Nobody has.

A CO-PROCESSOR for the Apple II,
with 64-Megabyte Associative
Memory, 26 Decimal Digits of
Precision, and Hardware Security.

AN OPERATING SYSTEM that
automatically Loads, Links, Overlays,
and Executes Application Programs.

A DATABASE MANAGER that
automatically Blocks, Allocates,
Opens, and Closes Data Sets.

MACHINE INTELLIGENCE that
automatically Resolves: Program
Names, Item Names, Data Types, File
Structures, Folder Names, and Instruc-
tions to the Robot Programmer™.

A COMPILER that Produces Self-
Loading, Self-Relocating, Serially
Reusable Code.

A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE that
uses Plain-tex Language and
Machine Intelligence.

AN ASSOCIATIVE NETWORK in
which Machine Intelligence, Operating
System, Compiler, Database Manager,
Programming Language, and
Application Programs are all
interconnected in the 64-Meg
Associative Memory.

Even the developers of this
technology haven't seen the
end of the possibilities. Accept
the challenge of working with
SAVVY, and it can become
whatever you make it.

Your innovative applications
that explore the power of
SAVVY will be used in future
publicized promotions, with
credit given to the developer.

To own SAVVY for $950.00
contact your local Apple dealer.

To accept the challenge,
contact Excalibur, the
developers of SAVVY, for
detailed information on this
remarkable system.

Excalibur Technologies Corp.
Albuquerque, New Mexico
(505) 242-3333

SAVVY Marketing International markets and distributes

SAVVY the Personal LanguageTM System.
TM - SAVVY, Robot Programmer: Excalibur Technologies Corp.
TM - Personal Language is a trademark of SAVVY Marketing International. TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

CIRCLE 365 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Excalibur

determined many of these are dangerous
and should be used at your character's
risk.

Characters can be drained of levels by
some creatures (undead, for the most
part) more than once. If you have a good
character who is drained, turn the ma-
chine off immediately before the damage
is recorded. (You will also lose all points
and magic items discovered on that par-
ticular expedition. You won't, however,
be charged 10 years on this new version.)

If you do turn off the machine it is
possible that the important pieces of KOD
armor found on that expedition— or
traded after you form a party— could be
lost if you go back to the training grounds
before you go below. So don't flip the
switch indiscriminately.

Some spells work differently in KOD
than they do in Proving Grounds. One
new feature is that no one in either the
player's party or the enemy group can
throw spells for the first melee of a
surprise attack.

Author Robert Woodhead said about
this new game: "Things are not always
what they seem." He also feels that the
riddle on the sixth level is "a real killer"
even though he thinks the answer is very
obvious.

Altogether, now that the initial bugs
have been exterminated, this game is a
worthy sequel to Wizardry.

Your base is situated at the bottom of a
mushroom patch. A large caterpillar starts
off at the top of the patch. Each time a
segment runs into a mushroom, it drops
down a level and reverses direction.
Shooting a caterpillar segment turns it
into a mushroom and causes the creature
to split in two.

In addition to the caterpillars; spiders,
fleas, and scorpions also infest the mush-
room patch. If your shooter collides with
any insect, it is destroyed.

Caterpillar plays very much like Centi-
pede, with a few exceptions. Your shooter

Caterpillar

Atari struck it rich last year when they
introduced the coin-op video game Centi-
pede. It was, for the most part, a high-
speed shoot 'em up with cute graphics
that appealed to men and women alike.
Not surprisingly, the arcade Centipede
was soon followed by home computer
versions. Caterpillar, from Aardvark Soft-
ware is one of the best adaptations of the
original arcade game.

Caterpillar is a fast paced game written
in machine language. It supports only one
player using the right joystick. In the
game, you have three shooters with which
you must destroy an onslaught of attack-
ing insects.

creative conepafciRg

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Caterpillar

Type: Arcade

System: TRS-80 Color Computer 16K

Format: Cassette /disk

Language: Machine

Summary: Playable game of
Centipede

Price: $19.95 cassette, $21.95 disk

Manufacturer:

Aardvark Software
2352 S. Commerce
Walled Lake, MI 48088

7. What can be on level
three that can help you
to the top of the hill in a
hurry?

As a little soldier in CANNONBALL BLITZ you've run your legs off to scurry
up two screens full of uphill battle. What leg saving device will you find on the
third screen to get you up the hill in a hurry?

Find out when you play CANNONBALL BLITZ but watch out!! Fast, smooth
animation and escalating levels make this game potentially addicting. Availa-
ble from your local computer store for $34.95 or order directly from
SIERRA ON-LINE.

Available on APPLE

SIERR AllSIO M

a i ^Sienna,

tk UON-LINE INC

L

3637S mVDGE RANCH ROAD COARSECOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 SOTS 209 683 6853

8. How many times can
a monster be
reincarnated?

Play

ir _ ii '■■ *ai ilji ii__.

j MMi m. "«L ir — inr- jr—

1 ■■! » ■! 1 II II II

it *-' j— r m " a\ hi

>■ 1 I — 1 — 1 — I — 1 — 1 I I I I — 1 1 1 1 1 I I — I — I — 1 — 1111 1 1 __ I t

You will swear you didn't miss and you'll be right. The aliens are coming from
everywhere and to eliminate one, you must hit it several times. With each hit,
the monster gets uglier and meaner. How many times do you have to hit the
advancing alien before he stops his attack? Find out when you play CROSS-
FIRE. Available from your local computer store for $29.95 or order directly
from SIERRA ON-LINE.

Available on APPLE, ATARI,
IBM, and NEC

SIERRfXVISIOH

k UoN-LINE INC

36373 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 3023 209 683 6838

December 1982 £ Creative Computing

75

**

rtt

m&

«

. i

i

Completely Redesigned.
Now, the Grappler + .
The original Grappler was the
first graphics interface to give
you hi-res screen dumps from
your keyboard. The new
Grappler + with Dual Hi-Res
Graphics adds flexibility with a
side-by-side printout of page 1
and page 2 graphics.

Interfacing the Grappler + to a
wide range of printers is easy
as changing a dip switch. 4K of
exclusive firmware makes the
Grappler + the most intelligent,
full-featured Apple® Printer
Interface made. And, the
Grappler + is Apple III compatible

The imitations are many, so
insist on the #1 Apple Graphics
Interface on the market. Insist
on the Grappler + . Available
now at most Apple dealers.

'Requires additional software driver.
"Requires graphics upgrade.

©Orange Micro, Inc. 1982

ACTUAL APPLE II PRINTOUT USING GRAPPLER AND EPSON MX100

WrthThe

Grappler +

Printer Interface

■■■

The Grappler + Features:

• Dual Hi-Res Graphics • Printer
Selector Dip Switch • Apple III
Compatible* • Graphics Screen
Dump • Inverse Graphics

• Emphasized Graphics • Double Size
Picture • 90° Rotation • Center
Graphics • Chart Recorder

Mode • Block Graphics • Bell
Control • Skip-over-perf • Left and
Right Margins • Variable Line
Length • Text Screen Dumps.

The Grappler + also works with
Pascal and CPM.

The Grappler + Interfaces with
the following printers:

• Anadex • Centronics • Datasouth

• Epson* * • NEC • C-ltoh • Okidata

The original Grappler is available for
IDS 460, 560, Prism, Microprism.

.* *

OB

Orange micro

* Inc.

CIRCLE 261 ON READER SERVICE CARD

3150 E. La Palma, Suite G
Anaheim, California 92806
(714) 630-3620

Foreign Dealer Inquiries Welcome TX1 83511 CSMA

CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

is over-responsive to the joystick controls.
Simply pressing the joystick to the left
causes your shooter to jump almost
instantaneously all the way to the left side
of the screen. Scoring in Caterpillar is
almost identical to that in Centipede.

The graphics in Caterpillar are hi-res,
although they really don't look it. There
are many colors and shapes, but unfortu-
nately they appear very blocky. The
screen colors don't change after every
wave of insects as they do in Centipede,
but that doesn't affect game play. The
movement of the caterpillar and other
insects is very smooth; there is no flicker
at all.

Caterpillar produces sound effects only
when something is destroyed. Since it has
been determined that almost 50% of the
appeal of an arcade game is the audio
effects, Caterpillar falls short in this area.
Although it lacks enticing sound effects,
the game does offer a great challange. It
is very difficult to score over 20,000
points, and almost impossible to master
the game.

I recommend Caterpillar to anyone
who is more interested in game play than
exciting graphics and sound effects.

Katerpillar

Wait a minute, didn't I just review this?
Yes, and no. Katerpillar is pronounced
the same as Caterpillar and they are both
TRS-80 Color Computer adaptations of
Centipede. The difference between the
two programs is easy to explain. Cater-
pillar plays much more like the arcade
game, and Katerpillar offers nicer graph-
ics and more pleasing sound effects.

Since Katerpillar is modeled after
Centipede, its description is similar to

Gi>eative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Katerpillar

Type: Arcade

System: TRS-80 Color Computer 16K

Format: Cassette

Language: Machine

Summary: Professional adaptation
of Centipede

Price: $24.95
Manufacturer:

Tom Mix Software
3424 College N.E.
Grand Rapids, MI 49505

that of Caterpillar. Rather than rehash
the basic information, let's discuss the
program itself. After EXECuting Kater-
pillar, you are presented with a very
professional banner page. After the pro-
gram displays the scoring table, you play
the game.

The graphics in Katerpillar are very
crisp, hi-res shapes. The choice of colors
is good and pleasing to the eye. As in
Caterpillar, the insects move smoothly
and don't flicker on and off.

Katerpillar is not a silent game; every-
ting you do is accompanied by sound
effects.

I can find only two faults with Kater-
pillar. Sometimes the centipedes don't
drop down as they are supposed to; they
get caught in an endless loop until you
shoot away one of the mushrooms upon
which they continue to bounce. The other
thing I didn't like about Katerpillar is that
your shooter can move up and down only
within two horizontal rows. This severely
limits your movement and makes the
game for two difficult.

If you enjoy Centipede, but like pretty
colors and flashy programming, Kater-
pillar is better than Caterpillar. Unfortu-
nately there is no program available that
combines the playablility of one with the
professionalism of the other; you must
decide which is more important to you.

9. What kind of a game
can you make with

END GAME is a fun, flexible, new way to create some of the best entertain-
ment available for home computers. END GAME is the type of tool that
Crowther/Woods would have used to create their game IF it had been availa-
ble. END GAME is your way to write the game that you always knew existed in
the back of your mind — but you never had the time and knowledge to
program. END GAME is a useful utility for creating the type of game that many
schools are using to promote computer literacy and analytical thinking.
What is END GAME? Find out at your local software dealer or from SIERRA
ON-LINE INC. Find out how much creative fun you can buy for $39 95.

Available on APPLE

SIERR/^ENTIJRE

fScerra

1-LINE INC

3G57S NHJDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 3S2 5025 2Q9 633 6858

10. Which top Apple
originator recommends

His friend Steven Jobs helped him develop the Apple II and LISA 2.5 helps him
develop machine language programs for it.

LISA does the same for other top programmers including graphics wizard
Mark Pelczarski, Hi-Res adventure author Ken Williams and arcade author
Olaf Lubeck. LISA is an assembler in use by people that use them everyday
Take a look at LISA 2.5. We think you'll agree with the Apple inventor(— )? (we
won't give you the name). LISA is available at your local computer store for
$79.95 or order directly from SIERRA ON-LINE.

Available on APPLE

SIERRA

BUSINESS

PRODUCTS

a i ^Sienna,

h Jon-line inc

36575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 2096836858

December 1982 c Creative Computing

77

The Smith-CoronaTP-1 is the only
letter- quality printer for under $90Q

No wonder its so popular!

The Smith-Corona'TP-f Daisy Wheel Printer.

Big problem! You want to get a beautiful, letter-
quality printer. Yet you want to keep costs down.
Welcome solution: the Smith-Corona TP-1.

It's the only daisy wheel printer on the market
that sells for under $900. So you can get the print
quality you really want in a printer, at a price that's
well within your budget. (In fact, it's so reasonable,
you may find you want a TP-1 even if you already
own a dot matrix.)

The TP-1 is just right for small businesses or
in-home users. No wonder ifs already a huge
success!

The print quality of the TP-1 stands up against
printers costing three times as much. In fact, you'll
get results identical to those of the finest office type-
writers. So you'll never again have to send an impor-
tant letter that doesn't look important.

The TP-1 is also suitable for reports and manu-
scripts. Even budgets and forms.

Just as important, the TP-1 is amazingly simple
to operate. And ifs compatible with most microcom-
puters and available with either standard serial or
parallel data interface.

The basic TP-1 handles letter and legal sized
paper. A tractor feed option to handle either fanfold
or single sheet paper will be available soon. There's
a choice of easy-to-change, state-of-the-art daisy
print wheels. And ribbon cassettes that just drop in
—simple as that.

One other thing: unlike many printers, the
Smith-Corona TP-1 is made in America.

So don't settle for a dot matrix printer when
you can find (or add) real letter-quality results at
an incredibly low price. With the Smith-Corona
TP-1 daisy ^ *jA- C^
wheel printer. ^mitn-\^OIT)na

I

I

Name.
Title_

Please send me information on the Smith-Corona
TP-1 daisy wheel printer.

1

Company Name_
Business Address.
City

D check if dealer

.State.

Zip.

Mail coupon to:

Jerry Diener, Vice President Sales

Smith-Corona

65 Locust Avenue, New Canaan, Ct. 06840

CIRCLE 315 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CC-12J

•Manufacturer's suggested retail is under $900, but prices may vary.

A

Venturer

Exidy's Venture video game was the
first to use arcade game action in a fantasy
role-playing scenario. The player, Winky,
delves into treasure-filled rooms armed
with only a bow and arrows. Verturer,
from Aardvark Software, is a Color Com-
puter program based on Venture.

Winky is a small, circular figure who
has only one goal: to grab treasures while
avoiding the monsters that guard them.
In Venturer, there is one large room com-
posed of four smaller sub-rooms. Each
sub-room has one treasure in it. When
Winky enters a room, a picture of the
room, the treasure, the monsters, and
Winky expands to fill the screen. The
player must fight his way to the treasure,
grab it, and quickly run from the room.

Players in Venturer use the right joy-
stick to manuever Winky and aim arrows;
the left joystick is used to pause the game
if necessary. Pressing the button on the
right joystick causes Winky to fire an

arrow in the direction he is pointing. If
the arrow hits a monster, it turns into a
gravestone and after a while, disappears.
The sound effects in Venturer are very
nice ; better than in most Color Computer
programs. Venturer is a machine language
program that uses hi-res graphics. Unfor-
tunately, the program does not use over-
lay routines that allow one shape to pass
over another without destroying one of
them. This could have been done differ-
ently and the effect would have been
much more professional. As the program

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Venturer

Type: Fantasy /arcade

System: TRS-80 Color Computer 16K

Format: Cassette /disk

Language: Machine

Summary: Best Venture program
on the market

Price: Cassette $19.95/disk $21.95

Manufacturer:

Aardvark Software
2352 S. Commerce
Walled Lake, MI 48088

now stands, if one object passes over
another, the one on the bottom is masked
out.

There is on-screen scoring in Venturer,
but no indication as to how many men
you have left. You win free men at various
point intervals.

Although the four rooms are always
the same, the monster and treasure shapes
differ at advanced levels. Unlike Venture,
in Venturer, each room of a specific level
contains the same treasures. After you
have grabbed all four treasures, you
advance to the next level where the
treasures are different. The monsters and
treasures are merely graphic shapes; they
always act in the same manner, yet they
appear to be different.

One difference between this program
and the coin-op game is that instead of
Hall Monsters coming into a room if you
stay too long, barricades are built. A
barricade starts at the top of the screen
and slowly a line is drawn down. If you
are caught on one side of a barricade and
the door is on the other, there is no
escape.

Venturer, although it doesn't offer the
amount of variety found in the arcade
game, is a well written Color Computer
program. It plays like its coin-op cousin
and is sure to please a variety of computer
users.

1 1 . What does E-P-F
stand for?

Extra-Powerful FORTRAN? Easily programmed FORTH? The exact meaning
of the initials is for you to define, but we can tell you that EPF IV makes
programming easier.

EPF IV lets you use the power of the Apple to help you program by letting the
Apple do work like keeping track of line numbers and maintaining files. It also
offers a powerful Applesoft editor that provides functions like global search
and delete, global replace, copy and move block of text and other functions
that you currently use with your word processor. Cut out the redundancy of
Applesoft code in your program and let the computer do the boring work for a
change. Experience Programming Fun. Check out EPF IV. Available now at
your local computer store for$79.95 or order directly from SIERRAON-LINE.

Available on APPLE

SIERRA

BUSINESS
PRODUCTS

* JON-LINE INC

3G575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 209 683 6358

12. What popular office
furnishing is threatened
with extinction because
of the 2.0 release of

THE

GENERAL
MANAGER

They are being replaced and recycled all over America — as more people
learn about the computerized filing system that works for you not vice-
versa. The GENERAL MANAGER lets you set up the same filing system on
your Apple that you currently have stored in your outdated office product
— but now the system works for you! All the information in your filing
system suddenly comes together so you get facts and files that you need —
FAST!! GENERAL MANAGER 2.0 is easily customized and comes with
complete easy-to-read documentation. GENERAL MANAGER is making
office furniture obsolete at local computer stores everywhere or by
ordering directly from SIERRA ON-LINE.

Available on APPLE

SIERRA

BUSINESS

PRODUCTS

\Scenno,

fc JON-LINE INC

36575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 209 683 6858

December 1982 c Creative Computing

79

<

•

YSliA

T

"^^gcmini 10

1

VI

FOR PRINTER VALUE THAT'S
OUT OF THIS WORLD

Over thirty years of down-to-earth experi-
ence as a precision parts manufacturer has
enabled Star to produce the Gemini series
of dot matrix printers — a stellar combina-
tion of printer quality, flexibility, and reliabil-
ity. And for a list price of nearly 25% less
than the best selling competitor.

The Gemini 10 has a 10" carriage and
the Gemini 15 a 15%" carriage. Plus, the
Gemini 15 has the added capability of a bot-
tom paper feed. In both models, Gemini
quality means a print speed of 100 cps, high-
resolution bit image and block graphics,
and extra fast forms feed.

Gemini's flexibility is embodied in
its diverse specialized printing
capabilities such as super/
sub script, underlining, back- '
spacing, double strike mode
and emphasized print mode. An-
other extraordinary standard micron

feature is a 4k buffer (with an additional 4k
on the serial board). That's twice the mem-
ory of leading, comparable printers. And
Gemini is compatible with most software
packages that support the leading printers.

Gemini reliability is more than just a
promise. It's as concrete as a 180 day war-
ranty (90 days for ribbon and print head), a
mean time between failure rate of 5 million
lines, a print head life of more than 1 million
characters, and a 100% duty cycle that
allows the Gemini to print continuously.
Plus, prompt, nationwide service is readily
available.

So if you're looking for an incredibly

a high-quality, low-cost printer
' that's out of this world, look
r ^ to the manufacturer with its
[ feet on the ground — Star and

® the Gemini 10, Gemini 15 dot

i n c matrix printers.

unary stanaara micro nics«mc matrix printers.

MAKING A NAME FOR OURSELVES

1120 Empire Central Place, Suite 216, Dallas, TX 75247
For more information, please call Bob Hazzard, Vice President, at (214) 631-8560.

CIRCLE 336 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Galax Attax

Spectral Associates was one of the first
software firms to produce games exclu-
sively for the Color Computer. Galax
Attax is their licensed version of Midway's
popular Galaxian arcade game.

creative GOiRpatiRg

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Galax Attax

Type: Arcade

System: TRS-80 Color Computer 16K

Format: Cassette

Language: Machine

Summary: Licensed version
of Galaxian

Price: $21.95

Manufacturer:

Spectral Associates
141 Harvard
Tacoma, WA 98466

Like most arcade games for the Color
Computer, Galax Attax is a one player
game. As in Galaxian, you have three
laser bases located on the bottom of the
screen. A convoy of invaders looms over-
head. Occasionally, individual aliens
break out of formation and attack your
ship. Shooting attacking aliens is worth
more than killing them while they are in
the convoy.

You move your ship across the bottom
using the right joystick. Pressing the
button fires one laser shot into the air.
Your ship seems to hop along the screen
rather than slide across as you would
expect it to. It is hard to control the
movement of your ship accurately.

Galax Attax boasts one of the most
colorful hi-res playscreens I have seen on
the Color Computer. The small stars in
the background slowly scroll, given the
illusion of three dimensions. The alien
movements are fluid, not jumpy.

There is a graphic representation of
the number of ships left and a running
total score. The game itself is challenging
and fun to play. The sound effects are
never ending. In addition to the sounds of
explosions, diving ships, and laser bursts,
there is always the droning noise from the
engines. All in all, Galax Attax is a very
enjoyable game-which remains true at all
times to its parent, Galaxian.

Berserk

In the arcades, Stern's Berzerk game
has a large following. When Atari released
their home VCS version of Berzerk back
in August, the demand for the game
almost cleared the shelves. Not surpris-
ingly, Color Computer owners also want
to enjoy the thrill of Berzerk-luckily,
there is Berserk from Mark Data Pro-
ducts.

In Berserk, you play a human trapped
in a maze complex. Killer robots have
been unleashed to see that you do not
escape. You must destroy robots by

creative corcspufcircg

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Berserk

Type: Arcade

System: TRS-80 Color Computer 16K

Format: Cassette /disk

Language: Machine

Summary: Adapation of Berzerk

Price: $24.95/$29.95

Manufacturer:

Mark Data Products
23802 Barquilla
Mission Viejo,CA 92691

1 3. What free health
service does the
popular arcade game

0mh

have to

offer?

Imagine, if you can, being set loose in a candy store to munch all the goodies you
can possibly eat 1 Race around the store with your jaws chewing away, but
beware of the rowdy kids loose in the store. They play a little rough and can be a
real pain in the tooth 1 After you've eaten your fill, we have a special feature that
may help reduce cavities. To find and take advantage of our free services, try a
JAWBREAKER Available from your local computer store for $29.95 or order
directly from SIERRA ON-LINE.

Available on APPLE and ATARI

SIERRf\ VISIO N

m WON-LINE INC

36575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 9W 362 5025 209 633 6358

14. How many
parachutes can fall
before you are the
victim of

<2>|

^SiS

wAjIS

e

<3)|

In this fast-action arcade game, you are seated behind the working end of a
powerful gun base You must use this anti-aircraft weapon to single handedly
fight off the rain of helicopters and their cargo of parachuting saboteurs Watch
out for jets equipped with lethal homing bombs, if you let any of them go, it's all
over for you' How many parachutes can hit the ground before you experience
SABOTAGE? Available from your local computer store for $24 95 or order
directly from SIERRA ON-LINE.

Available on APPLE

ISIOM

a i ^Sierra

m WON-LINE INC

36575 NHJDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD f CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5325 209 633 6353

December 1982 c Creative Computing

81

The speed and power of an IBM PC

on a $345 Apple® card.

FAST 5 MHZ OPERATION,
TRUE MULTIPROCESSING

ALF's AD8088 Processor Card adds a fast 16-bit
8088, the processor used in the IBM PC, to your
Apple II. It runs programs from its on-board memory
at a full 5 MHz— 12% faster than the IBM PC— while
the Apple also runs at full speed. And two or more
AD8088's can be used in one Apple, to tackle
problems that are beyond many mainframe systems.

CP/M-86 AND 192K MEMORY

CP/M-86® , the 8088 version of the industry stan-
dard CP/M operating system, is available for the
AD8088 for only $200. AD8088 CP/M-86 uses the
popular Microsoft Softcard® disk format so you can
buy the latest programs direct from major software
distributors like Lifeboat Associates.

CP/M-86 uses only 18K, leaving 46K for pro-
grams on a 64K Apple — easily enough memory to
assemble 12K of object code. For large programs,
our $370 AD128K Memory Card provides 110K

program space, or 174K program space (192K
system memory) for an extra $75.

THE 8087 NUMERIC DATA PROCESSOR

The AD128K Memory Card features a socket ioi
the Intel 8087 Numeric Data Processor. The 8087's
80-bit internal format gives 18 digits of accuracy
(Applesoft has only 9). Its speed is equally impres-
sive: it multiplies two 80-bit floating-point numbers
faster than the Apple runs 10 machine codes!

FASTER APPLESOFT FOR SCIENTIFIC &
ANALYTICAL PROGRAMS

Any program can be rewritten for fast operation
with the 8088, but ALFs "FTL" program speeds up
math in your existing Applesoft programs — without
modification . FTL is activated simply by typing RUN
FTL. Programs produced by TASC® or Expediter II®
also run faster. The graphs below show the dramatic
improvement with FTL.

51.7

10 PRINT "2 3 ";
20 FOR B = 5 TO

1000 STEP 2
30FORC = 3TO

SQR(B)STEP2
40 IFB/C = INT

(B/C)THEN70
50 NEXT
60 PRINT B;" ";
70 NEXT B

Program to compute
prime numbers
from 2 to 1000.

WITHOUT FTL I

23.2

t

40.8

WITHOUT FTL J

12.2

tz

APPLESOFT TASC EXPEDITER

execution time in seconds

RELIABLE LOW POWER OPERATION

The clean design of the "AD" series separates the
two main components— processor and expansion
memory, when needed — on two cards. Low-power
components are used for cooler operation: each card
draws less than an Apple ROM card— far less than a
typical 80-column card.

SEE YOUR APPLE DEALER TODAY

An Apple II computer with 64K (48K plus
Language Card equivalent) and 13- or 16-sector disk
drive is required. The AD8088 and AD128K can be
used in any slot.

Trademarks: "Apple": Apple Computer, "TASC", "Softcard": Microsoft, "Expediter II": Einstein/Goodrow, "CP/M-86": Digital Research

A L F PRODUCTS INC. 1448 ESTES DENVER, CO 80215

[303] 234-OS71

CIRCLE 106 ON READER SERVICE CARD

shooting at them, but no matter how many
you kill, you can never escape. Coming
into contact with either the electrified
walls or the robots is deadly. If you wait
in a room too long, a smiling Evil Orville
chases you out or kills you.

Berserk plays just like the arcade ver-
sion, only a little bit slower— even though
it is written in machine language. One or
two players may compete, alternating
turns. You use the joystick to move your
man through the maze. If you press the
fire button, you stop and shoot in the
direction that you were moving.

There is no on-screen scoring, nor any
indication as to the number of men
remaining. When you lose a man, the
computer switches to a lo-res screen that
shows you this information.

The colorful hi-res graphics of Berserk
surpass even those of the original arcade
game. The movement of the player is
very smooth; it actually looks like a real
human running. The animation of the
robots is equally impressive.

Berserk has nice sound effects that
enhance game play. One thing I have

found that detracts from the game is the
fact that many rooms repeat themselves.
In the coin-op version, each room is
created randomly whereas in Berserk the
rooms seem to be in memory. This leads
to rather repetitious playing.

Aside from this small fault, I found
Berserk a very enjoyable game.

Astro Blast

Another game from Mark Data Pro-
ducts that originated in the arcades is
Astro Blast. The coin-op game it is
modeled after, Astro Fighter, never really
enjoyed much success in the arcades. This
is strange because it has been imitated on
all of the popular home computers.

In Astro Blast you control a laser base
situated on the bottom of the screen. On
each of the first three boards, there is a
group of one type of alien. When you
destroy an entire group, you advance to
the next board. After clearing all three
boards, you must dock to replenish your
fuel supply; if you run out of fuel, the
game is over.

Astro Blast requires the right joystick
only, even if two players are competing.
Your ship is very responsive to the joy-
stick controls, but not overly so. The
movement of both the aliens and your

creative conepatiRg

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: AstroBlast

Type: Arcade

System: TRS-80 Color Computer 16K

Format: Cassette /disk

Language: Machine

Summary: One of the best space
shoot 'em ups

Price: $24.95 cassette, $29.95 disk

Manufacturer:

Mark Data Products
23802 Barquilla
Mission Viejo,CA 92691

ship is as professional as in the arcade
version.

The explosions in Astro Blast are per-
haps the nicest I have seen in any game-
on any computer. The graphics are hi-res
and extremely colorful. There are sound
effects linked to every action which add
to the playability of the game.

I think that Astro Blast is one of the
best-written arcade games currently avail-
able for the Color Computer. It is a very
faithful adaptation of Astro. Fighter and
well worth the price.

15. What shocking and
terrible sound could
you possibly hear in a
game called

This unique software package contains four amusing and challenging arcade
games for the price of one 1 CREEPY CORRIDORS and APPLE ZAP will get your
adrenalin flowing, while SPACE RACE and MINE FIELD will drive you mad — with
enjoyment 1 What frightening sound of death will make you laugh? Play LAFF PAK
for the humorous answer Available at your local computer store for $29.95 or
order directly from SIERRA ON-LINE

Available on APPLE fi \ \j£ceWKl

siFRWmiOH K M UON-LINE INC

36575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 209 683 6358

1 6. How many men are
in the spaceships of

M\A

V -L.1

' M^ . ^

^-§mwi-tamwi tj*t

.# mr tw if

w^

\u

w

*t

V

Attempting to destroy the power center on a planet with a progammed defense
system and a race of robotic sentries is one of the most dangerous jobs in the
galaxy Many warriors from all sectors of space have tried, and disappeared
forever. That's why it's necessary for several men to try. How many fighters can
exit a spaceship and attempt to become the victorious MARAUDER 9 Available
at your local computer store for $29 95 or order directly from SIERRA ON-LINE

Available on APPLE

SIERRWISIOM

k [/ON-LINE INC

36575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 209 683 6858

December 1982 c Creative Computing

83

UPDATING YOUR FILES

HARD WORK

We all know
it's got to be
done. A new
address for a

company you deal with means
changing the records right away.
A client gets married and
changes her name. Another
change that has to be made in the records. If you're
faced with several filing cabinets filled with folders,
making simple changes becomes a complicated, time
consuming job. And if your mailing list is generated
from those records, or if you rely on them for billing
information, you'd better make those changes quick.

Relax, DB MASTER makes updating records quick
and easy. All you've got to do is call up the name of
the company or client on the view screen. It takes
about three seconds. When the record appears, make
the appropriate changes right then. It's over and done
with. Immediately. No retyping of an entire record. No
anxiety. And as soon as you've made the change, say,
from "Colleen Patterson" to "Colleen Smith," DB
MASTER refiles it under the new name in the proper
sequence. It's all over in less time than it takes you to
walk over to the filing cabinet.

And it's easy to correct, change or edit any part of a
record. Imagine the time savings when you're
constantly updating inventory or job records.

We designed DB MASTER to make your life easier.
Sure, there are other data base systems for your Apple
II. But if you're not using DB MASTER you're simply

MASTER

IT'S EASY.

not getting all
you could from
your data base
manager.
Want more capability?
DB MASTER provides it with
the expanded-capacity Special
Edition for Hard Disk to
complement the popular floppy diskette version.
And there are three powerful accessory programs.
UTILITY PAK #1, for example, allows you to access
other standard Apple files (including VisiCalc), and
even change the way you've structured your files.
UTILITY PAK #2 allows you to edit or change up to
five "fields" in a single pass through your files. And
STAT PAK performs statistical analyses on data in
your DB MASTER files. Of course, there's
considerably more capability in each of our accessory
paks than we have room to talk about here. Ask your
dealer for the full details.

Stoneware backs up DB MASTER with a support
staff second to none. Just give us a call. We can help
solve your problems. After all, that's what Stoneware
and DB MASTER are all about.

z 1982 Stoneware Incorporated.

TELEX II: 910-384-2016 STONEWARE SRFL

DB MASTER is a registered tradema* of DB MASTER Associates. Apple II Plus is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.

CIRCLE 338 ON READER SERVICE CARD

War Kings

The preceding six reviews have dealt
with programs that are conversions of
coin-op arcade games. This review and
the next, however, concern adaptations
of games that run on the Atari VCS. War
Kings is a Color Computer version of
Atari's Warlords. Warlords itself is an
advanced version of Breakout.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: War Kings

Type: Arcade

System: TRS-80 Color Computer 16K

Format: Cassette

Language: Machine

Summary: Warped version of
Breakout

Price: $19.95

Manufacturer:

Tom Mix Software
3424 College N.E.
Grand Rapids, Ml 49505

In War Kings, each player controls a
shield that deflects a bouncing bullet. The
object is to protect your castle while
trying to penetrate your enemy's. Each
time the bullet bounces off the castle, it
chips away a piece ct tVi e wall. Once a
hole has been carve ' all t^e way through
the wall, the bullet can pass through and
hit the king. When that happens, the game
is over.

Each player uses one joystick to man-
euver his shield around the outside of the
castle. The shield does not slide wildly,
but rather, in a normal manner. Unfortu-
nately, the bullet doesn't seem to respond
to attempts to put english on it. You
cannot spin the shield quickly just as the
bullet hits it, and cause it to change its
path radically.

War Kings is written in machine lan-
guage and uses hi-res graphics. The play-
field has lots of color. The only thing that
moves in addition to your shields, is the
bouncing bullet. The bullet follows logical
paths, depending on the angle of deflec-
tion. The sound effects in War Kings
provide an enjoyable addition to the
rather limited game play.

War Kings is similar to a two player
version of Warlords on the Atari VCS. If
you enjoy Warlords, or Breakout for that
matter, you will probably have lots of fun
playing War Kings. With three selectable

levels of difficulty, War Kings can provide
a challenge for just about any contender.

Catch Em

Catch Em is the first Color Computer
version of Activisiorfs immensely popular
Kaboom. After playing Catch Em, Vm
sure you'll agree that no other adaptation
of this Atari VCS game need be written.

In Catch Em, the object is to catch all
of the falling articles (aliens) with your
paddles at the bottom of the screen. You

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Catch Em

Type: Arcade

System: TRS-80 Color Computer 16K

Format: Cassette /disk

Language: Machine

Summary: Similar to Kaboom

Price: $19.95 cassette, $21.95 disk

Manufacturer:

Aardvark Software
2352 S. Commerce
Walled Lake, MI 48088

17. What winged
defense system emits a
deathbolt of fire in

Traversing the reaches of space in the exploration ship PEGASUS II. you are
suddenly the victim of an unprovoked attack It seems you have triggered the
defense systems of a very unfriendly planet. Luckily you are equipped with
defense lasers and ground missiles What amazing beast can breathe your
death? Explore the answer by playing PEGASUS II Available from your local
computer store for $29 95 or order directly from SIERRA ON-LINE

1 8. Name one piece of
hardware that

Available on APPLE

SIERR/MSIOH

36575 mVDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5625 209 633 6858

L

allows you to do
without?

At Sierra On-Line Inc., we know that users want simplicity when they look for
word processing software, and to us — simplicity means solving the little
problems that can sometimes keep you from your work.
We made a great effort to make our users manual more of a learning tool and less
of a rule book. The tutorial is written to teach you the system completely as you
read through it, and a summary of all commands is always available in a special
HELP file on disk. You may never need to reference the manual again, once
you've read it the first time. Installation of the system is so simple that it doesn't
require you to open the lid of your Apple Just load the SCREENWRITER program
and you see the software based lowercase and 40 to 70 column selectable
screen that On-Line has become famous for. That's right 1 NO EXTRA HARD-
WARE NEEDED.

We work to make our word processor the most user friendly, trouble-free product
on*he market, and SCREENWRITER II is the fruit of our efforts Available at your
local comDuter store for $129 95 or order directly from SIERRA ON-LINE
Available on APPLE

SIERRA
BUSINESS Ufi.) 1>*?™ IK - „ ,~

PRODUCTS Vfc l/ON-LINE INC

36575 NHJDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5Q25 209 683 6858

December 1982 £ Creative Computing

85

RestonBooks Give You a Helping Hand

with...

^, it — "

tfrpUjdUlon

.1 v.'.m

i

«,

1 ""uppiqa: ■

^jjv

ifi

1 [ |

1

■

Get more from VisiCalc with new books from Reston Publishing

Company. These books make VisiCalc understandable to beginners,

while exploring expanded applications for the advanced user. For

prospective buyers of VisiCalc, the books offer an opportunity to study

the potentials and capabilities of VisiCalc before making an

investment.

THE VISICALC BOOK, by Donald H. Beil, is
available in Atari*, Apple II*, and IBM Personal*
editions. The book presents a straightforward,
plain-language approach to understanding and
using the software. Numerous practice problems
and the >x design-your-own" model technique
enable you to apply VisiCalc in no time.
Paperback: $14.95

Learn to customize VisiCalc to your own needs
with THE VISICALC APPLICATIONS BOOK by Jack
Grushcow. Opening with VisiCalc basics, the book
goes on to put the software to use in practical
business situations. Discover the hows and wheres
of applying VisiCalc to your day-to-day problems.
For use with Atari, TRS 80 I and II*, and IBM
Personal computers.
Paperback: $14.95

Available through your local computer store or bookstore. Or call: 800- 336-0338

RestonBooks Reston Publishing Company, Inc.

A Prentice-Hall Company, 1 1480 Sunset Hills Road,

Reston, VA 22090

"VisiCalc" is a registered trademark of
Personal Software, Inc., VisiCorp. Other
trademarks include: Atari". Atari, Inc.;
Apple", Apple Computer, Inc,; TRS 80"
Radio Shack, Div. of Tandy Corp,; and
IBM", International Business Machines,
Corp.

CIRCLE 297 ON READER SERVICE CARD

start off with three paddles stacked on
top of each other. If you let an object
pass below the bottom paddle, you lose
the lowest paddle of the stack. When all
of your paddles are gone, the game is
over. Objects are dropped in clusters from
the top of the screen. You must simply
touch an object with any paddle to
"catch" it.

You use the right joystick to manuever
your paddles around the screen. Pushing
the fire button launches a group of aliens.
There is a total of 16 groups per attack
wave. Each group of aliens is different in
appearance. This variety is one of the
things that make Catch Em such a fun
game.

Catch Em, like all good programs, is
written in machine language. The graph-
ics are hi-res and plentiful. The aliens are
very detailed and colorful, and the sound
effects are nice, when they are there.

Although I find the game a bit simple
during the first wave or two, it does
eventually speed up and become very
difficult. Children and less coordinated
adults will find that Catch Em provides a
challenge without being insultingly easy.

Catch Em is one of my favorite relaxing
games. After battling aliens and blowing
things out of the cosmos, it is nice to play
a game in which everything is not out to
kill you.

Bounceoids

In Asteroids, leaving the edge of the
screen in any direction results in the
player reappearing on the opposite side.
This feature is called "wrap-around."

What do you think would happen if
you took the popular arcade game. Aster-
oids, and removed the wrap-around func-

imMmmsmm

creative corapiifciRg

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Bounceoids
Type: Asteroids variation
System: TRS-80 Model I/III
Format: Cassette /disk
Language: Machine
Summary: Very good arcade game
Price: Tape $15.95, disk $19.95
Manufacturer:

The Cornsoft Group
6008 North Ketstone Ave.
Indianapolis, IN 46220

1 9. Name one piece of
hardware and one large
book that

PROFESSIONAL

allows you to do
without?

One look at our software based lower case and 70 column screen should tell you
what hardware SCREENWRITER PROFESSIONAL makes obsolete, but only a
closer look will tell you which big book you won't need to reference anymore.
This package includes our powerful verification system, complete with a
workbook that contains the correct spelling of over 29.000 words. SCREEN-
WRITER PROFESSIONALoffers our best-selling word processor complimented
with our powerful spelling verification system, a team that is sure to cut the cost
of your word processing system SCREENWRITER PROFESSIONAL is an
exceptional value, costing less than all comparable word processors at only
$199.95 In fact, the total price of this software based product is less than the
price you could pay for the hardware needed to run competing products. Let
SCREENWRITER PROFESSIONAL help make your word processing easier to
understand and easier on your budget Available from your local computer store
for $1 99.95 or order directly from SIERRA ON-LINE

Available on APPLE

SIERRA

BUSINESS

PRODUCTS

a i )Scerta

M ISON-LINE INC

36575 MIDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 209 683 6B5S

20. What's the extra
advantage in

LISA

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

Just as LISA is the wise choice for the professional assembly programmer

— LISA EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM is the obvious choice for the beginner who

wants to learn assembly language

LISA EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM offers LISA assembler Randy Hydes' 300 page

book on assembly for beginners. USING 6502 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; and a

special library of machine language sub routines that can be used to simulate

basic, allowing the Applesoft programmer to begin writing assembly language

just hours after opening the manual

LISA EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM is a valuable tool for the beginner and is available

for $119.95 or order directly from SIERRA ON-LINE

Available on APPLE

SIERRA

BUSINESS

PRODUCTS

a i JScevuz

* JON-LINE INC

36575 HflUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 209 683 6858

December 1982 c Creative Computing

87

THE NORMAL EXPECTATIONS

OF SMALL BUSINESS

All too often our normal
expectations for small business
financial reporting are "logically
abnormal". We limit our finan-
cial reporting activity to satisfy-
ing the needs of the IRS. Kept
hidden in most financials is val-
uable information waiting to be
found to assist us in managing
our business more profitably.
Our normal expectations dictate
that the cost and difficulty of
organizing and reporting such
valuable information will pre-
vent its access.

Likewise, most general ledger
systems for the Apple II invari-
ably restrict themselves to assist-
ing us in satisfying the IRS . . .
and not much more.

ACU=LEDGER, a newly in-
troduced Financial Manage-
ment System, represents a dra-
matic departure from the "norm".

ACU^LEDGER simultaneously
addresses:

= General Ledger Requirements

(IRS, etc.)
= Product Profitability Analysis

(Job Cost)

(with automatic proration of

'overhead burden')
= Financial Budgeting, Forecast-
ing, and Modeling
= Automatic Depreciation

Scheduling/ Posting (including

A.C.R.S.)
= Instantaneous, upon demand

(on line) inquiry
= Two Accounting Months

"open" simultaneously
= Full Year's detail entries

retained on the current file

Moreover, ACU^LEDGER al-
lows you to describe your vi-
sion of your environment (em-
phasizing Marketing, Opera-
tions, both, etc.). You can even
describe your environment em-
phasizing one aspect, period-
ically re-organize to emphasize
another, produce the manage-
ment reports, and switch back to
the original 'profile' — or stay
with the new!

All of this is done within an
integrated, logical universe (no
costly redundant input for "Bud-
get vs. Actual" Reporting, etcj.
In fact, your bookkeepers' skills
will improve because they use
ACU^LEDGER (many book-
keepers' present difficulties are
directly traceable to a problem
in finding the "logical thread"
that holds the current system
together).

ACL^LEDGER's logical struc-
ture is easily matched by its
technical sophistication, viz.:

= Produces many times more
reports than competitive systems
(up to 289 unique P&L's, daily if
you choose)

= Stores many times more entries
than any competitive system

= Has multiple techniques for
most functions (may use any or
all of 4 methods to post entries)

= Extremely efficient — One test
"closed" one day's 3,440
"entry-sides" in 2 1 /: minutes!

ACU= LEDGER is so versa-
tile that it can be operated in a
very restrictive manner (mini-
mal skill level); or it can be
operated utilizing all of its
advanced features (or any-
where in between). Migration
from one level to another can
be effected as you become
familiar with ACU^LEDGER;
and comfort can be taken in the
recognition that as your needs
change, ACU^LEDGER can
change with you.

A©y=LEOOER

rr5)TM

for the
Apple Il/Apple II Plus
DOS 3.3 (floppy disk)

48K RAM/Printer
Suggested Price $495.00

For more information, see your
Apple Dealer or write:

THE

NATIONAL

SOFTWARE CO.

Chamber of Commerce Building

Suite 105
Baltimore, Md. 21202

(301)539-0124
Distributed Exclusively

by

Dealer Inquiries Welcome

A©U=LED

TM

A©U=LED

TM

ACU=LED

TM

CIRCLE 247 ON READER SERVICE CARD Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

tion? Bounceoids, the new machine lan-
guage program written by Robert Pappas,
is very similar to that, but much, much
more.

The concept of a game of Asteroids
without the wrap-around is novel enough,
but Bounceoids has a slew of added
features to tempt the arcade addict in us
all. Bounceoids offers the traditional
features such as bonus ships, high scores,
multiple skill levels, a two-player mode,
and fast graphics. It also has many differ-
ent challenge stages, sound effects, two
sets of keyboard controls, and a variety
of strange bounceoid creatures out for
blood— your blood.

Bounceoids comes on a self-booting
disk that works on both the TRS-80 Model
I and III. The internal documentation is
well written and explains the controls,
point system and how the game is played.
You are then prompted to enter the
number of players (1 or 2) and the skill
level (0-9). Regardless of the level you
enter, it will increase at every 10,000
points, until eventually it reaches nine.

If you are playing a two-player game.

each player may choose a different start-
ing skill level. This is similar to the start-
up sequence found on the coin-op game,
Tempest by Atari. It is nice to see pro-
grammers making their games function
more and more like true arcade games.

The graphics on Bounceoids are fast
and smooth— even when the screen is
filled with objects in every possible direc-
tion.

Controlling your ships is easy. You have
the choice of using one of two

different sets of keyboard controls or a
joystick. One of the sets of keyboard
controls is identical to those found in Big
Five's Super Nova program. This makes
it easy for those of us who have become
accustomed to those controls.

By using an amplifier connected
through the cassette port, you will be
treated to sound effects. Using sound
effects is the only way to really know how
much shield power you have left. Each
time your ship is struck while you are
using the shields, you lose power. By
listening to the sound when you engage
the shields, you can tell how many more
collisions your ship can survive. At every
10,000 points you are awarded a new
ship.

Since Bounceoids does not increase
significantly in difficulty once you reach
skill level nine, it is theoretically possible

to play forever, as long as you keep
winning new ships.

Bounceoid boulders do not break into
smaller pieces when shot; but it takes
four hits to eliminate one. There are also
Tiny Bounceoids Clusters in which many,
many rocks all occupy the same space
and follow the same path. These can
become quite confusing, not to mention
difficult to destroy.

"We can only afford to do one thing at a time...
Last Christmas we bought a hunch of electronic
games, and the next Christmas we're going to buy
the batteries for them. "

21. What leading
software publisher has
changed it's name, and
why?

Why change your name when you're a leader in the industry? Why change the
symbol of a proven winner? The reason is time. As times change, so must
leaders if they're to remain on top. We set TODAY'S industry standards and
we'll set the standards for TOMORROW. We develop software specifically
tailored for the user, whether they are at home, the office or in school. When
you find the answer, remember it — you've found a WINNER!

22. You may travel
through dungeons,
over land and sea,
through space and
what else?

There is no place to hide from the wrath of Minax the Enchantress. Her evil
presence is made known wherever you travel . .

Now. a very special map has come into your possession and with it you are given
your first chance to fight Minax on her own ground

Be careful 11 The path to her realm is paved with adventure, and will take you to
places that you've only dreamt about A walk through a very unique doorway will
take you to her, and propel you into the challenge of a lifetime-
Ultima II offers the very best in fantasy role-playing games Available at your local
computer store for $59.95 or order directly from SIERRA ON-LINE

Available on APPLE and ATARI

SIERR^ENJURE

h JONLIHE INC

36573 HfHJDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 91 362 5025 209 683 6858

December 1982 s Creative Computing

89

ortant ririhe

Fr»< Annl

For Line Surge Suppression

The SYSTEM SAVER provides es-
sential protection to hardware and
data from dangerous power surges
and spikes.

A/V/^

130
Volts
RMS

T

SYSTEM SAVER
APPLE II

y

For Cooling

As soon as you move to 64K RAM
or 80 columns on your Apple II you
need SYSTEM SAVER.

Today's advanced peripheral
cards generate more heat. In addi-
tion, the cards block any natural air
flow through the Apple II creating
high temperature conditions that
substantially reduce the life of the
cards and the computer itself.

For Operating Efficiency

SYSTEM SAVER contains two
switched power outlets. As shown
in the diagram, the SYSTEM
SAVER efficiently organizes your
system so that one convenient,
front mounted
power switch
controls SYSTEM
SAVER, Apple H,
monitor and printer.

APPLE it

PRINTER

By connecting the Apple II
power input through the SYSTEM
SAVER, power is controlled in two
ways: 1) Dangerous voltage spikes
are clipped off at a safe 130 Volts
RMS/175 Volts dc level. 2) High fre-
quency noise is smoothed out be-
fore reaching the Apple n. A PI type
filter attenuates common mode
noise signals by a minimum of
30 dB from 600 khz to 20 mhz, with
a maximum attenuation of 50 dB.

POWER

Easy Installation

Just clips on.
No mounting or
hardware required
Color matched
to Apple n.

(£) LISTED

SYSTEM SAVER provides cor-
rect cooling. An efficient, quiet fan
draws fresh air across the mother
board, over the power supply and
out the side ventilation slots.

Compatible with Apple Stand

The heavy duty switch has a
pilot light to alert when system is
on You'll never use the Apple power
switch again!

$89.95 at your local dealer or order
direct by phone or mail.

For phone or mail orders include $2.50
for handling. New York State residents add
634 % sales tax.

VISA and MASTERCARD accepted.
Dealer inquiries invited.

Kensington Microware Ltd.
300 East 54 Street, Suite 3L
New York, NY 10022
(212) 486-2802

KENSINGTON
Jm MICROWARE

CIRCLE 213 ON READER SERVICE CARD

In addition to all this, there is a speeial
creature that when hit, breaks up into
four space stations. Each station goes on
one of the four edges of the screen and
then follows your every move, occasion-
ally shooting at you. These guys get to be
a real pain in the asteroid.

Another thing Bounceoids has, that
Asteroids doesn't, is Challenge Stages. At
every 20,000 points you are treated to
one of these showdowns. A string of aliens
come on-screen and proceed to swirl
around in strange flight paterns. These
creatures can't kill you, but they sure
provide good target practice for you.
There are many different challenge stages
and unless you are very good, you will
not see them all. This variety gives you an
incentive to keep on trying just to see
what will happen next— a feature that
many games lack.

I recommend Bounceoids, it's fun, it's
different, it's good. What more can I say?
Bounceoids is a well written arcade game.
It is a good example of how a clever
programmer can take a rather bland game
concept like Asteroids, and turn it into a
great new game in its own right. If you
are sick of all the different maze type
games, Bounceoids offers a refreshing
change. Give it a try, you'll be coming
back for more.

*$*%M&0

Pool 1 .5

My initial reaction to the idea of pool
on a computer was that it would be
awfully hard to do well. Pool, I thought,
would be too much of a physical game to
run on a micro. IDSI has proven me
wrong with the release of Pool 1.5 for the
Atari.

The first nice feature that Pool 1.5
provides was revealed to me when I left
my Basic cartridge in the computer and
tried to load the program. A message
appeared on the screen saying REMOVE
CARTRIDGE. That was a refreshing
change from BOOT ERROR. After
removing Basic, the program loaded
quickly.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Pool 1.5

Type: Billiard simulation

System: Atari 48K

Format: Disk

Language: Machine

Summary: Excellent high resolution,
real time simulation

Price: $34.95

Manufacturer:

IDSI

P.O.Box 1658

Us Cruces, NM 88004

The first screen shows the pool table
and a prompt for the number of players
(1-4). There is also a Demo mode which
demonstrates the action of the balls
during play. The computer does not play
pool with people, but all of the four games
can be played alone.

The players then enter their names,
and decide which game is to be played.
The game keeps track of whose turn it is
by name and, in 8-Ball, will tell you who
has solids and who has stripes. You can
choose from Straight Pool, 8-Ball, Rota-
tion or 9-Ball. The rules of each game are

23. What's the reward
for seeing a female frog
home in

FROGGER

The perils are many for a female frog traveling alone — but a male frog could find

his springy legs full of obstacles as he tries to assist her on her journey.

Should you be a gentleman and help the lady frog home 9 Or is discretion the

better part of frogger 9 And most of all — what's your reward if you assist her to

her home (in points 1 ).

Find out the answer to these and other questions as you play Frogger. by SEGA

Available at your local computer store for $34.95 or order directly from SIERRA

ON-LINE.

t - designates a registered Trademark of Sega Enterprises, Inc.

Available on APPLE and ATARI

SIERR WISIO H

a i ^Sienna,

Mk WON-LINE INC

36575 NHJDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 209 683 6858

24. What kind of
refreshments does
mother give out in

fjUiO

The aliens keep attacking, wave after wave, but even the best arcade gamer

needs a break once in awhile. A visit to mother will give you a breather, but you II

also get something else. What it is — we won't tell'

How many waves of aliens are there 9 Although the game was introduced on the

APPLE almost a year ago. many of the most avid players of this game still haven t

seen the last of the vast array of aliens that THRESHOLD has to offer Give them

time though, they won't quit playing until they can'

Threshold is an arcade game offering over twenty waves (how many more we

won't tell) of aliens attackers brought to life with quick animation and colorful

Hi-Res Graphics Available for $39 95 at your local computer store or order

directly from SIERRA ON-LINE

Available on APPLE and ATARI

HERRW&IOM

h WON-LINE INC

36575 NHJDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 209 683 6858

December 1982 ® Creative Computing

91

GET FREE SOFTWARE FOR YOUR COMPUTER!

HOW? JUST ORDER ANY OF THE ITEMS BELOW, AND SELECT YOUR FREE SOFTWARE FROM THE BONUS
SOFTWARE SECTION, USING THE FOLLOWING RULE: FOR THE FIRST $100.00 WORTH OF MERCHANDISE
ORDERED TAKE 1 ITEM; FOR THE NEXT $200.00 WORTH OF MERCHANDISE ORDERED TAKE ANOTHER ITEM;
FOR THE NEXT $300 00 TAKE A THIRD ITEM. ETC. ALL AT NO COST

HARDWARE by APPLE COMPUTER & FRANKLIN:

APPLE ll-t- 48K 1199 PASCAL DISK ♦ BKS 200

FLOPPYDR + CNTRLR 545 FLOPPYDRIVE 465

APPLE III 128K 2999 PILOT 125

We carry the rest of the APPLE and FRANKLIN line at low low
prices' CALL'

OTHER HARDWARE for APPLE/FRANKLIN

D.C.HAYES:

Micromodeml

285 Smartmodem

•Smartmodem1200

269 16KRamcard

559
289
169

Music System
CPS Multi-function
Super Talker

NE'

MICROSOFT:

Z80Softcard

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

ExpansionChassis

A/D -i- D/ACard

X/10ControlCard

CALL FOR MORE PRICES' WE CARRY FULL L

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Centronics Par Int 115 Async Serial Int

CALL FOR MORE PRICES' WE CARRY FULL LINE'

VIDEX:

80Col Bd &Softswitch 245 Enhancerll

Enhancer I 105 Softswitch

MORE OTHER HARDWARE FOR APPLE/FRANKLIN

225
CALL

119

339
169
169

135

125
29

SSMAIO-II 195

SSMSenalASlO 115

SSMPar A°I0 99

NovationAppleCat 319

Versawnter Tablet 249
Prac Penph Microbuff

(32K) 249

Keybd Co Num Keypad 129

SunshmeJoystick 39

Game Paddles 29

Shadow 'Vet 675

SUP R MOD 29
Prac Penph Microbuff

(16K) 225

PRINTERS

OTHER SOFTWARE for APPLE/FRANKLIN:

PERSONAL SOFTWARE/VISICORP

Visicalc3 3 195 Visifiles

CALL FOR MORE PRICES' WE CARRY FULL LINE'

MICROSOFT

APPLE Fortran(Z80) 129

TASC Basic Compiler 139

TlMEManager 125

ALDS 99

MICRO-PRO

Wordstar 225

Spelistar 149

Super-Sort 149

PEACHTREE BIZ Packages all

SYSTEMSPLUS BIZPackages

APPLE CoboliZ80)

MBASlCCompiler(Z80)

MuMath

M SORT

Mail-Merge

Data-Star

Calc-Star

all

199

499
299
199
149

99
199
149

CALL

CALL

MORE OTHER SOFTWARE for APPLE/FRANKLIN:

DBMaster 179 DBMasterforCORVUS 399

PFS 85

Dakin 5 BIZ Bookkeeper 299
Broderbund Payroll 325

BPI Accounting Pkgs/ea 325

DBMaster 179

ASCII Express 55

Sorcim Super Calc 189

Howard Tax Prep 115

Howard Real EstateAnal 129

WORD-PROCESSORS & SPELLERS for APPLE

Wordstar CP/M 225 EZWriterProf Svs

MagicWandCP/M 299

Executive Secretary 199

Letter Perfect 125

Magic Window 85

Spellguard 219

WordHandler(Gives80-Col &Lower-Casewithnoboard')

EZWriterProf Sys
MUSE Super Text80
Wordpower
Hebrew II
Screenwriter II
SpellstarCP/M

149
150
50
55
110
149
199

EPSON:

MX80

MXIOOw/Graftrax
APPLE Intfce/Cbl
GRAPPLERIntfc

C.ITOH:

F-IODaisyWheel(Par)
Pro-Writer (Par/Ser)
F-10TractorOption

NEC:

PC-8023A

OUME:

SPRINT9/45

OKIDATA:

Microline82A

MicrollneTractor

Microhne83A

IDS:

560 withgraphics

Pnsm80(Basic)
Auto Sheet Feed
Sprint Mode(200cps)

SMITHCORONA:

499

729

85

149

1495
599
225

495

1995

475

59

799

1095
899
125
125

689

MX80F/T
MX80Ribbon
GRAFTRAX
MXIOORibbon

549
15
60
24

F-lODaisyWheel(Ser) 1495

Pro-Wnter(Par) 499

Printer Interfaces CALL

NEC7710Daisy 2345

DIABLO:

630 R/0 2099

Microline80 375

Olograph I 79

Microlme84(Par) 1099

Prism-PrmtSoftware 49

Prism 132(Basic) 1050

PrismColor 325

Dot Plot Graphics 85

BROTHERHR-1 CALL

ADD-ON MEMORY CARDS & DISK DRIVES

FOR APPLE

MEMORY:

Microsoft 16KRamcard
Legend 128KRamcard
Legend 64KRamcard
SVA256KAPL-Cache
AXLON320K Ram Disk

139

649

299

1045

1149

APPLE-COMPATIBLE FLOPPIES

With Controller
A35 Exact Replacement 460
A4040-Track 489

A70 70-Track 599

8 FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS:

SVAAMS8000Dual

SSDD 1945

SVAZVX4QuadCntrllr 495

CORVUS HARD DISKS

6 MB Hard Disk 2249

11 MB Hard Disk 3945

20 MB Hard Disk 4769

Saturn32KCard 199

Saturn64KCard 369

Saturn 128K Card 525

Prometheus 128K 439
16Kof4116.200NSMem 25

byMICRO-SCI:

No Controller

A35 Exact Replacement 415

A4040-Track 399

A70 70-Track 499

SVAAMS8000Dual

DSDD 2595

SVADisk2 4 2Cntrllr 359

Apple Interface 175

Other Computer Intfce CALL

Mirror Back -Up 675

MONITORS. PLOTTERS & PERIPHERALS

MONITORS:

Zenith 12 "Green 125
Amdek12"Green(300G)175

BMC 12 "Green 119

PLOTTERS

Watanabe4-Pen 1150

Strobe Plotter 1- Pen 699

Houston Inst DMP 3 929

Zenith 13 "Color
Amdek 13 "Color
BMC 12 "Color

Watanabe6-Pen
Strobel Apple Intfce
Houston Inst DMP 4

359
359
349

1400

99

1185

Elephant 5 25"
SoftSSSD/bx 25

3M5"SoftSSD/bx 27

Maxwell5"SoftSSSD/bx 31
DYSAN5"SoftSSSD/bx 37

FLOPPY DISKS

Elephant 8

SoftSSSD/6xr 29

3M8 'SoftSSSD/bx 32

Maxwell8 'SoftSSSD/bx 35
DYSAN 8 "SoftSSSD/bx 49

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

ATARI

ATARI 800(16K) 629

PAC-MAN

33

810Disk Drive 449

ATARI 410

79

16K Ram Memory 89

825 Printer

575

Microsoft Basic 69

850 Interface

169

INTEC32K Ram Memory 129

ATARI800(48K)

739

0SB0RNE1 1695

•KAYCOMPII

1699

XEROX

Full Line at Rock Bottom Prices CALL'

NEC

Full Line at Low. Low Prices' CALL'

HEWLETT-PACKARD

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HARDWARE FOR IBM PC

AMDEKColorllMonitor
BABYBLUERunCP/M'
CORVUS Hard Disks
CORVUS/IBM PC Intfce
MICR0S0FT64KRAMcd
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QUADRAM256K 4-FunctionCard
PERCOM Drives

TECMAR We carry complete line'
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SOFTWARE FOR IBM

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CONTINENTAL Home Accountant

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GENERAL CP/M SOFTWARE

MICROSOFT:

Basic 80
Basic Compiler
Fortran80
Cobol80
Macro80

MICROPRO

Wordstar
Mailmerge
Spelistar
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ASHTONTATE:

dBASEII

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FOX-GELLER:

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BONUS SOFTWARE SECTION !

|UPER MESSAGE: Creates colorful, dynamic onscreen messages in full page "chunks"
Each message allows statements of mixed typestyles. typesizes and colors in mixed up
per and lower case Styles range from regular APPLE characters, up, to double-size, double
width characters with heavy, bold font Six colors may be used for each different typestyle
Vertical and horizontal centering are available, and word wrap is automatic Users can
chain pages together to make multi-page messages Pages can be advanced manually or
automatically Multi-pagemessagescan bestored todiscorrecalledinstantly $50

APPIE DATA GRAPH 2.1: Plots up to 3 super imposed curves on the Hi-res Screen both X &
Y axes dimensioned Each curve consists of up to 120 pieces of data Graphs can be stored
to disc and recalled immediately for updating Great for Stock-market Charting Business
Management, andClassroommstruction' $35

APPLE RECORD M ANAGER : Allows records within any file to contain up to 20 fields with
user-defined headings Information can be string or numeric Users can browse thru files
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searched, altered or sorted at will Works with 1 or2dnves Recordsor Filescanbeprmted
ifdesired j 4 q

A ££ L £ LITERATURE INDEX: Allows rapid retrieval (via keywords) of references from total
APPLE literature thru June 1981. on 5 25" disc Each entry in the Index consists of the
article, author-name, periodical-name, date of issue. & page nos The Index is intended to
support large magazine files which would require lengthy manual searchinq to recover
information Annual updates will be available $60

WORDPOW ER: Is a simple, powerful, low cost, line-oriented word processor program It
offers a fast machine language FIND & REPLACE Text can be listed to screen or printer
Lower-case adaptors are supported You can merge files, move group of lines, and easily

add. change, ordelete lines Good forbusmessorpersonal use $50

LAB ELMAKER: Allows a given label to be generated in any quantity from 1 to 32767 The
program generates labels not only for addresses, but also for price-tags, part numbers, and
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instant recall $35

APP LE I NVOI CER: Allows entry of price, quantity, & description of items Automatically
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Above software for APPLE DOS 3.3 only. Call for BONUSES for other systems.

TO ORDER: Use phone or mail. We accept VISA, MC, COD's, personal checks & money orders.
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CONN. INFO. SYSTEMS CO.
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218 Huntington Road, Bridgeport, CT 06608

Not responsible lor typographical errors Prices sub|ect to change without notice

CIRCLE 158 ON READER SERVICE CARD

kept simple to allow for individual varia-
tions in play.

The only difference I found in the rules
was in 9-Ball. The program returns the 9
ball to the table when it is sunk out of
turn. When I play Uncle John in southern
Maryland, the rule is that sinking the 9
ball using a proper combination is the
end of the game. I have lost many quarters
to Uncle John because of that rule, so I
remember it well. The play of the other
three games is pretty much the way I was
taught.

The game is played with either the
keyboard or the paddle controllers. The
cue ball appears as a white ball on a red
surface with a dotted line extending from
it to a "ghost" ball which represents the
point of impact for the cue. Rotating the
paddle moves the ghost ball and provides
coarse aiming at 128 different locations
around the cue. Pressing the A key at this
point allows fine aiming at a resolution of
32 positions to either side of the selected
coarse position.

Aiming is only one of three parameters
to be chosen, however. Pressing the space
bar will bring you to the speed selection,
where a 1 is a light tap and an 8 is an
extremely hard shot. Pressing the space

bar again switches down to the english
selection. Using the paddle, you choose
from top, bottom, center, left or right and
combinations thereof. Pressing the paddle
fire button shoots the ball. This can be
done at any time, with the speed and
english defaulting to your last selections.

When the shot is off, the realism begins.
The balls make a pleasant clicking sound
as they hit each other, and a sunk ball
makes kind of a gulping noise, as if it had
been eaten. The physics of collision have
been reproduced very well, and shots
must be aimed and hit properly. In the
case of a scratch, the cue is returned for
positioning. The program questions the
user if any balls sunk during the scratch
are to be returned, allowing for individual
tailoring of the rules.

There are several key-selected features

in Pool 1.5. A favorite of mine is the
Repeat Shot. Pressing the R key will
restore the table to its last condition and
allow you to change the angle or speed or
english and try again. In several games
with one of my cats, I've found this
feature great for cheating. He doesn't
know the difference.

The balls appear either as stripes and
solids, or with their numbers showing.
The C (color) key allows the user to
choose between these two options. The
ESC key toggles between the game table
and the menu/scoreboard. The scores for
all players are kept here, and is updated
each game so that a tournament of many
games is possible. Other user-controlled
functions include setting the table friction
and the motion or speed at which the
balls interact.

The keyboard commands are a little
tough to master, and setting up a shot can
require quite a few keystrokes. It takes
several trips between the paddles and the
keyboard before you can shoot. Although
the high resolution part of the hi-res
graphics is excellent, I find the uniform
background and table color of red to be
unattractive. Perhaps a later release of
Pool 1.5 will include a set-up feature to
permit trick shots. But overall, the repro-
duction of the game of pool is accurate
and fun. It is a relaxing and enjoyable
game.

25. What does a

UNAR

EEPE1

like to eat for lunch?

Well, it's not a sandwich, but it could be a manwich. They usually want
something more substantial for lunch, though. It's your job to make sure they
stay hungry, but this makes them hopping mad! Lunar Leepers can eat you
out of house and home, though they prefer you between two slices of bread.
Their eyesight is sharper than yours or mine, but their vision isn't 20/20. To see
what we mean, play the fast-moving LUNAR LEEPERS. Available at your local
computer store for $29.95 or order directly from SIERRA ON-LINE.

Available on APPLE and ATARI

>7I(A

a i ^Sienna

* SON-LINE INC

L

36575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 9W 362 5025 209 G83 6858

26. What two things do
the mice in

like to eat most?

While on a plumbing job in the infamous regions of Rat Alley, you learn the
hard way that all the rumors are true! There ARE large carnivorous rats
everywhere. It's been known for some time that many plumbers before you
have disappeared in the same area. That may be a hint to one of their favorite
foods, but what is the other?

Find out a new meaning for the word "catfood" by playing MOUSKATTACK.
Available at your local computer store for $39.95 or order directly from
SIERRA ON-LINE.

Available on APPLE and ATARI

LLL

iStewia

M.//VE INC

36575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 9W 362 5025 209 683 6858

December 1982 c Creative Computing

93

If Your Apple Could Choose
Your Payroll Software . . .

■

It would choose

MICROPAYROLL"

from

ALTERNATIVE
SOFTWARE, «c

E

ven the Apple, the largest selling personal computer in the world, is only as intelligent as its software. And
APPLE ORCHARD, the magazine for Apple users, rates Alternative Software's MICROPAYROLL #1 for
tackling the time-consuming complexities of payroll.

So if you have 2 to 145 employees, an Apple II Plus
or Apple III, Alternative Software has the best available
payroll program. Here's Why:

1. MICROPAYROLL has been USER-TESTED for over
three years.

2. The inexperienced payroll clerk will find the instruc-
tion manual exceptionally easy to understand; actual
examples of problems and their solutions are included.

3. MICROPAYROLL can pay each employee in one or
more modes: Fixed-Salary, Commission, Piece-
work, Hourly, Multiple Overtime Rates, or any combi-
nation thereof.

4. Your payroll clerk can update the tax tables himself.
Costly factory updates are not required. Handles up to
three states simultaneously.

5. Can adapt to nearly any printer.

6. All necessary payroll data is produced and printed: Pay-
checks, Quarterly Reports, Year-To-Date, W-2 Master
Listings, W-2 Slips, Master Payroll List, Seniority List,
Time Card Data Entry.

7. Password and Management protection.

8. The Alternative Software MICROPAYROLL is backed by
a network of local dealers who can provide technical
support and who have direct access to the manufac-
turer.

APPLE is a trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.
MICROPAYROLL is a trademark of Alternative Software. Inc.

9. Special Introductory Offer from RF Distributors:
$299.00 ($50.00 off the $349.00 retail price). Buying
an Apple plus Alternative Software's MICROPAYROLL
is less expensive than one year's payroll service!

The key to the performance of your computer
is the quality of the software that runs it.

For more information on Alternative Software's
MICROPAYROLL, please call Jack Loughridge
at (609) 424-6055. Or, clip the coupon below.

%

ALTERNATIVE
SOFTWARE, INC.

THE

INTELLIGENT
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TITLE

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CIRCLE 1 10 ON READER SERVICE CARD

and glass. Potter has developed an imag-
inative, storytelling style, and it is gaining
in scope.

There are two independently scrolling
screens in Nautilus. The top screen maps
the progress of Colossus, the destroyer
that constantly ferries repair teams across
the micro world sea. It is armed with depth
charges and heat seeking missiles, and
can move at high speed. Among other
dangers, the captain of the Colossus must
remain wary of helicopter air attack.

The bottom screen maps the position
of Nautilus, the malicious, energy -starved

Nautilus

Mike Potter has done it again — this
time in the guise of Captain Nemo. So
much goes on in Nautilus it's hard to
know just where to begin.

If you are familiar with Protector you
will be reminded of it when playing
Nautilus. Many facets of game play are
similar, including a scrolling "microworld"
several screens wide, and cities of steel

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Nautilus

Type: Arcade /strategy wargame

System: Atari 400/800 32K

Format: Cassette /disk

Language: Machine

Summary: Unique and engrossing
action game

Price: $29.95

Manufacturer:

Synapse Software
820 Coventry Rd.
Kensington, C A 94707

submarine. The Nautilus is armed with
unlimited torpedoes, which are very
handy— for the sea is filled with dangers.
Besides the depth charges and smart
missiles dispatched from Colossus, the
deep is populated by limpet lurkers,
dastardly and unrelenting smart mines.
They lock on the course of the Nautilus,
and maintain pursuit. It takes up to five
direct torpedo hits to put one out of com-
mision.

The goal of play for the commander of
the Nautilus is to destroy underwater
cities. In the cores of these cities reside
the proto-pods which must be captured
to replenish the voracious batteries of the
sub.

Meanwhile, upstairs, the Colossus trans-
ports underwater repair crews to the
rescue. On its way, it positions itself over
the Nautilus, and unleashes a deadly mix
of missiles and depth charges. It continues
then to the western shore to drop off its
crew. The crew will work its way east-
ward, repairing destroyed cities as it does.
If the Nautilus remains in proximity to a
city under repair, it will be destroyed. It
therefore becomes a priority to keep the
Colossus from ever reaching the western
shore.

The captain orders Nautilus to the
surface, and steers it into shallows where
there are no smart mines. Here it lies in

27. What is the secret
password to begin

Get the password — or become a victim of it. Your password will constantly
remind you of your mission — a race against time to save the Earth. Better
hurry though, the sky is beginning to fall! Available at your local computer
store for $19.95 or order directly from SIERRA ON-LINE.

Available on APPLE and ATARI

bVLlJk

■a ) ^Sienna,

M UpN-LINE INC

36373 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 91 362 3023 209 633 6338

28. What password is
hidden on the restroom
wall in the adult text
adventure

SOFTPORN
ADVENTURE

Read the handwriting on the wall and set out for your ultimate fantasies in the
gambling capital of "Lost Vague-ness". You didn't bring much spending
money, but maybe lady luck will shine your way when you visit the addicting
casinos. Be forewarned though, being too immoral can result in death,
purgatory, or ? SOFTPORN is available at your local computer store for
$29.95 or order diretly from SIERRA ON-LINE.

'NOTE: This game is R-Rated. It is not suggested for minors or persons easily
offended. This question may be omitted from your answer sheet if the subject
matter offends you.

Available on APPLE and ATARI

tVLIjL.

m Jon lime inc

36573 HtUDGE RANCH ROAD COfXRSEGOLD. CA 93614
TLX 910 362 3023 209 633 6333

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

95

HOW MANY ARE

'L

fc;

I

•

Few disks stand the test of time.
Because few are built to the
precision standards or certified to
the critical levels of Omni's
complete line.

Each Omni disk is rated for 1 2
million passes without disk-
related errors or significant wear.
Each is certified error-free at a
minimum of twice the error-

threshold of your system. And
built to exceed all industry
specifications including those of
ANSI, ECMA. ISO and virtually
every drive manufacturer. So you
can count on them for the long
haul. We guarantee it.

Call toll-free (800 343-7620) for
your nearest dealer. In Mass., call
617 799-0197.

Omni Resources, 4 Oak Pond Ave.,
Millbury, Mass. 01527

Dealers. Software houses.

Check our prices, services and
specifications. We offer
duplicating, formatting, private
labeling, small minimums, fast
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^/ym\i^

area*

THE DISK GOOD ENOUGH
TO BE WARRANTED 5 YEARS

CIRCLE 237 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ambush, in hopes of damaging Colossus
enou&h to force vt back to the eastern

port.

The dual screen approach is unique,
and allows the positions of both ships to
be depicted simultaneously, even though
they may be as many as five screens
removed from one another. Sonar aboard
each ship indicates the relative position
of the other. When their screen locations
coincide, the command console flashes
red.

The ships can repair themselves as
many times as necessary, but repairs cost
precious time. The Nautilus must be

careful not to so much as graze any solid
surface— she goes down if she does. This
makes navigation of the many underwater
caverns a tricky business.

Nautilus can be played by two players,
one at the helm of the Colossus, the other
of Nautilus, or as a solitaire game, with
the computer controlling the destroyer.
Length of the game is selectable from
three to nine minutes. There are nine
skill levels, as well as the option to
energize energy core transformers, gates
throughout the sea, making the game
extremely hazardous. This mode is not
for beginners/There is a handicapping
option as well.

Nautilus is a tour de force. The opening
music is excellent, and hints at a context
for the game— the tune is "Volga

Boatmen."

The really appealing thing about the
game, as in its predecessor Protector, is
the creation of a microworld; in this case
an undersea world, full of secret grottos
and hidden dangers. The fine-scrolling
graphics capabilities of the Atari are used
to their fullest potential. Nautilus is
another must from Synapse Software.

I do have a complaint, and though it is
a small one, it is persistent. Allow me to
appeal not only to Mr. Potter, but to all
game designers with this plea: please
include a pause feature in your gamesl

Do it with the space bar, the escape key,
CONTROL-1, SELECT; I don't care how,
but please do it. It should be noted that
the lack of such a feature becomes evi-
dent not only when the phone rings, but
when it comes time for us to take pictures
of a program for inclusion in a review
such as this one.

Pause or no pause, Nautilus is addictive
and a lot of fun. I recommend it very
highly.

Shamus

In the August 1982 issue, I wrote about
the burgeoning "arcade adventure" for-
mat for Atari games. I spoke specifically
about Action Quest, a brutally tough but
very compelling hybrid adventure, calling
for hand-eye dexterity as well as adven-
ture skills.

Shamus, also from Synapse Software,
takes another stride in the development
of the arcade adventure. Make sure you
have no pressing appointments before
becoming involved in a round of Shamus.
Once you get going, you won't want to
stop for a while.

The humorous feeling surrounding the
game provides much of its appeal. Author
William Mataga first sets the mood, with
a grand rendition of the theme from the

29. Which top Apple
Software Publishing
company uses

to create its

amazing graphics and animation?

(We'll aive you a little hint on this one.)

The graphics and animation routines used in Mouskattack. Thresho.a.
Crossfire and Time Zone were created by The ARTIST, and you H find this
package in use by such noted programmers as Warren Schwader Rob Davis
and Ken Williams. QUESTION: Which publishing house employs these
oroarammers. and why do they all use The ARTIST?

Cou.d.tbebecauseThe Artist offers some of the fastest .an.mat.on. routines
ever written, or could it be the colorful routines that make a H,-Res p.cture

W.m e TheARTIST. the Applesoft or machine lan 9f Qe programmj can
program H.-Res graphics and animation - quickly and easily - w.th fantastic

™e ARTIST it now available for $79.95. Review the ARTIST at your local
computer store or contact SIERRA ON -LINE
Available on APPLE

30. Describe one
function that can do
what no other Apple
spelling verification
system can do?

DICTIONARY

SIERRA
BUSINESS

PRODUCTS

There's more than one answer to this question, but you need only name one of
the many powerful functions which make THE DICTIONARY unique in the
world of Apple word processing systems. You could describe the function that
will have your paper dictionary on the shelf collecting dust. Or you could
describe the function that nullifies the need for a second run through your
word processor after verification.

Find out what makes the DICTIONARY so much more different. It s available
for your review at your local computer store for $99.95 or order directly from
SIERRA ON-LINE.
Available on APPLE

\iWlCL

LINE INC

SIERRA
BUSINESS

PRODUCTS

36575 MVOGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 5025 209 683 6358

December 1982 £ Creative Computing

36375 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 910 362 3025 209 683 6858

97

etThe

Standard & Poor's STOCKPAK system
can turn any investor into a whiz

Whether you're an active investor, or just considering the
best ways to invest, STOCKPAK can turn you into a Wall
Street Wizard.

Sophisticated software that's easy to use

STOCKPAK is a sophisticated software system that
offers you an easy and economical way to obtain and
evaluate important investment information to help you make
better investment decisions. In fact, in virtually no time at all
you can put STOCKPAK to work for you performing a wide
range of investment functions.

Screening power is at your command

Our Screen and Select system lets you apply your own
investment criteria to a 900-company database. For example,
^ you can tell STOCKPAK to find

large companies, or only
ones . . .only those with
earnings growth, or low
's, or high dividends . . .
only those in certain indus-
tries, or on specific ex-
changes . . .only those above
or below a certain price . . .
or only those with high
sales, or low debt, and so on.

only
small
high
P/E'

V

*** i «--j

,V

In fact, you can draw from over 200 specific information
items to compose a single screen. And, you can establish
your own targets and cut-off points in each of these 200 areas.
STOCKPAK will oblige by searching through the entire
database to find only those companies that satisfy your criteria.

More feats of wizardry with STOCKPAK

Standard & Poor's time-tested software also lets you
evaluate and manage actual or hypothetical portfolios of up
to 100 stocks each. And, you can create your own customized
reports— displayed the way you want them.

Whether you use STOCKPAK to help improve your
investment decisions, or just for the fun of it, it's good to
know the source of this wizardry: Standard & Poor's, one of
the world's leading financial publishers with a 120-year
reputation of service to the investment community.

Visit your local Radio Shack
Computer Store today

STOCKPAK is designed exclusively for use on the
TRS-80 Models III and I computers with 32K business sys-
tems and two disk drives. The basic software and sample
database plus complete documentation is available from your
Radio Shack computer store for only $49.95. The STOCK-
PAK monthly updating service can be ordered directly from
Standard & Poor's for only $200 annually. Visit your local
Radio Shack today for additional information and a
demonstration.

SlANDARD & POOR'S CORPORATION
25 BROADWAY NEW YORK, N.Y 10004

CIRCLE 335 ON READER SERVICE CARD

© STANDARD & POOR'S 1982

job of it. You are armed with Ion Shivs,
and as your opponents are always pre-
pared to fight to the death, the action is
necessarily violent.

For those of you who have always

old Alfred Hitchcock show. The player is
then thrust into a complex maze of 32
rooms, containing some very diabolical
nemeses. As Shamus, the player must
penetrate four levels of 32 rooms each, to
finally destroy the Shadow in the heart of
his lair.

Don't hold your breath waiting for the
completion of this goal. It is bound to
take you at least a month. You see,
populating each room are the Shadow's
henchmen: Whirling Drones, Robo-
Droids, and Snap Jumpers. The sole
pleasure in their lives is to keep you from
getting near their leader. And they do a

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Shamus

Type: Arcade adventure

System: Atari 400/800 16K

Format: Cassette /disk

Language: Machine

Summary: Another stride in "arcade
adventuring"

Price: $29.95

Manufacturer:

Synapse Software
820 Coventry Rd.
Kensington, C A 94707

wanted to wear a fedora as a character in
an Atari game, this is your chance. The
rakish lid is your most dashing feature.
I'm not sure, but I think my hat has been
shot through by more than one Robo-
Droid blast. Take that, sweetheart...

Once in a while during your search you
will encounter a pulsating question mark,
the function of which is similar to

"Chance" in Monopoly. By touching the
punctuation mark you invite extra points
and extra lives or ill fortune. I have found
it hard to resist them in the long run.

To advance to a higher level, you must
obtain the correct keys and unlock the
correct portals. This calls not only for
keen aim of your weapon, but knowledge
of the labyrinthian layout of each maze.
Secret passages abound, and it is quite
easy to get lost. The bottom of the screen
reads out a corresponding number for
each room, and this is the only hint you
get. I always seem to disorient myself
right after unlocking a portal.

Your natural tendency is to shower
attackers with ion fire. After a few games,
however, you discover that fewer but
better aimed shots will nearly always be a
superior strategy. Keep cool, and if you
find any bubbling flasks lying around,
drain them: they will give you new life.

You will notice a couple of familiar
tunes recurring throughout the game: one
is from the old "Dragnet" series, and the
other, if I remember correctly, is from
"Get Smart."

Shamus is a very addictive detective
game. It will remain in the front of your
game software collection for some time, I
guarantee it. Arcade adventuring is an
emergent and promising gaming category,
and this program underscores that fact.rj

31. What word
describes our best-
selling adventure

With our help, adventurers throughout the world have experienced space and

time travel, classical mythology, murder, mystery and magic!

From fantasy role-playing and Hi-Res color graphics, to the largest of all

existing adventure games, Sierra On-Line has consistently created "FIRSTS"

in the industry.

We were the FIRST to successfully have an adventure game remain in

Softalk's TOP THIRTY for over a year.

We were the FIRST to create the largest Hi-Res adventure game for any

microcomputer.

Now, what word describes Sierra On-Line's best-selling adventure series?

Our very name will give you a clue . . .

^Sienna

m you lime f/i/c

36575 MUDGE RANCH ROAD COARSEGOLD, CA 93614
TLX 9W 362 5025 2Q9 683 6858

32. What name
illustrates the best-
selling arcade line from
Sierra On-Line Inc.?

There's more to our arcade games than meets the eye. MORE excitement,
more frustration and MORE challenge for your money. We offer you MORE
than just a few hours of enjoyment. We give you superior programming,
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December 1982 c Creative Computing

99

A microprocessor in every component of
price-is-no-object stereo hi-fi system.

1 III 1

creative

computing

equipment

Bang & Olufsen
Beosystem 8000

In the past, a few readers have taken
me to task for doing reviews of hi-fi
equipment. "After all," said one reader
good-naturedly, "what credentials do you
have to do hi-fi reviews?"

He was right. Although my fifth year
EE project at Cornell was in acoustics
and I worked briefly for Alcor, an inno-
vative speaker manufacturer in the late
50s, this hardly qualifies me as an expert
reviewer of hi-fi equipment.

On the other hand, I believe I am a
rather discerning listener and user. I
regularly attend symphony concerts at
Lincoln Center and Symphony Hall in
Newark, and outdoor concerts at Water-
loo Village, Delaware Water Gap, and
other locations. In addition, when trav-
elling, I always make an attempt to attend
local performances of interest. For
example, last week in Washington I heard
the U.S. Marine Band perform at the
Jefferson Memorial.

Hence, in evaluating a hi-fi component
or system I look for three things: 1)
realistic sound reproduction, i.e., how
does the sound compare with the original?
2) User friendliness, i.e., ease of installa-
tion and use. 3) Innovative technology.
Obviously, my main interest is to see the
various ways in which microcomputers

David H. Ahl

and microprocessors are being used to
advantage in other consumer products.

Obviously, we can't afford a great
amount of space for this sort of thing in
Creative Computing. After all, if you want
hi-fi reviews, you should be reading Stereo
Review. However, from time to time we
will try to review innovative products of
excellence on these pages. Hence, it was
with more than passing interest that I
read the letter from Fran Dym of Bang &
Oluf sen's public relations agency. Fran
had seen my reviews of the dbx 20/20
Equalizer, KLH computer controlled
speakers, Advent Sound Space control,
etc., and wondered if I would be inter-
ested in reviewing the Bang & Olufsen
Beocord 9000 cassette recorder. I was
excited at the possibility but found it hard
to imagine reviewing a component that
cost nearly as much as the rest of my
system combined. I called Fran and told
her that, to which she replied, "Why don't
we send you the entire system?"

Good Grief! This was an offer I
couldn't possibly refuse.

I had seen and heard the Bang &
Olufsen Computer Controlled Beosystem
8000 at the last Consumer Electronics
Show and was most impressed by its
performance. Here, however, was the
opportunity to try it in a more realistic
listening environment as well as get the
reaction of other people to the system.

In due time three massive cartons
arrived — no stereo compact this. The
receiver and cassette deck are about one-
third again larger than other "standard
size* stereo components. The turntable is
about the same size. The components are
connected to one another by means of
DIN plugs on shielded cables supplied
with the system. For those using just one
component with other standard compo-
nents, cables with RCA-type phonojacks
are provided.

Initially, the instruction manuals
appeared as formidable as the many
controls on the components. The manual
for the overall system runs 54 pages while
the manuals for individual components
run between 8 and 26 pages. Each com-
ponent also includes a complete wiring
diagram and a bright red booklet, "Safety
Instructions," which deals with such
things as ventilation, heat, antenna
grounding, and the like.

Beosystem 8000 as pictured in Bang & Olufsen press release
photo.

Beosystem 8000 as initially set up in my living room for this
evaluation.

100

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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ense required or taxed (other than a tax on prizes awarded).
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Beoystem 8000, continued...

Beomaster 8000 Receiver

The heart of the Beosystem 8000 is the
Beomaster 8000 receiver. The Beomaster
has plenty of power— 100 watts per chan-
nel with 8-ohm speakers or 150 watts with
4-ohm speakers. Although volume levels
of 20 watts are more than enough to drive
the average listener from his living room,
the additional power is important because
of distortion. Music, particularly classical
music, contains a broad spectrum of
frequencies and a wide dynamic range.
To reproduce the full scope of this sonic
information accurately, especially at high
volume levels, requires an amplifier with
generous and stable power. When this
power is lacking, clipping distortion
occurs.

Even when this distortion is not partic-
ularly audible, it limits the dynamic
response of the music, weakening the
recreation of the original performance.
For the normal home listening environ-
ment, or even a small auditorium, the
Beomaster 8000 provides plenty of power
to virtually eliminate clipping distortion.

However, it is in the tuner section
where Bang & Olufsen's expertise really
shines. The tuner features what is known
as "digital frequency synthesizer con-
struction." That long description means
that FM tuning is accomplished with the
aid of an internally generated reference
frequency created by the vibration of a
quartz crystal.

This frequency synthesis is then united
with an innovative system of error-free
automatic fine tuning. When the control
is activated, the tuner will automatically
lock on to the actual transmitted fre-
quency of the FM station. This means
that regardless of the drift of frequency
or unstable reception conditions, the
tuner will continue to follow the actual
transmitted frequency with high
accuracy.

The Beomaster 8000 receiver has two
control sections: primary and secondary.
The primary controls are located on the
right front panel and, in most cases, are
all that one would need for operating the
system. The secondary controls are
located beneath a brushed aluminum
cover on the left rear of the system which
raises upon pressing the word "program-
ming." Also under this panel is a hinged
access panel which conceals the input
and output connectors for the receiver.
For connecting to other B & O compon-
ents, special 7-pin DIN sockets and cord
sets are used. These carry the input
signals as well as allowing communication
between the microcomputer of the Beo-
master with that of the turntable and
cassette deck.

The expected two sockets are provided
for an FM antenna: one for an antenna
with 240-300 ohm impedance (included)
and a coax input for an antenna with 60-

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

75 ohms impedance. Unfortunately, nei-
ther connector conforms to U.S. stand-
ards and if you elect to use the 75-ohm
coax imput, as I did, you are in for some
trouble. Although the socket looks like a
male F connector (U.S. receivers would
provide a female F connector) in reality it
is slightly smaller than an F connector
and no amount of cussing will make it fit.

B & O furnishes a female connector for
the FM input which connects directly to
coax cable. It was not at all obvious how
the cable shield was supposed to be
attached nor was this mentioned in the
instructions. Presumably if you get a B &
O system, these are things the dealer will
handle.

The speaker connectors are tricky little
buggers which must be permanently
attached to the end of your speaker

cables.

The primary controls consist of 13
buttons and 2 wheels. All are set flush
into the surface of the receiver. The free-
turning wheel on the left controls volume.
It can be adjusted over a range 60 incre-
ments of 1.5 dB each. An LED digital
display shows the current volume setting.
The display is on the right of the receiver
above the control section behind dark
plexiglass.

A companion control to volume, but in
the secondary control area, is balance.
After you have adjusted volume and
balance to a preferred level, you can then
press the "store" button and these levels
will be stored in the memory of the
microcomputer. Thereafter, each time
your system is turned on it will return to
the same volume and balance settings.

The twelve touch buttons in the center
of the primary control panel are for
selection of inputs. One selects phono,
two select tape, and the other nine select
nine preset FM frequencies from the
tuner section.

The large tuning wheel on the right
side of the control panel is used to tune
FM stations. The frequency being
received is shown in a large LED display
above the tuning wheel. A station may be
preset by simply tuning to the right
station, pressing "FM Store" in the pro-
gramming section and pressing one of the
buttons, P1-P9.

The last button in the primary control
section is used for turning the receiver
off. To turn it on, you simply press the
input selection that you desire.

The receiver also has the expected bass

105

sation switch, stereo/mono switch, high
pass filters, tape monitor switch, and
tuning mute switch. Putting some of these
into service lights an appropriate indicator
in the display section.

One switch, found on few other sys-
tems, allows the FM signal strength meter
to show the strength of a multi-path signal.
In other words, this could indicate that
your FM transmission is being affected
by reflected signals from high buildings, a
hillside, or other barriers. To minimize
the distortion caused by such reflections,
you can adjust your FM antenna using
this meter as a guide.

Another rarely found indicator in the
display section lights up if the volume is
increased to such levels that clipping
distortion will occur at peaks in the music.
This does not indicate that any damage is
being done (except, perhaps to your ears)
but that clipping distortion is occurring.

A phone jack (standard) is provided on
the front of the unit for stereo head-
phones. In addition, a pair of RCA phone
jacks are available on the left side for
connecting other audio components such
as an equalizer, expandor, or the like. I
did not try this with my KLH computer-
controlled speakers although the combin-
ation should work.

Although a tuner, cassette deck, and
turntable are the most common input
devices for a hi-fi system, I was disappoint-
ed that the designers did not provide for
any addtional input devices, such as a
laser disc player, computer synthesizer,
or component TV system. I feel that a
receiver that is obviously designed with
years of service in mind ought to antici-
pate that more electronic audio devices
are coming down the road.

I was also surprised to find no addi-
tional auxiliary power outlets on the
receiver. Unfortunately, this system
requires a separate wall outlet or equiv-
alent for each component.

Beocord 9000 Cassette Recorder

The Beocord 9000 is by far and away
the most sophisticated hi-fi component
which I have ever touched. The perfor-
mance is nearly unbelievable, but let me
take you on a guided tour of the deck and
its controls before getting to that.

Upon turning on the deck, the first

Beosystem 8000, continued...

thing you notice is a large digital LED
display (normally invisible behind black
smoked plexiglass). Unlike those impos-
sible mechanical counters found on most
other tape decks, the digital display
always shows the elapsed minutes and
seconds of tape travel regardless of oper-
ating mode (playback, record, fast for-
ward or rewind). I found it especially
convenient to work with a system in real
time rather than trying to guess how much
tape was left or use a not-very-accurate
watch like I have done so many times in
the past. This feature alone may justify
the cost of the deck.

In a sense, all the controls of the deck
revolve around the timer. When you place
a cassette in the Beocord and press Play
or Record, the deck will automatically
assign the time 00:00 to the starting point
of the tape (by using the fast forward or
reverse controls, you can shift the starting
point if you wish). From then on all times
on the cassette are shown relative to this
starting point.

To calibrate any cassette, say a previ-
ously recorded one, to a real time index,
you simply press the "Go" button on the
control panel. The following operations
then take place. The tape will rewind to
the beginning, it will be advanced for
approximately 12 seconds at playback
speed while it is analyzed by the Beocord
microprocessor. Then, at fast forward
speed it will be advanced once again,
shifted to playback speed and calibrated
for an additional six seconds.

Once the calibration process is com-
plete, the tape will automatically return
to the location at which it was loaded
when the cassette was inserted. Playback
will then begin.

If you want playback to begin at a
location well into the tape, say 10:25, you
simply press 1025 on the front panel and
then press Go. The tape will advance to
that point and start playing.

I mentioned earlier that pressing "Go"
will cause the Beocord to "analyze" the
tape. What does this mean? The micro-
processor runs through a short measure-
ment process which takes into consider-
ation all the physical characteristics of
your cassette. A small data bank on this
cassette is then created in the computer
memory and a real time calibration takes
place. Calibration is unique to each

External control panel.

cassette and takes into account varying
tape types (iron oxide, chrome, metal,
etc.) and the thickness of the magnetic
coating. Thus each time you insert a
cassette the process begins again.

Another pair of control functions, for
which I admit I found no practical use, is
"Memory Set" and "Memory Go." In
playback, pressing Memory Set on the
control panel will place the present tape
position in the Beocord memory. To
return to that position at any time you
simply press "Memory Go" and the
Beocord will fast forward or rewind to
that location and begin playback.

Much more useful was the "Return"
button. Unlike Rewind which brings you
to the beginning of the tape, Return
causes the tape to rewind to the beginning
of the last recorded segment. Thus, if you
are recording from the record and get an
annoying bit of static on one band, you
need not return to the beginning of the
side and start over. Rather, you can
simply return to the beginning of the last
selection. (This doesn't always work, since
the Beocord is looking for four seconds
or more of silence before it will stop.)

Where the deck really shines is in
recording. To start a recording, you place
your cassette in the deck and press "REC
OPEN" in the programming section. This
activates the recording circuitry and
illuminates the corresponding indicator.

You then press "REC CAL." This
initiates the tape calibration process. This
takes approximately nine seconds during
which time the Beocord will optimize its
recording circuitry in relation to the bias,
equalization, and sensitivity character-
istics to the tape you are using. Also, an
analysis of your tape distortion is made,
and the electronic peak program meters

■ i

WCORN fE

CM METAt NOSTOWE UEFT WQKT

DOLflV *

PROGRAMMING

Internal control panel.
108

are automatically calibrated to reflect the
recording ability of your specific tape.

If you wish, you can store the calibra-
tion date of up to four tape types in the
Beocord memory. This means that if you
use the same brand and type of tape, you
do not have to use the "REC CAL"
process each time you insert a new
cassette.

In the record mode, the timer will tell
you not only how much time has elapsed
since the beginning of the tape, but also
how much time remains on the cassette
you are using. No matter whether you are
using the elapsed time or time remaining
display, a "Tape End" warning will flash
approximately five minutes before the end
of your tape. It will continue to slowly
flash until the end of the tape.

For those who like to know what's going
on inside the recorder, the Beocord allows
you to display some of the calibration
data on the display panel. For example,
you can look at the bias on the right and
left channel, equalizing, sensitivity, and
distortion level. I had fun finding out that
TDK tape had a lower distortion level
than Audio Magnetic which, in turn, was
lower than DAK tape, which, in turn, was
lower than Realistic (Radio Shack) Low
Noise Tape. In fact, I had one old un-
branded cassette that had calibration data
so far removed from the standards that
the Beocord refused to accept the data in
memory.

The Beocord has an 8-level peak pro-
gram meter (signal strength). This pro-
vides real time measurement of the input
signal strength for both left and right
channels. As with most recorders, you
adjust the signal so that it is mostly in the
green and the loudest peaks light up the
first red indicator. However, the Dolby C
and HX Professional circuitry allow
recording a much wider dynamic range
than most other recorders are capable.
The HX circuit automatically delivers a
constant, signal controlled bias current to
the record head regardless of the varying
signal strength or frequency content. This
constant bias current means that every
tape type gains in signal handling and
capacity without increased distortion.
This was originally developed by Bang &
Olufsen and is now being licensed to other
manufacturers by Dolby Laboratories.
Basically, the signal is evaluated after all
processing (noise reduction and equal-
ization) so the adjustment is made on the
basis of what is actually going on to the
tape. The constant bias means that both
high level high frequency signals as well
as very low level signals will all go on to
the tape at the same level of tape satura-
tion. This minimizes saturation and even
self-erasure. This explanation may sound
like gobble-de-gook, but the sound on the
tape is unbelievable. I recorded several
45 rpm digital records and could scarcely
tell the difference on playback between

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

VisiCalc", DB Master, Desktop Plan'— they are
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VisiCalc keys, a numeric pad and an alpha lock key.

Run with the best. Call or write today for the name
of your local authorized Franklin dealer.

CIRCLE 196 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Corporation.
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc
VisiCalc and Desktop Plan are registered trademarks of Visi Corp.
DB Master is a registered trademark of Stoneware.

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FOR THE ^__ by John Anderson

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CIRCLE 105 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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CIRCLE 118 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Beosystem 8000, continued. ..

the original sound source and the tape,
even on the relatively low quality Realistic
tape. A listener with better hearing than I
commented that the Realistic tape did
not have the highs of the original record-
ing but there was no audible difference
with TDK and Maxell tapes.

These days, most high quality recorders
have two or three heads. Earlier Bang &
Olufsen recorders did. However, in the
interest of maintaining optimum head
alignment, the 8000 and 9000 series re-
corders went back to a single head. The
owners manual spends three pages in
describing the rationale for this decision.
The ultimate test, of course, is in listening
and in this regard I judge that it is
considerably better than my current
Brand X recorder with three heads. If I
want written proof, I can simply go to the
computer alignment paper tape which
came with the recorder showing that it
has + 1 db response from 20 Hertz to
about 15K Hertz.

Rounding out the nifty features with
the timer is the ability to set the time of
day and a "Timer Start" and "Timer Stop"
for making off the air recordings. These
instructions are automatically communi-
cated back to the Beomaster Receiver
and the cassette deck is turned on and off
automatically. If you wish to record, the
receiver must already be on, however, if
you wish to play back the deck will turn
on the entire system. Thus, you could use
it as a clock radio and wake up to a
favorite tape.

I found that it took me some time to
get used to the controls on the Beocord
as they were quite different from a stand-
ard recorder. Initially, I was annoyed at
not being able to monitor my recordings
directly as I could with my existing deck.
In some sense, I found the controls overly
complicated for doing the "simplest"
functions. On the other hand, once I got
used to the "intelligence" of the deck
coupled with the real time clock, I found
it very much to my liking.

Beogram 8000 Turntable

Two innovations combine to make the
Beogram 8000 one of the best, if not the
best, turntable on the market today.

The first innovation is called
"Tangengial Drive." A coil with a high
number of windings is mounted outside
of the circular aluminum plate which
supports the turntable platter. When an
electric current is passed through this coil,
it produces a magnetic field. The stronger
the current, the stronger the magnetic
field. The aluminum plate next to this
coil permits the magnetic field to pass
through. However, the magnetic field
within the aluminum plate does not
decline correspondingly and an eddy
current (also called a Foucault current) is
induced.

Now if a similar coil with fewer wind-
ings is placed on the other side of the
aluminum plate and a current is passed
through, a weaker magnetic field is cre-
ated. If the currents are kept in balance,
a constant magnetic field will be main-
tained. Because the eddy current remains
constant, the aluminum plate experiences
a force that causes it to move. In this
way, the turntable platter is caused to
rotate with exceptional stability and reli-
ability. In effect, driving the turntable is
an electronic flywheel; there is no motor
in the conventional sense. And because
there is no conventional motor, there is
no vibration, motor noise, motor hum,
mechanical connections and resonances.

This system is coupled with a micro-
computer programmed to continually
compare two pieces of information: an
unvarying frequency generated by a
quartz crystal and the frequency created
by the revolutions of the platter. The
computer compares both signals and if
there are deviations or phase differences
it instantly sends instructions to the drive
system and the speed is corrected.
Because the revolutions of the platter
itself serve as a reference for the correct
speed, adjustment remains unaffected by
changing line voltage and the turntable
does not have to be adjusted with the
exotic strobe lights or markings on a
conventional system.

The second innovation is a lateral tone
arm coupled with a cantilever cartridge.
The extremely low mass, lateral tone arm
is precisely perpendicular to the grooves
in the record just as the original cutting
head. Thus, tracking distortion is com-
pletely eliminated. However, in addition,
the diamond stylus tip is mounted directly
on the cantilever of the cartridge and not
fitted with a bushing of any sort. This
means the mass of the stylus assembly is
held to a minimum which, in a practical
sense, means low record wear. The can-
tilever of the cartridge is made of single
crystal sapphire. Sapphire is an excep-
tionally rigid substance, some 500% stiff er
than commonly used aluminum. Also, the
speed of sound in the single crystal
sapphire is twice that of aluminum which
further reduces the possibility of phase
distortion being introduced by the canti-
lever. Furthermore, the resonant fre-
quency of single crystal sapphire is above
the audible range so the entire assembly

"^vuj KJiuy minimal Hamming l\J dCIIICVC <X

flat frequency response.

Altogether, this leads to exceptionally
flat response. Indeed, the computer data
furnished with the cartridge indicates
absolutely flat response from 20 Hertz to
18,000 Hertz on both channels.

Summing Up

In describing the Beosystem 8000, it is
difficult to avoid the superlatives. Concert
hall realism? Absolutely. Hum, hiss, and
rumble? Virtually none. Off the air sensi-
tivity and selectivity? Excellent. Visual
appearance? Contemporary, refined and
unobtrusive. Ease of use? Child's play on
the receiver and turntable although it
takes some getting used to for the cassette
deck. Price? If you have to ask . . . (No,
that's not fair, the receiver costs $2600,
cassette deck $1800, and turntable $895.)

For that money, the minor glitches
shouldn't be there. In particular, I would
like to see provision for at least two more
input sources in the receiver. I would also
like to see U.S. standard connectors
throughout (after all, the controls and
displays are in English). And frankly, I
would have expected a little more from
the computer controlling the whole
system. As it is, the computers handle the
internal functions having to do with sound
reproduction superbly. However, why
shouldn't the control computer in the
cassette deck be able to turn on the
receiver to a particular station at a certain
hour. Much more complicated control
capabilities are built in to even the lowest
cost video tape recorders (recording eight
programs over fourteen days, etc). Even
a $49.95 BSR timer unit controls up to 12
devices, each with their own on/off cycle.
I would expect that level of control from
an $1800 tape deck.

Nevertheless, for music reproduction
the Bang & Olufsen Beosystem 8000 is
superb. If you are yearning for a system
with technical sophistication, outstanding
design and the highest quality, and price
is no object, this may well be the system
for you. ^^ □

December 1982 c Creative Computing

113

Electric Duet

com

Digital Duo

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Electric Duet

Type: Music synthesizer

Author: Paul Lutus

System: 32K Apple, Disk Drive

Format: Disk

Language: Machine Language

Summary: Two-voiced music

synthesizer all in software
Price: $29.95
Manufacturer:

InSoft

175 Barbur Blvd., Suite 202B

Portland, OR 97219

503-244-4181

David Ahl

Electric Duet is a music synthesizer
software package for the Apple that plays
two-part music without an add-on circuit
board. While it can use the built-in Apple
speaker, far better sound quality can be
obtained either by using an external
speaker in place of the internal Apple
speaker or by using an external amplifier
and speaker. To do this, the Apple
cassette tape output jack (mini-phone
plug) must be connected to the input of
an amplifier. Since the output is monau-
ral, you must use either the monaural

switch on your stereo amplifier or, if it
does not have one, a "Y" connector cable
so that the monaural output may be fed
into both stereo channels.

The normal range of Electric Duet is
five octaves; however, notes in the upper
half of the fifth octave are not accurate,
hence, the usable range is 4-1/2 octaves.
In playing back, it is possible to use a
voice transpose to get a low sixth octave
for one of the two voices. Incidentally,
the internal Apple speaker will not play
these notes because they are too low.

Paul Lutus, author of the Electric Duet
system, created an all-software music
synthesizer in the following way: First, a
high-frequency carrier frequency (14080
Hz) is created. Then, the percentage of
time it is turned on is based on whether
one or the other of the two musical note
cycles is "on" at the moment. Paul calls
this "duty cycle modulation," which effec-
tively transmits voltage increments to the
speaker or the amplifier. These incre-
ments are controlled by counters con-
taining numbers between 8 and 256. For
example, to get middle A (440 Hz) the
carrier frequency of 14080 is divided by
the pitch number for middle A of 32
giving 440. You can see from this brief
description why high frequency notes
begin to lose accuracy.

114

As a result of producing notes in this
way, the tonal quality doesn't begin to
compare to a hardware system such as
the ALF or Mountain Computer boards.
Furthermore, these boards produce
between three and nine voices usually in
stereo. On the other hand, the cost of
Electric Duet is a fraction of the cost of a
hardware system and the resulting sounds
are excellent, particularly considering
they are produced entirely by software.

Note Entry

Note entry with Electric Duet may be
done in one of three ways. Perhaps the
easiest is music entry with a simulated
piano. Upon selecting this option, a com-
bination display will appear, part text
editor and part stylized piano. The piano
at the top of the screen covers a range of
three octaves. The starting octave may
be selected in order to extend the range
to five octaves. Each key has a letter or
number on it and, to play a note, that
letter or number is simply pressed. This
note then automatically appears in col-
umn 1 (for voice 1). You may then move
to column 2 (voice 2) and play the second
note or you may move down the score
playing the melody line and come back
later to put in the accompaniment.

The manual tells us, "the normal way
to use the piano for music entry is to
select the part with the most or shortest-
duration notes, play that, then switch to

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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THE $595
SMART TERMINAL

The Heath 19 Smart Video Terminal gives you all the
important professional features you want in a ter-
minal, all for under $600.* You get the flexibility you
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Standard RS-232C interfacing makes the 19 com-
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And with the 19, you get the friendly advice and
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CIRCLE 103 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Electric Duet, continued...

the other entry column and play the
(relatively simple) accompaniment." For
example, the following melody line repre-
sents the first eight notes of "Green-
sleeves":

R,6, U, 1,0, I,U,T,E

If no note duration is specified, all notes
will be automatically assigned a value of
eight (eighth note) duration. Durations
may be assigned either at the time of note
entry or later on. A duration may be
anything between 1 and 99, although
normally only the values of 1 (whole
note), 2 (half note), 4 (quarter note), 8
(eighth note), 16, 32, etc. would be used.
Dotted notes, of course, would have
duration values half way in between
these.

Electric Duet has no provision to define
measures. Rather, a part is entered as a
continuous string of notes, thus requiring
the user to keep accurate track of notes,
rests, and the flow of a composition.
Furthermore, corresponding notes in both
parts must be of the same duration. In
other words, it is not possible to hold a
whole note in the accompaniment while
four quarter notes play in the melody.
Instead, the accompaniment must be four
quarter notes.

Hence, you cannot simply copy sheet
music into Electric Duet; it must be re-
written either on paper or in your head so
that all notes in both parts are of the
same duration. As a result of this rather
severe limitation, Electric Duet is consid-
erably more suitable for baroque and
other types of music with fast-moving
parts, than music with a melody line and
a slow rhythm accompaniment.

A second method of entering music is
to specify a note in the form:

2F

4A#
2G

reading respectively, an F in the second
octave, an A sharp in the fourth octave,
and a G in the second octave.

A third method of entering notes is
simply to enter them as numbers. Remem-
ber that each note is created by a value
divided into 14080. By entering these
values, you may enter standard (or non-
standard) notes of whatever pitch you
wish. Needless to say, you can create
some rather spectacular special effects
using this technique. You can also create
some extremely unpleasant sounds remi-
niscent of Schonberg or a cat whose tail
has just been stepped on.

When a song has been entered and you
have it to your liking, it may be saved
onto the disk. We recommend doing this
before moving on to some of the other
interesting, but potentially destructive
commands of Electric Duet.

December 1982 c Creative Computing

Other Commands

One such command is Transpose. With
it, you can speed up or slow down all or
part of a musical file, change the key in
which it is played, and do special kinds of
editing.

Each entry to Transpose includes a
starting line number (note number), and
ending line number, a specifier telling
Transpose which part of the entry to
change (voice one or two or the duration
of both voices), and a number telling how
far to move or change. For example, the
entry T/0/8/D1/2/ will halve the duration
of notes 0-8. The command T/9/17/N1/
-4/ would lower the pitch four semi-tones
of the notes 9-17 in Voice 1.

The price puts a music

synthesizer within the

reach of virtually

anyone.

Editing your composition is accom-
plished by treating it as a file, opening it
and inserting or deleting desired material,
and closing it again. It is not a particularly
handy feature and, being forced to use it
once or twice, convinced me that taking
a little extra time and care on initial note
entry was well justified.

A note trace feature, which plays each
note as it is scrolled from the editor (as
the piano feature does) is provided. This
helps in debugging a composition which,
because of careless note entry, didn't
come out quite right. We wish that pro-
vision were available for printing notes
on a Silentype or other Apple printer.

Electric Duet assumes we are living in an
all electronic world and have no need for
paper. So does every other music syn-
thesis system, incidentally.

A wonderful feature of Electric Duet is
the ability to load the playing routine in a
basic program and call it from Basic. The
playing routine is quite short, so it will
not take up much space in your Basic
program, yet the addition of music can
enhance an otherwise ordinary Basic
program enormously.

Although I've been spoiled by the
marvelous entry, editing, sound, and
visual playback features of the ALF Music
System, I cannot help but be impressed
with what Paul Lutus has accomplished
with just the basic hardware of the Apple
coupled with this amazing software pack-
age. On the negative side, I would have to
downgrade Electric Duet for its inability
to play notes of different duration simul-
taneously and for its awkward editing
procedure. On the positive side, the price
puts a music synthesizer within the reach
of virtually anyone and it is the only
system available that permits the easy
addition of music in Basic and other
programs. This alone is enough to recom-
mend it.

On the disk that comes with Electric
Duet are fourteen pre-programmed com-
positions, mostly by Bach. Using "Juke
Box mode," these compositions can be
played individually or the entire group
sequentially. You can, of course, add your
own compositions to this group or create
your own Juke Box.

Electric Duet is rather effectively copy
protected and, once booted cannot be
exited except by turning off the computer.
The disk provided is a two-sided disk with
a backup copy of the program and music
compositions on the second side. □

ynuM^J

"We traded. Accounting got the 11/34, the 370 and the VAX. We got the soft drink machine. "

119

Speech, Speech!

Gordon McComb

It wasn't long ago that hobbyists
began giving their computers a say in
matters. But voice synthesis has
always been considered an expensive
and time consuming proposition.

Times have changed.

Speech synthesis technology has
come a long way since Radio Shack
and others first offered their
synthesizers to the public. These units,
although advanced for their time,
required programming sound by
sound with an extensive and intricate
word code. It took hours to input a few
minutes of speech.

New models on the market,
including Type 'n Talk by Votrax,
Textalker/Echo from Street Elec-
tronics, and the Terminal Emulator II
from Texas Instruments, enable the
user to type in plain English for the
synthesizer to duplicate. Text-to-
speech voice synthesis has been around
for a while, but only recently at prices
that wouldn't leave you speechless.

Now every computer can, and
should have a voice — it's simple, easy,
and inexpensive. Let's take a look at
how text-to-speech systems work and
how you can use them with your
computer.

Natural Synthetics

Simply stated, voice synthesis is the
conversion of digital information to
recognizable speech (in the majority of
systems presently on the market). In
actual operation, though, a synthesizer
is much more complex.

We humans have vocal chords, a
mouth, tongue, and lips to control the
various sounds we make. A synthesizer
must create them all electronically by
the use of sound and noise generators,
filters, timers, and delay circuits.

In a typical text-to-speech (TTS)
system, the operator keys words in on
his computer. These words are then

sent to a text-to-speech translator or
algorithm, which in this case, is a set of
well defined prounciation rules.

The speech synthesizer then receives
these modified signals, and through
the use of various periodic and con-
tinuous sound generators, creates
human sounding speech. After passing
through a digital-to-analog converter,
the synthesized signal is amplified and
fed to a speaker.

In simpler terms: You type in
h-e-1-l-o and you hear "hello."

In many TTS systems, the voice we
hear over the speaker is a string of
individual sounds called phonemes.
There are several dozen different
phonemes in the English language and
they represent the sound created by
uttering the letters in our alphabet
during regular speech. Vowels have
more than one phoneme each, since
they can be long or short. Combina-
tions of letters such as th and sh have
their own unique phonemes.

Text

TTS

Algorithm

Translator

A few of the synthesizers on the
market, particularly the Texas
Instruments TMS5200 chip found in
their Terminal Emulator II package,
and the Echo from Street Electronics,
create allophones, which are in effect
"sons" of phonemes. There can be
several allophones for each phoneme,
such as the aspirated p in "pit," and
the unaspirated p in "spit." A synthe-
sizer based on allophone creation is
usually more versatile thana phonemic
synthesizer, although both can pro-
duce highly recognizable speech.

The ability to program a synthesizer
sound by sound, instead of by pre-
recorded voice digitization, leads to
the possibility of limitless vocab-
ularies. English includes several of the
sounds encountered in many foreign
languages, so some of the synthesizers
are capable of speaking German,
Spanish, and French as well.

A Closer Look

Most synthesizers employ two types
of sound generators to produce speech:
a voiced source and a fricative source.
Voiced sounds include vowels and
some consonants that have vowel
sounds in them, such as v and z. Rs and
ws are also produced by the voiced
sound generator of most synthesizers.

The fricative generator is respon-
sible for almost all of the consonants
and can be characterized by a phoneme
or allophone with a "noisy" rasp to it.
Fricatives include s, k, f, sh, th, and
so forth. For more details on sound

LPC

Synthesizer

Speech

Allophones

Allophone
Stringer

Text-To

Speech

Rules

Allophone
Library

Gordon Mc Comb,
Vista, CA 92083.

410 Escondido Avenue,

This is a block diagram of the Terminal Emulator 1 1 from Texas Instruments. As text is
entered into the computer, the TTS algorithm module first translates the text into its
allophonic equivalent and uses pre-programmed text-to-speech rules to compensate for
pronunciation variances. The TTS module also includes rules for sentence contouring.
The modified allophones are then converted to Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) strings.
These strings are, in turn, processed through the TMS5200 speech synthesizer and
spoken.

120

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

COSMIC SQUEEZE™

by Jason Pomerantz
graphics by Fernando Herrera

To Order:

Can TOLL FREE 800-223-1545

nationwide except in New York
phone 212-889-1073

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CIRCLE 192 ON READER SERVICE CARD

DECmateU

Once in a great while, personal computers come along that drive the
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Rainbow. DECmate and Professional are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. © Digital Equipment Corporation l l )S2

Speech, continued...

categories, refer to Table #2.

The signals from these two gen-
erators are then fed to a series of filters
which is designed to mimic the human
vocal tract. Texas Instruments uses a
12-stage network that includes 10
types of filters to alter the sound, as
well as pitch and volume control. The
pulses outputted by the filters are in
digital form and must be fed to a
digital-to-analog converter before
they can be processed by an amplifier
and heard as speech.

However, simply producing a string
of vowels and consonants together
without smoothing out the transi-
tions will sound awkward and stilted.
Dynamic articulation, or the transi-
tion between sounds, must be smooth,
or the resultant speech will be nothing
more than a series of choppy gibberish.

Voice synthesizers employ circuitry
that slopes the beginning and ending
of each phoneme or allophone. As an
example, divide the word "computer"
into its component sounds and you
come up with something like: k-um-
pu-t-er. Speak each of these phonetic-
ally without transitions and you have
a word that is impossible to under-
stand. Smooth out the transitions and
you might come up with "kum-pew-
ter." There. You can understand that.

While infants are learning to speak,
they imitate not only sounds, but the
inflections of voices as well. The rising
and falling pitch of words and
sentences aids in comprehension.
Unfortunately, most hobby TTS
synthesizers lack control in this area.

Serious programming and manu-
facturing advances have been devel-
oped to control the pitch of the voice
and the playback to some extent. A
few synthesizers for the personal
computer market make it possible to
control pitch under software control.
It is also possible to pace the syllables
and phrases better to create more life-
like sounding speech.

Text Into Speech

So far, we have discussed how a
synthesizer changes digital pulses into
synthetic speech. But programming in
binary or by using special codes can
be painful and time consuming. With
the aid of the proper software or firm-
ware, it is possible to convert words
written on a computer keyboard into
the code necessary for the synthesizer.

What's more, you can alter certain
words to conform to basic English
language pronunciation. The al-
gorithm guidelines that accomplish
this are the basis for all text-to-
speech voice synthesis. TTS algorithms
convert complete words and sentences
into correctly pronounced speech.

Algorithm programs, whether they
be embedded in a memory chip inside
the synthesizer (such as Type 'n Talk)
or contained in software (such as the
Echo/Textalker), look at each letter
individually, then scan to either side
to see how other letters in the word will
affect pronunciation. The unit then
searches a rule table so it can com-
pare the scanned words with its stored
definitions. When it sees a match, it
corrects for proper pronunciation as
indicated. If it doesn't see a match, it
outputs the speech without any
conversion.

Programming With TTS

As you may have guessed, text-to-
speech synthesizers will not produce
every word they encounter perfectly.
There are simply too many exceptions
to the rules of English language
pronunciation, and no program or
device, no matter how complicated,
can cope with them all.

Overall accuracy exceeding 90% is
possible in some of the more com-
plicated industrial TTS synthesizers;
the personal computer units are some-
what less accurate, but are usually
more than adequate for the job.

77?^ Votrax Type 'n Talk.

Algorithm
String Output

H-I T-H-E-R-E

Text-To-

Speech

Translator

Algorithm

Fifo Buffer
(750 bytes)

Output

Queue

(128 bytes)

To
Speaker

"Hi there.

Amplifier

This is a block diagram of the Votrax Type 'n Talk. ASCII information is feci into the
unit via an RS-232C output. Up to 750 bytes (about a minute of speech) can be
temporarily stored in a first -in / [first-out buffer. From there, the A SCI I string is sent to the
text-to-speech algorithm. The algorithm serves two purposes: it examines each word and
corrects for pronunciation errors, and it converts the newly modified speech string into a
form that can be readily inputted into the synthesizer. The 128-byte output queue is used
as an extra storage block for translated data. The string is then sent into the SC-QI speech
chip which creates a series of humming, clicking and other unique noise that combine to
make human sounding speech. The chip has an on-board P-to-A converter so its output
can be directly routed to the internal 1-watt amplifier.

124

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

C ALS0FT

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CIRCLE 132 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Speech, continued...

Table 1. Phoneme Chart.

Phoneme Phoneme

Duration

Example

Phoneme

Phoneme

Duration

Example

Code Symbol

(ms)

Word

Code

Symbol

(ms)

Word

00 EH3

59

jacket

20

A

185

day

01 EH2

71

enlist

21

AY

65

day

02 EH1

121

heavy

22

Y1

80

yard

03 PA0

47

no sound

23

UH3

47

mission

04 DT

47

butter

24

AH

250

mop

05 A2

71

made

25

P

103

past

06 A1

103

made

26

185

cold

07 ZH

90

azure

27

1

185

pin

08 AH2

71

honest

28

U

185

move

09 13

55

inhibit

29

Y

103

any

0A 12

80

inhibit

2A

T

71

tap

0B 11

121

inhibit

2B

R

90

red

0C M

103

mat

2C

E

185

meet

0D N

80

sun

2D

W

80

win

0E B

71

bag

2E

AE

185

dad

0F V

71

van

2F

AE1

103

after

10 CH*

71

chip

30

AW 2

90

salty

11 SH

121

shop

31

UH2

71

about

12 Z

71

zoo

32

UH1

103

uncle

13 AW1

146

lawful

33

UH

185

cup

14 NG

121

thing

34

02

80

for

15 AH1

146

father

35

01

121

aboard

16 001

103

looking

36

IU

59

you |

17 00

185

book

37

U1

90

you

18 L

103

land

38

THV

80

the

19 K

80

trick

39

TH

71

thin

1A J*

47

judge

3A

ER

146

bird

1B H

71

hello

3B

EH

185

get

1C G

71

get

3C

E1

121

be

1D F

103

fast

3D

AW

250

call

1E D

55

paid

3E

PA1

185

no sound

1F S

90

pass

3F

STOP

47

no sound

/T/ must precede /CH/ to

produce CH sound.

/D/ must precede /J/ to produce J sound.

Table 2. Categories According to Production Features.

Voiced

'Voiced' 'Voiced' Fricative
Fricat. Stop Stop

Fricative

Nasal

No
Sound

E EH AE

UH 001

Z B T

S

M

PA0

E1 EH1 AE1

UH1 R

ZH D DT

SH

N

PA1

Y EH2 AH

UH2 ER

J G K

CH

NG

STOP

Y1 EH3 AH1

UH3 L

V P

TH

I A AH2

IU

THV

F

11 A1 AW

01 U

H

12 A2 AW1

02 U1

13 AY AW2

00 W

I

Copyright Votrax^) 1980

»

126

December 1982°

Creative Computing

k

A

we've got you covered.

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• or

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1^

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, S 4 cha raC „ n scree »°P t

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Software that

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^IRCLP 233 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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CIRCLE 245 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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Call or write for information and the name of your nearest
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Speech, continued...

When working with a good TTS
system, you can "bend the rules" to
make words sound better. This can be
done in a variety of ways. The most
basic is to misspell the word.
"Clothes" will sound a bit odd on a
voice synthesizer so you might mispell
it "cloze."

Words can also be split to help in
pronunciation and timing. "Com-
puter" usually sounds strange so you
might change it to "com puter." Like-
wise, the text-to-speech translator
would have a heck of a time pro-
nouncing a word like "baseball," since
it wouldn't recognize the long a and

silent e. ("Baseball" doesn't follow the
standard rules, mainly because it is a
compound word.) Breaking it up into
"base ball" easily corrects this fault.

The third way of dealing with an
exceptionally difficult word is to
bypass the TTS algorithm and access
the speech synthesizer directly. This
can usually be done under software
control and greatly aids in better pro-
gramming. If a particular sound isn't
quite right, you can easily substitute
for it by using the proper codes.

In Use

There are many ways to use voice
synthesis with your computer. Text-

The Echo II speech synthesizer.

Noise

Generator

(Fricatives)

Pulse

Generator

(Vo\ced

Sounds)

Lattice
Filter

Digital
To Analog
Converter

Speech
Out

Filter

Coefficients

(10)

Pitch

77?^ Texas Instruments TMS5200 speech synthesizer chip uses two sound generators.
One produces fricatives (f\ s, k, sh, etc.); the other voiced sounds (e, i, a, o, etc.). An
amplifier boosts these signals which are in digital form, then sends them to a lattice filter
network. The filters are based on a mathematical reconstruction of the human vocal tract.
After the incoming data has been modified by the filters, it is converted to analog signals,
then amplified. The speech that results is of very high quality and easy to understand.
The TMS5200 can be controlled by prestored ROM data (like that found in Speak 'n
Spell) or information inputted by a CPU.

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CIRCLE 360 ON READER SERVICE CARD

December 1982 c Creative Computing

129

Speech, continued...

to-speech clears the way. A good intro-
duction to TTS voice synthesis would
be to use it in connection with a
simulation or adventure game. Load
up The Count, or other game and you
and your synthesizer can explore
dungeons, escape evil vampires, and
together, glory in all your plundered
loot.

Another use might be as a prompt
for education and computer aided
instruction programs. With a voice
synthesizer, the screen is free to dis-
play graphics and other detailed data.

Voice synthesis, in conjunction with
text-to-speech, can be a great help to
the verbally and visually handicapped.
Both outgoing and incoming messages
can be transmitted easily and with
surprising intelligiblity.

Since voice output from a computer
frees you from continually looking at
the screen, business programs can be
enhanced and simplified. A book-
keeper can input names and account
balances and hear confirmations and
totals.

Voice synthesis can make your
personal programs more lively and
entertaining. The personalized flavor
helps attract and hold attention.

Other uses include connecting the
synthesizer to a telephone amplifier

and auto-answer modem. Program the
computer to answer the phone while
you are away and have it playback a
synthesized message. An elaborate set
up might enable your computer to
answer specific questions — questions
asked by the caller by pushing a button
on a Touch-Tone telephone.

Voice synthesis should
be an integral part

of your system,

but not the center

of it

To be used most effectively, voice
synthesis should be an integral part of
your system, but not the center of it.
Take care not to go overboard. Use
voice synthesis when it will get the
message across best. Overuse it, and it
might become a tired fad.

You will probably find it a little
difficult to understand everything a
voice synthesizer says during your first
couple minutes of speech. You
especially need a break-in period with

a TTS synthesizer since you must
accustom yourself to the sometimes
strange pronunciation of certain
words. But like any dialect, you can
quickly catch on to its idiosyncrasies
and learn to understand perfect
"synthesizer-eze."

Voice synthesis is being used in toys
and games, microwave ovens, and
cars — so why not wait with your home
computer. You will find the new
dimension of speech a welcome addi-
tion to your system — one that is cost
effective and useful as well.

And with the added advantage of
easy to program text-to-speech
encoding, work that used to take hours
can be accomplished in just minutes.
So give your computer a voice. □

Firms Mentioned In This Article:

Street Electronics Corp.
1140 Mark Ave.
Carpinteria, CA 93013

Texas Instruments Incorporated
Consumer Relations
P.O. Box 53
Lubbock, TX 79408

Vodex (for Votrax products)
500 Stephenson Hwy.
Troy, Ml 48084

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Use it to catalog your possessions— it has

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items

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HOUSEHOLD FINANCE

16 income and expense categories plus
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130

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

THE MIND OF MAN

Chess, Checkers, and Odin (as played by US
Othello Association rules) are classic games ot
the intellect They evolved over the centuries as
a way to understand complex situations and
achieve mastery in action

Now, by interacting with the intelligence
embodied in these programs, you can
participate in the exciting challenge ot the

Mind of Man.

FOR ALL GENERATIONS-
A NEW GENERATION OF
INTERACTIVE INTELLIGENCE

Chess Checkers and Odin are unique— in
playing strength and in what they let you do
You can try out any idea— and even get ideas
from the programs themselves. Plus, it is easy
and fun to play the games and use their many
features

Different levels of play, from beginner to
expert • Advice on best move • Take back and
replay moves • Auto and manual modes •
Instant replay of games • "Change" feature
adds or subtracts pieces • Sophisticated
opening libraries • Clear graphics •
Instructions include chapter on skillful play

THE PEOPLE BEHIND THE PROGRAMS

LARRY ATKIN AND DAVID SLATE

Authors of the Northwestern University 4.7
Computer Chess program, Winners of the
World Computer Chess Tournament,
1977 1980 Winners ot 8 North American
Computer Chess Championships between
1 970 and 1 979, Two of the world's authorities
on machine intelligence

PETER FREY

Professor at Northwestern University teaching
courses in Psychology and Computer Science
Editor of and contributor to the definitive text on
computer chess Chess Skill in Man and
Machine. One of the U.S. Othello Associations
top ranked players

BY LARRY

1

heckers

BY DAVID SL

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BY LARRY ATKIf
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C" Jjw The MIND OF MAN-Senes

CHALLENGES THE PROFICIENT-
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In addition to its superior playing strength,
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An ideal introduction to artificial intelligence

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software has proved that it stimu-
lates and speeds learning. Now,
for the first time, Control Data
has put PLATO lessons on micro-
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learn at home —and enjoy it.

For information on PLATO

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or to order, call

toll free 800/233-3784.

In California, call

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tional charge.)

Mail this form, or call
toll-free 800/233-3784.
(In California, call
800/233-3785.)

BEFORE ORDERING: CHECK TO
MAKE SURE YOUR EQUIPMENT
MEETS THESE REQUIREMENTS.

Apple II
PLUS

Atari
800

Tl

99/4A

Memory:

No. of
drives
required:

Operating
System:

48K

1 disk and
controller

DOS. 3.3

48K

1 disk and
controller

DOS. 2

32K

Memory

Expansion

1 disk and
controller

PLATO

Interpreter

Cartridge*

Will display on any color or b/w monitor
or TV compatible with your microcomputer
listed above.

* PLATO Interpreter Cartridge may be ordered
directly with the order form below. Only one per
Tl 99/4A machine is needed.

CONTROL DATA PUBLISHING CO., P.O. Box 261127, San Diego, CA 92126
SHIP TO: (Please Print)

Name

!

Address.
City

State.

Zip

r™| Payment enclosed (Check or money order only. Make payable to Control Data
— Publishing Co.).

D Mastercharge LJ VISA Lj American Express LJ Diners Club

nSSL. ' ' I ' D&'—

Your signature

(

Telephone No.

Please complete the following:

)

Quantity

Title

Basic Number Facts

Whole Numbers

Decimals

Fractions

Physics: Elementary
Mechanics

French Vocabulary
Builder

German Vocabulary
Builder

Spanish Vocabulary
Builder

Computer Literacy:
Introduction

Apple® is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Atari* is a registered trademark of Atari, Inc.
Tl* is a registered trademark of Texas
Instruments, Inc.

Warranty available free from the Control Data
Publishing Co., 4455 Eastgate Mall, San Diego,
CA 92121.

For use with: (check one)

r~| Apple II Plus

Available: Nov. '82

ri Atari 800

Available: Dec. '82

P| Tl 99/4A

"— ' Available: Jan. "83

Allow 3-5 weeks for delivery.

INTRODUCTORY PRICES:

One lesson $45.00. Each additional
lesson $35.00.

Include PLATO Interpreter Cartridge

LJ for my Tl 99/4 A. Price $50.00.

Price for above order: $

Calif. Residents: add 6%
sales tax $

Add $2 shipping and 2 00
handling $ .

TOTAL PRICE: $

1 Please send information on

lesson(s).

If not completely satisfied, you may return all
lesson material within 10 days of receipt for a refund
All orders subject to acceptance Offering expires
May 31, 1983

Control Data Publishing Company supplies this
software under a personal license agreement rather
than for sale. Customers obtain the right to possess
and use PLATO software by paying the prices
specified and agreeing to the terms and conditions
of the license agreement contained in the package

CC-12

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in these math areas. Designed for elementary
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> Whole Numbers: simulates a pinball game
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operations. Problems include addition, sub-
traction, multiplication, division and mixed
numbers. Designed for elementary and
junior high age groups.

» Decimals: kids are challenged to break
balloons by entering the correct decimal
corresponding to the position of the balloon
on a vertical line. Numbers are entered on a
trial-and-error basis. Software automatically
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For elementary math students.

> Fractions: same format as Decimals, but
requires the use of fractions to break the
balloons. Numbers are entered on a trial-
and-error basis. Balloons may burst in any
order until none are left. Difficulty adjusts
to your child's performance. For elementary
math students.

NOW, QUALITY EDUCATIONAL S
AVAILABLE FOR YOUR HOME COMPUTER.

• PLATO 8 software now available on disks in Math, Physics, Foreign Languages,
Computer Literacy— and more is on the way.

• For use on your Apple II Plus.TI 99/4A or Atari 800.

• Introductory Offering: Single lesson, $45.00; additional lessons, $35.00 each.
10-day money-back trial.

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lesson is presented in a friendly, non-intimi-
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• French Vocabulary Builder.

• Spanish Vocabulary Builder.

• German Vocabulary Builder: students

are presented with a basic vocabulary of
500 words, including useful verbs, number
words or common words for traveling or
in the home. Groups of related words give
learners context and similarity clues, which
help increase foreign language skills.
Lessons supplement introductory and/or
refresher coursework.

• Physics— Elementary Mechanics:

provides a problem-solving test in the ele-
mentary mechanics of physics. Students
are shown a physical problem; then must
"purchase" the missing information
needed to answer
it correctly. The
emphasis is on
understanding the
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■■H

creotiue

computing

Equipment

eunluation

Talk is Getting Cheaper

John Anderson

Giving your computer the power of
speech is no mere frill or gimmick. The
potential of such capability, for the han-
dicapped as well as microcomputer users
at large, is dramatic.

For as long as microcomputers have
been around, the cost of such potential
has remained a prohibitive factor. But
that is changing fast.

Following is a look at three speech
synthesis packages for the Atari com-
puter. These packages represent the
range of possible configurations: the first
is an independently powered piece of
hardware, which can hook up to any
microcomputer using a serial or parallel
port; the second consists of an Atari
specific external module, driven by soft-
ware; the third works entirely in software,
using the synthesizer chip already in the
Atari.

The Echo GP

I have had an opportunity to experi-
ment with the Echo Speech Synthesizer,
from the Street Electronics Corporation,
for quite a while now. It is a sophisticated
unit, while at the same time fun to use.

It is based on the Texas Instruments
TMS 5200 speech processor chip. This is
in contrast with its nearest competitor,
the Votrax Type 'n Talk, which uses the
Votrax chip.

The unit makes use of its own 6502

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

microprocessor, and interfaces as if it
were a printer. It is available in RS-232
serial or Centronics parallel versions. This
means that the 850 interface is needed to
drive the Echo from an Atari computer.
We received the serial version, and con-
trolled it through the 850 using Atari
Basic.

Upon power-up, the Echo unit responds
with the phrase "Echo ready," to let you
know all is well. One of the first points
the user will notice is that the Echo is
capable of intoning a sentence. Rather
than speaking in monotone, the pitch of
the voice is dynamic. This makes for a
more intelligible and less grating speech
quality.

You can use the internal speaker of the
unit or route the sound to an external
speaker. I found it convenient (as did
those around me) to use an earphone
when involved in speech editing sessions.

137

Textalker

Textalker is the ROM based program
Echo uses to convert English into speech.
Echo can translate English text into
phonemes directly, with an impressively
low error rate. It can be disorienting, but
even when Echo mispronounces a word
or syllable, the listener can usually make
sense of the sentence from its context.

This is not to say that Echo has the
diction of Henry Higgins. In fact, it takes
a bit of time to become accustomed to
the unique "accent" of the unit. As is the
case with some foreign speakers, accus-
tomed listeners will typically understand
words that first-time listeners will miss.
Echo has trouble with the "g" sound in
words like "go," and "1" sounds give it
problems as we\\.

In this respect, the monotone of the
Type 'n Talk wins out. (A thorough
review of the Votrax unit appears in the

Talk is Getting Cheaper, continued...

Do

Re

Mi

Fa

So

La

Ti

Do

Octave 1

12

15

18

20

23

26

29

31

Octave 2

31

34

37

39

44

48

51

53

Octave 3

53

56

58

61

63

Figure 1. A rough pitch table to give the synthesizer a singing voice. Flats and
sharps can also be supported, but I have not taken the time to locate them.

io rem echo sings

ITS

HEART

OUT

20 rem assumes

SERIAL

F : '0RT

IS OPEN AND CONFIGURED

30 DIM I$(100)

4 READ 1$

50 II

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"STOP"

the:n (

STOP

1090

DATA

THE

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1100

DATA

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1110

DATA

RAIN

1000

DATA

112F

1120

DATA

-131F

1010

DATA

some:

1130

DATA

BOH

1020

DATA

131 F

1140

DATA

1 12F

1030

DATA

WHERE

1150

DATA

SKIES

1040

DATA

129F

1160

DATA

126F

1050

DATA

OAV

117

DATA

ARE

1060

DATA

123F

11S0

DATA

123F

1070

DATA

er

1190

DATA

BLUE

1 8

DATA

i26F

1200

DATA

STOF : '

Figure 2. With a singing synthesizer your micro won 1 be in Kansas anymore. The
character " 7 "is what control-e looks like on the screen.

September 1981 issue of Creative
Computing.) Though it also has its share
of vocal peculiarities, it does, on the
whole, enunciate more clearly than the
Echo. And yet, for extended periods, I
would much rather listen to the Echo.
The monotone of the Votrax unit gets me
down after a while— too "compute rish."
It was an unfortunate design decision.
The Votrax chip itself, as we shall soon
see, does allow for software pitch control
which results in much more natural
sounding speech.

The features of Echo are accessed
through control characters. For instance,
pressing CONTROL-E will enable the
Textalker command set. Following this
character with a number from 1 to 63 will
determine pitch, which can be toggled
from f (for flat, meaning unintoned), to p
(for pitched, meaning intoned). In what I
think is a first for microcomputers, I
found that the Echo could be program-
med to "sing" through careful use of these
commands. In fact, the unit provides for
about three octaves. Not a bad range! A
pitch table and sample program appear
below.

be controlled by text punctuation. A
comma will create a pause, a period will
cause a drop in pitch at the end of a
sentence, and a question mark will result
in a rise in pitch.

Textalker can also be commanded to
pronounce each punctuation mark it
encounters. Similarly, the user may

choose to have all upper case letters pro-
nounced as letters (use this mode to get
IBM to sound right), or to have all words
spelled out letter by letter.

The rate of speech may also be com-
pressed resulting in twice the text in the
same amount of time. Remarkably, this

/ found that the Echo
could be programmed

to "sing.

99

function sometimes increases rather than
decreases the intelligibility of certain
sentences.

According to the documention, the
Textalker component of the Echo Speech
Synthesizer "contains close to 400 rules
which allow it to correctly pronounce
over 96% of the thousand most commonly
used words in English."

I was pleasantly surprised at how well
Echo did with unaltered text. Having
worked with phonemically-based sythe-
sizers in college, I realized this was quite
a feat. Of course there are some words
Echo has trouble with. Fortunately, an
appendix, which outlines the kinds of fixes
to apply to these words, is provided. They
are as simple as the addition of a space,

138

such as "ere ate" for the word "create,"
or the spelling of the word "question" as
"kwestchun."

Phoneme Generator

In addition to the Textalker module,
speech can be programmed at the pho-
nemic level, using the Speakeasy
Phoneme Generator, also resident in
firmware. This mode is selectable by the
character CONTROL-V, and provides for
much more detailed control. Stress,
pause, pitch, volume, and rate controls
can be embedded directly into the text
strings.

This approach requires the use of a
phoneme code, detailed in the documen-
tation. It bears little resemblance to any
phonetic alphabet I have come into con-
tact with, but the 48 sounds it provides
are more than enough to do the job.

Unfortunately, the effort it takes to
achieve satisfactory results using this
approach is somewhat unreasonable,
especially in contrast to the serviceable
job Textalker does. However budding
linguists should take note. The phonemic
approach offers great experimentation
potential. I did manage to get the Echo
speaking a little German.

The Echo Speech Synthesizer lists for
$300, which is admittedly a bit stiff. Still,
it is comparable to the price of the Type
'n Talk. And if you want your micro to
sing Thomas Dolby tunes, the Echo is the
only choice.

Hooking Up

In March of this year Creative ran a
review of the Echo Speech Synthesizer
board for the Apple II. At that time,
Textalker and Speakeasy were in the
development stage. The Speech Synthe-
sizer offers much greater flexibility and
power, as well as the capability for con-
nection to any personal computer.

However this does not automatically
imply easy connection. Even with our
experienced people here at the magazine,
it took us a while to make the Echo
conversant with the Atari.

The documentation that arrived with
our Echo was preliminary. All the infor-
mation we needed was there; I do hope
that the final documentation will be an
improvement, though.

The real fault lies with the 850 interface
module documentation: it provides begin-
ners with quite a run for their money.
Here is a way to succeed.

The first thing to do is wire an interface
cable, by connecting a DB-9 male to DB-
25 male connector. The pinouts given in
Figure 3 work with serial port number 1
on the 850.

Next you need to configure the Echo
and port number one so that communi-
cation may be established. I used a data
transfer rate of 1200 baud. This entails
setting the DIP switches on the bottom of

December 1982 c Creative Computing

1985 WAS NOT A VERY GOOD YEAR.

THE RUSSIANS INVADED GERMANY,

STORMED THE PERSIAN GULF,

ATTACKED NORWAY, AND

OVERRAN THE BALTIC.

INTRODUCING OUR

ERIES OF WARGAMES:

WHEN SUPERPOWERS COLLIDE!

SS/ has just turned the Cold War into
a very hot one. We've produced an
entire line of wargames under the title:
WHEN SUPERPOWERS COLLIDE* Each
game in the series presents a different
scenario of probable U.S. -Russia con-
frontations in various parts of the world.

The first four releases are GERMANY
1985/ RDF " (in the Persian Gulf).
NORWAY 1985/ and BALTIC 1985.

Designed by Roger Keating, creator of
SSI's highly-acclaimed SOUTHERN COM-
MAND/ these strategy simulations boast
the same successful look and play as
his previous masterpiece: beautiful color
graphic displays, easy-to-use movement
system and realistic combat rules.

In GERMANY 1985, battalions of
Soviet infantry, tanks, artillery units, and

48K disc for the Apple II with Applesoft ROM card.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc

paratroopers have breached the southern
center of West Germany through the
Fulda Gap. NATO forces must contain
and repel the Red invasion.

We've introduced several innovative
rules to this game: Speed of movement
is inversely proportional to the number
of enemy units that can see you: smoke
screens can be called upon to help cover
an attack or retreat: and the concepts
of HO units, divisional integrity, and air
superiority are fully incorporated.

For improved payability, the computer
can actually move and fire for you. For
example, if you wish to move from point
A to B. simply order the computer and it

will move the designated units along the
most efficient path — stopping whenever
enemy units are encountered. Or you
can have the computer direct your
artillery fire for you. In the solitaire
mode, the computer can play either the
Soviet or U.S. side.

GERMANY 1985 (at $59.95) is more
than the standard bearer for our new
series. Its rulebook contains all the rules
for the rest of the line.. ..which are priced
at just $34.95 each! What you've got
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To see how you can decide the
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• :* i:<ni • •

Aall2ffcuito«iwd»

A DEAD MAN

HUUdK

BmWC^SL

At the rate we're going,
we'll have these pages
filled by 2083. And by
2084, people will be
clamoring for the next
Infocom creation.

We hate to disappoint our
public. So we keep you waiting.
Because while the software facto-
ries are cranking out arcade game
after arcade game, pulpy adven-
ture after trite fantasy, we're
writing and rewriting, honing and
perfecting. Before a single person
enters one of Infocom's worlds,
it must be crafted into a living,
riveting, definitive experience.

Judging from the public's reac-
tion, it's worth the wait. For
instance, Creative Computing
welcomed DEADLINE™ as
"thoroughly engrossing and real-
istic," while a Softalk readers'
poll recently voted ZORK™ I and
ZORK II the most popular adven-
tures of 1981.

And now, for the moment, your
wait is over. ZORK III, your final

step in the underground
trilogy, and STARCROSS,™
an exploration of a new
dimension in science fiction,
are ready for you.

Look at them up there,
the little worlds of Infocom. As
our universe expands, compan-
ions will come to help fill that vast
expanse of white space. Till
then, they'll continue to stand
alone as the best of all possible
worlds.

inFocom

55 Wheeler Street, Cambridge, MA 02138

Infocom's worlds are available for Apple? Atari? IBM, TRS-80? Commodore, NEC, Osborne, CP/M? and DEC."

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Atari is a registered trademark of Atari, Inc. TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. DEC is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.

Talk is

Cheaper, continued...

the Echo so that positions 1 and 2 are on,
while position 3 remains off. Position 4
also remains in the off position to enable
"handshaking," as we say in the trade.

The serial port is configured through
software. Figure 4 shows an example of
this configuration, as well as a short
program allowing for straightforward
experimentation with the unit.

Make sure the 850 device handler is
booted whenever using the serial port.
This occurs as an autorun.sys file on the
Atari DOS disk. Make sure it is resident
on any program disk for use with the unit.
Power up the 850, then boot a disk with
the handler file. You will then be set to
go.

For more information concerning the
Echo, contact Street Electronics, 1140
Mark Ave., Carpinteria, CA 93013.

Male DB-9
(to serial
portal)

Pin 1
Pin 2
Pin 3
Pin 4
Pin 5
Pin 6
Pin 7
Pin 8
Pin 9

Male DB-25
(to Echo GP)

No connection
No connection
Connects to pin 3
Connects to pin 2
Connects to pin 7
Connects to pin 20
Connects to pin 5
Connects to pin 4
No connection

Figure 3. Wiring a cable for connection
to the Atari 850.

The Alien Group Voice Box

The Echo has everything it needs to
effect speech synthesis onboard. Like a
printer, it awaits a stream of characters;
it would just as soon pronounce text files
from bulletin board services, Compu-
Serve, or the Source. The Atari, thus, is
free to do whatever processing you have
in mind, while the Echo works
independently.

This is a fine capability, but also an
added expense. The Voice Box from
Alien Group takes some of the internal,
ROM based capabilities of the Echo, and
efficiently uses Atari RAM for their
storage. The Voice Box uses a Votrax
SC-01 chip, and connects directly to the
Atari input/output jacks. It will neces-
sarily be the final connection in the I/O
daisy chain, as it offers no jack of its own.

The external module is no bigger than
a transistor radio, and draws power direct-
ly from the Atari. It lists for $170, in-
cluding driver software, which is available
in cassette or disk versions.

The Voice Box is manipulated from
Atari Basic, and does not offer an RS-232
handler program. Using patches from
Basic, however, it can be controlled from
a machine language program.

Your machine must have at least 16K
to run the Voice Box. If you have 32K or
more, you can run two additional pro-
grams included with the package: the
Random Sentence Generator and the
Talking Face. More about these later.

When the driver program is run, the
box responds with the phrase "Please
teach me to speak," or if a dictionary is

it

10 OPEN #l,12,Q,"Ri:"

20 XIO 34,#l#i0,6 f "Rli

80 DIM I* (100)

^0 It- ta 115P HI THERE* THIS

when you are* , , over*"

AQ F : 'RINT fl t I$

7 INPUT 1$

8 PRINT *1,I$
90 GOTO 70

IS ECHO G P. , , READY

Figure 4. It is this simple to configure serial port number one and input text for
synthesis. Again the ' 7 " character signifies control-e. Don't forget to boot the
device handler prior to running the program.

142

loaded, the words "Yes, Mahster," to let
you know everything is working.

While calling on its own phonetic input
code, as does the Echo, the system also
uses a unique approach to convert char-
acter strings into speech sounds. English
text and phonetic code may be freely
intermixed, rather than requiring separate
modes, as is without exception the case
with every other text-to-speech system I
have seen.

Dictionaries

The key to working with the Voice Box
is the creation of your own dictionaries.
These are the "word equations" specified
to translate words into phonemes. For
example, by typing "spek= speak," you
will ensure that each time the word
"speak" is encountered, it will be pro-
nounced correctly. Dictionaries are saved
and re-called, as independent files, to
cassette or disk. In addition to those you
create, three pre-written dictionaries are
supplied with the driver software.

Dictionaries eat up computer memory
quite quickly— each word equation takes
up ten bytes. In order to store phonemes
more effeciently, word fragments can be
stored. You can define fragments to be
recognized only at the beginning or the
end of a word, or at every occurrence.

Because dictionary size is limited, the
dictionary approach itself is necessarily
limited. Even with 48K, no dictionary is
going to produce impressively accurate
text-to-speech capability. In this respect,
the Echo has a much more sophisticated
algorithm. This is the main trade-off
between the two systems.

In fact, if you have more than 32K, you
must change the dimensions of a string
statement in the Voice Box driver pro-
gram in order to store larger dictionaries.
The documentation clearly states how to
do this.

Other Features

Similar to the Type 'n Talk, the Voice
Box sports a potentiometer knob on the
front of the case, that can be used to vary
the speed and pitch of the speech. The
Voice Box unit allows for pitch control
through software, too. Control is
restricted to four registers, utilizing the
slash and the backslash characters to
move between them. This negates the
musical capabilities of the unit, but is a
step ahead of the monotone of the Type
'n Talk.

Because so much of the Voice Box is
RAM resident, you must decide how
much of the memory of the Atari to allot
to dictionary space, in addition to your
own Basic programs, and the Voice Box
driver. The disk version includes a pared-
down driver program for incorporation
into other programs. The documentation
also gives hints for memory conservation.

December 1982 • Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 163 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Talk is Getting Cheaper, continued...

In the 32K version, several other fea-
tures appear. The first is the Random
Sentence Generator. The Voice Box will
compose random but grammatically cor-
rect sentences from its stored word lists.
These can be modified with word lists of
your own creation. I obtained some rather
strange results in my attempts at this.
While many were semantically bizarre, I
must admit the sentences were gram-
matically unassailable. Be prepared for a
few shocks when you try this.

There is also a mode called The Talk-
ing Face. This displays an animated face,
with impressive lip synch simulated as
words are articulated by the Box. I am
sure this feature would be a big hit with
the kids.

The documentation accompanying the
system is a bit uneven in places, but
manages to cover all the features of the
Voice Box in a scant nine pages. The
phoneme list is quite complete. The
documentation also goes as far as to
suggest to assembly language program-
mers a means of updating data to the box
while running machine language ani-
mation routines.

While the Voice Box is not really in the
same league as the Echo, it offers many
of the same features for much less money.
For more information contact the Alien
Group, 27 West 23rd St., New York, NY
10010.

The game Tumblebugs

taught the Atari its

first words:

"We gotcha!"

The Software Automatic Mouth

In the September 1982 issue of
Creative, I mentioned that the Atari was
capable of speech synthesis using only its
internal hardware. The game Tumblebugs
taught the Atari its first words: "We
gotcha!" This came as a happy revelation
to many.

Well with Software Automatic Mouth,
SAM for short, Mark Barton has brought

SAM Speaks Apple II

The Apple II has no special advan-
tage over the Atari when it comes to
speech synthesis. The Echo, Votrax,
and many other voice systems work
equally well for both computers.

The history of software-only synthe-
sizers for the Apple dates back to 1979
when Softape published a program
called Apple Talker. That program has
been discontinued, but Muse publishes
The Voice, an inexpensive program
that serves the same purpose. Sirius
Software, the renowned game pub-
lisher, produces Audex, a general pur-
pose audio program that can be used
to approximate speech. For the most
part, these programs deliver results
that are interesting, but only sporadi-
cally intelligible.

Hardware voice products for the
Apple also abound. Voice input can
be recognized by peripherals from
Scott Instruments, among others.
Mountain Computer carries a remark-
able input-ouput device that turns an
Apple into a digital audio recorder.

At $130 for the Apple version, SAM
is the first product to combine unlim-
ited vocabulary, impeccable intelligi-
bility, and reasonable price.

The SAM package includes a little
bit of hardware and a little bit of soft-
ware. The hardware is a board con-
taining a digital-to-analog converter, a

tiny amplifier, and an even tinier vol-
ume control. The software includes all
the programs described in the main
part of this article.

SAM sends output to an 8-ohm
speaker. You can use the speaker
inside your Apple or, for better results,
attach a slightly larger one. Installing
SAM is no more complicated than
hooking an Apple to a TV set.

SAM uses the simplest possible
interface to a sound system. In
exchange for the simplicity of the
hardware, the developers had to write
large and complex programs. The pro-
gram that produces speech based on
phonetic codes occupies 9K of RAM.
Another program that translates
English text into phonetic codes
requires an additional 6K. These pro-
grams live in an area usually reserved
for Applesoft string variables. The
English translator also overlaps the
memory associated with the second
graphics image (Hi-Res page 2) of the
Apple.

Because of these requirements,
SAM can not cooperate with most
other programs. You can not add
speech capability to your word pro-
cessor or terminal program, for
example. Pascal, Logo, Graforth, and
most other languages can not use
SAM.-A/C

144

this possibility to fruition. He has created
a disk -based, unlimited speech synthesis
program, requiring no external hardware.
And the speech quality of SAM competes
favorably with the best systems available
for microcomputers.

SAM uses the Atari sound chip, Pokey,
to generate speech. Even with my unbrid-
led faith in the capabilities of the Atari, I
was quite surprised at how well it does
the job. Pokey is at least as intelligible as
its two competitors, the TI and Votrax
chips.

SAM is the only package around that
dares to include lengthy prepared speech
demonstration programs to show off its
articulative powers. My colleagues agreed
that no break-in period was necessary in
order to understand SAM.

The documentation supplied is equally
impressive. It not only makes operation
of the program very simple, but provides
background information concerning lin-
guistics and speech synthesis. It helps to
make the program into an excellent tu-
torial on the subject.

I did encounter one snag, if only in my
eagerness to get rolling with the package.
You must copy all the Basic programs
from the master disk to a new diskette.
The autoboot assembly language program
that constitutes SAM runs from the mas-
ter, but support programs must be loaded
from the new disk. The reason is that the
support programs require a mem.sav file.
The write -protected master disk will, of
course, return an error if a mem.sav
attempts to write to it. The documen-
tation clearly states that you must use an
un-write-protected new disk with a
mem.sav file on it. In my excitement to
get going, I did not heed these instruc-
tions, and ended up wasting some time.

Support programs included with the
package are: Reciter, which is an English
text-to-speech translation program; Sayit,
the short Basic program which makes
experimentation simple; Demo and
speeches, two files that impressively
demonstrate the powers of SAM; and
Guessnum, a spoken version of a number-
guessing game.

An RS-232 handler program is also
provided, allowing SAM to act as Ecjjo
does to read telecommunications text.

It is extremely simple to work with
SAM from Basic. All that is needed is to
define SAMS as it appears in Basic, and
then invoke either SAM or Reciter
through a USR call. You can also effect
machine language patches from Basic.

Speech Quality

The really remarkable thing about
SAM is its (his?) intonation— SAM can
be extremely expressive. Control of stress
placement is easy. The phonetic code is a
bit strange, but very nicely laid out in the

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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Talk is Getting Cheaper, continued...

Figure 5.

PHONETIC ALPHABET
FOR S.A.I

The example words have the sound of the phoneme, not necessarily the same letters.

r

VOWELS

IY

foot

IH

pin

EH

bog

AE

Sam

AA

pot

AH

budget

AO

talk

OH

cone

UH

book

UX

loot

ER

bird

AX

gallon

IX

digit

DIPHTHONGS

EY

made

AY

high

OY

boy

AW

how

OW

slow

UW

crow

v

*\ r

The following symbols are used internally
by some of SAM.'s rules, but they are also
available to the user.

YX
WX
RX
LX

/X

DX

diphthong ending
diphthong ending
R after a vowel
L after a vowel
H before a non-front
vowel or consonant
"flap" as in pity

VOICED CONSONANTS

L
W
WH
Y

NX

G

J

Z

ZH

V

DH

red

allow

away

whale

you

Sam

man

song

bad

dog

again

judge

zoo

pleasure

seven

then

UNVOICED CONSONANTS

S

SH

F

TH

P

T

K

CH

/H

Sam

fish

fish

thin

poke

talk

cake

speech

ahead

^

"N

SPECIAL PHONEMES

UL
UM
UN
Q

settle (= AXL)
astronomy (= AXM)
function (= AXN)
kitt-en (glottal stop)

^

Note: The symbol for the "H" sound is /H. A glottal stop is a forced stoppage of sound.

Figure 6.

GRAPHICS

10 REM —DEMO—

20 DIM SAM$(255)!SAM=81?2

25 X=0

30 SETCOLOR 2,0,0!SETCOLOR 1,0,0:SETCOLOR 4,0,0JSETCOLOR 3,0,0

40 SPEED=820S:PITCH=S209

45 X=X+5tfF X>45 THEN X=0

so poke speed,x:foke PITCH, 100

60 SAM$="ULEHKTRAA4NIXK /HULUW4SIXNEY5SHUNS."
70 A=USR(SAM)
80 GOTO 45

documentation (see Figure 5). A ref-
erence card is also provided.

Similar to the Echo, punctuation is
"understood." A hyphen is read as a short
pause, and is handy for delineating clause
boundaries. A comma inserts a pause
equivalent to two hyphens. A question
mark also inserts a pause, as well as
making the pitch rise at the end of a
sentence. Likewise a period makes the
pitch fall.

SAM is capable of speaking only 2.5
seconds without a break. If a string
exceeds that length, a short break will
automatically be inserted. If you don't
like the placement of automatic breaks,
you can stipulate their positions with
hyphens. The breaks are so short as to be
hardly noticeable, and cause few
problems.

SAM can be controlled more creatively
and flexibly than Echo or Voice Box. The
pitch and speed of SAM speech can be
altered through with POKE statements. I
got some wild results playing with these.
A sample program, Figure 6, shows how
speed effects can be achieved.

The timbre of speech can be varied to
make SAM sound quite human— or like a
droid from Star Wars.

An 18-page English -to-phonetic code
dictionary appears in the documentation
to help in speech programming. In
addition, SAM flags phoneme input
errors. When a bad phoneme occurs in
the immediate execution mode, an error
is flagged in the same way as syntax errors
in Basic. By PEEKing decimal address
8211, you can trace these problems when
they occur in the deferred mode.

At the incredible price of $60, there
must be a catch, right? Well there is, sort
of. Because SAM uses the Atari to do all
its work, DMA is shut down during artic-
ulation. This means the screen goes blank
during speech— no animation, no text,
nothing. The documentation tells you
how to re-enable DMA during speech,
but warns that this distorts SAM's speech
rather badly. However, this blanking takes
place only during articulation. As soon as
a string is finished, DMA returns and all
is normal.

I cannot overstate how impressed I am
with the Software Automatic Mouth. It is
a remarkable feat of software savvy, and
probably one of the best buys available
for the Atari computer. Its higher-priced
competitors have their advantages, but
would do well to strive for the same strong
documentation this package has. If you
wish to give your Atari the power of
speech, have a disk drive, and are on a
limited budget, look at this program. For
more information, contact Don't Ask
Software, 2265 Westwood Blvd. Suite B-
150, Los Angeles, CA 90064. □

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

147

Compuvoice

^^^ ^^W ^^^ ^*^ ^**r ^^W ^^W V^W

J**

I CM TALK

TO YOU
USING THIS

PROGRAM!

The Color Computer Speaks

Scott L Norman

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Compuvoice

Type: Speech synthesizer

System: 16K or 32K TRS-80
Color Computer

Format: Cassette

Language: Machine language

Summary: Inexpensive way to add
speech to programs

Price: $44.95

Manufacturer:

Spectral Associates
141 Harvard Ave.
Tacoma, WA 98466

Speech synthesis has recently received
a great deal of attention as an alternative
computer output technique. Owners of
personal computers have been able to get
in on the action, but only at the cost of
installing specialized hardware. Now,
Spectral Associates' Compuvoice gives
owners of TRS-80 Color Computers a

Scott L. Norman, 8 Doris Rd., Framing ham. MA
01701.

chance to explore the uses of machine
speech with a completely software -based
system.

Compuvoice is a machine language
program for phoneme synthesis. It resides
in protected high memory, where it can
be called from Basic programs. I shall
demonstrate the syntax a little later in
this review, but for now it is enough to
say that the argument of the user call
statement is a string built from the sym-
bols which Compuvoice uses to represent
phonemes. The construction of such
strings should be very familiar to

Extended Color Basic devotees, as it
resembles the way in which DRAW and
PLAY commands are put together for
graphics and musical effects.

Since this isn't a whodunit, I will answer
the ultimate question first: Is Compuvoice
any good? My opinion is that the program
is indeed useful, if only as an experimental
vehicle. The selection of phonemes for
any particular application requires a great
deal of experimentation, and even with
the greatest of care there can be problems
with the intelligibility of particular
phrases.

Figure 1. The author's SOUNDEMO program for experimenting with Compuvoice.

1000 DEF U8R0-8.H7F00

1003 fi"PEEK< 65315 >' POKE 63313, R OR 8

1010 X^O^-'VZZIIRR/OQ/"

1011 X$C1)" , V>W61NN^ H

1012 X$<2>- , VT.UU/"'

1013 X$<3>«'V8RREEY/"'

1014 X*<4>-'VF00>R/"
1013 X*<3>-'VF66IEV/"

1016 X*(6>»'VS>IK/SS/"

1017 XtC7>- , VS>lV<lNN/"'

1018 XttS^'VRRYT./-"

1019 X*<9)»"SN661EN/"

1020 CLS-- INPUT "DIGIT OR PHONEME'.: S >" ;
1023 IF LEFT*<RN$, 1 >-"D M THEN 1030 ELSE
1030 CLS' INPUT "DIGIT" ;N

1033 fl*»USR0< X*< N ) >

1040 GOTO 1020

1043 CLS' INPUT "PHONEME* S>" ; Pf

1050 Xt- " /"+P*+' V"

1033 fi*«USR0< X* >

1060 GOTO 1020

RN*

IF LEFT*<RN*, 1 )«"P" THEN 1043 ELSE 1028

148

December 1982 c Creative Computing

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The Color Computer Speaks, continued...

It is important to appreciate the limi-
tations of such a software -based system.
A really good hardware system can run
(talk?) rings around it, but at an order of
magnitude higher price. Keep this trade-
off in mind as I describe my experiences
with the program.

Starting Out

Compuvoice comes on a cassette, but
can easily be transferred to disk since its
memory requirements do not conflict with
those of Radio Shack Color DOS. The
instruction leaflet gives the addresses
required for the SAVEM command.
Versions intended for both 16K and 32K
machines are included.

The program is not small, it requires
8336 bytes of RAM. Thus, if you wish to
use it in a 16K system, you must sacrifice
some video storage. A PCLEAR1 or
PCLEAR2 command will probably be
necessary.

In any case, having loaded the speech
synthesizer for the first time the user is
naturally eager to put it through its paces.
The cassette includes a Basic program,
VDEMO, which can be used for a quick
demonstration. You are asked to type a
number from 1 to 9; the computer
responds to the Enter command by pro-
nouncing the number.

Frankly, the first time around I was
slightly disappointed. My first encounter
with personal computer speech synthesis,
not too long before buying Compuvoice ,
had involved a demonstration of a Votrax
Type 'n Talk, which is superior in intel-
ligibility, naturalness of inflection, and
other factors.

Compuvoice produces a very mechan-
ical, uninflected baritone, and, as I shall
describe shortly, there are persistent
problems with certain phonemes. Never-
theless it provides a basis for experimen-
tation, so I set out to use VDEMO as a
guide to writing my own test program for
further work. The result, SOUNDEMO,
appears in Listing 1.

There is certainly nothing remarkable
about this program, but it does illustrate
some syntax requirements as well as two
ways of constructing phoneme strings.
The initialization lines involving the DEF
USRO and the PEEK and POKE are
required in any Compuvoice application.

The former sets up the system for a
subsequent machine language program
call, while the PEEK/POKE combination
forces a 1 in the Bit 3 position of address
65315 to enable the 6-bit sound output. A
word of warning: The Compuvoice
instructions contain a typo, showing this
command as ...OR B rather than ...OR 8.
The actual calls to Compuvoice are the
A$=USRO(X$) commands, whose syntax
is fixed.

The phoneme string X$ can be gen-
eralized to be an array, though, and that's

CODE

AS IN

CODE

AS IN

A

dAy

2

fIRst

E

kEY

3

pUt, lOOk

I

It

4

At

O

Oh

5

pEt

U

too

6

fAther

1

cUt

7

pAW

B

Bat

N

Nice

D

Die

P

Pat

F

Fat

R

Rat

G

Get

S

Sat

H

Hat

T

aT

J

Jam

V

oF, caVe

K

Cat

W

Wire

L

Like

Y

Yellow

M

Mat

Z

Zoo

8

maTH

thiNK,briNG

9

SHe

C

CHair

X

THe,THem

. Glottal (Partial) stop

/ Full Pause

Lengthens next phoneme 50%

Shortens next phoneme 50%

Figure 2. Table of Compuvoice Phoneme and Control Codes.

how the digit-pronounciation portion of
the program, accessed by entering D,
works. The Nth member of the array is
simply the string whose pronounciation
gives the number N. The strings are
defined in lines 1010-1019; obviously,
code symbols are used for some of the
phonemes.

Compuvoice produces

a very mechanical,

uninflected baritone.

This portion of SOUNDEMO is very
much like VDEMO, except that I have
altered some of the X$(N) to give what I
consider to be more pleasing sounds. The
manual lists the strings which the vendor
uses for the digits; I doubt that anyone
would argue with the idea of altering these
things to suit the user's taste.

For general experimentation, the
prompt should be answered with P (for
phoneme). The next input is treated as a
string of phoneme codes, concatenated
with the mandatory "/ and /" delimiters,
and pronounced. This makes a fairly
convenient tool, although a one-key auto-

matic repeat of the last string entered
would probably be a useful modification.

Through the Phonemes

In Figure 2 1 have listed the 35 phoneme
codes and four control characters used
by Compuvoice. Realize at the outset that
this is less than a complete representation
of natural English; I believe the official
number of English phonemes is something
like 44. Thus you can expect some com-
promises to have been made in the clarity
of reproduction. In general, the intel-
ligibility of synthesized speech increases
as you live with the system.

The construction of phoneme strings
for application to any specific program
takes time. Your best bet (and this is
stressed in the manual) is to listen crit-
ically as you pronounce the words you
want to program. You will find that many
sounds which you might think of as simple
are actually quite complex, and require
several phonemes and/or control codes
for decent reproduction.

For example, notice that there is no
one-keystroke representation of the long
i in hi. Linguistically, this is usually
characterized as a diphthong, but listen
carefully and I think you will agree that
there are really three sounds: a broad a
as in "father," a short i as in "it," and
finally a long i is 66IE.

Each user will probably have his own
observations about the accuracy of the

150

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

THE SECOND SCENARIO

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The Color Computer Speaks, continued...

stock phonemes; here are a few of mine.
Capital letters represent the phoneme
codes, while quotation marks will be used
to set off the sounds themselves.

• A - This isn't a really good "long A" as
it stands; it is much better when followed
byE.

• 1 - Not quite right for the "short U" it
supposedly represents. The sound is too
nasal, somehow.

• 5 - This is supposed to be the "short
E", but it is really very close to the "short
I" represented by the symbol I itself.
Come to think of it, though, my wife tells
me that she hears little difference between
these vowels in normal speech anyway.

• L - Not too accurate; sound is rather
"buzzy."

• X and 8 - These are supposed to
reproduce the two sounds of the TH
blend. In practice, 8 is very good while X
gives a rather nondescript sound. In fact,
XX is a better reproduction of the "L"
sound than the L code itself!

• D - Comes out very much like B.

This brings up a point about the repro-
duction of consonants, which is that
Compuvoice has a certain amount of
trouble with the plosives (P and B, for
instance) and the fricatives (such as T). I
can't prove it, but I suspect this may have
to do with the bandwidth required for
accurate reproduction of these sounds

being in excess of the capabilities of the
program or the Color Computer.

In any case, I have found that judicious
use of the glottal and full stop control
codes improves intelligibility. Thus the
number 2 is better represented by T.UU
than by TUU, "Pie" should be P.66IE

/ have found that

judicious use of the

glottal and full stop

control codes improves

intelligibility.

rather than P66IE, and "pat" is best
rendered by P.44/T. (That last symbol is
a period, not a glottal stop code.) Finally,
both the single code C and the recom-
mended combination TC are too "buzzy"
for accurate representation of the CH
blend; a much better sound is produced
by the T/9 code combination.

Summing Up

As I said at the beginning of this review,
I have found Compuvoice to be worth
the effort it takes to generate reasonably

intelligible messages. Thus far, my own
applications have been principally to
game programs, where audio messages
seem to fit in most easily. I expect to
explore the use of audio prompts in other
areas, such as household programs, in the
near future.

Some performance problems remain.
Compuvoice doesn't appear to do any
elaborate filtering of the audio between
phonemes, so there are sometimes audible
"thumps" at vowel/consonant transitions.
In general, I must say that the per-
formance penalty incurred by using this
system, relatie to specialized hardware, is
probably appropriate to the price differ-
ential. The $375 commanded by Type 'n
Talk is a little steep if you only want to
experiment with the possibilities of
machine speech.

One more point. I find the speech
produced by Compuvoice to be too fast-
paced. I have, therefore, become a great
exponent of repeated phoneme codes to
slow things down— at least for vowels.
Once again, pauses and stops can be used
to stretch sounds out and make consoants
clearer. My problem, if that's what it is,
probably arises from my upbringing in
the relatively low-key Midwest; I just
wonder how many vowel repeats it would
take to make a real slow-drawling Texan
or Oklahoman comfortable. □

©

See Us Ai

New. 29 Dec 2, 1982

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December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 144 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Automatalk

Anybody can string together a
single circuit card, drive motor and
serial-to-parallel interface to create a
Basic-programmable Terrapin Turtle,
or use an RF-controller to construct
Wires the Robot Cat. But will such
relatively inexpensive (less than
$ 1 ,000) "mechanimals" ever run much
more than mazes, or accomplish any-
thing really practical— sayclean out the
garage or take your kid for a haircut?

Sadly, no. Although experts like
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demand for the home computer was
less than a decade ago, there is much
discussion — and disagreement — over
how fast and how far robots will be
developed to be everyday tools.

Prohibitive costs and elusive tech-
nology cause some observers to put the
day of practical domestic applications
at least five, but more likely 10 and
even 20 years away.

"The future is about 10 years down
the road," ventures Jerry Hamlin,
president of ComRo, Inc., New York.
"The home market won't break until
robots are as cheap as Apples or

Suzan D. Prince

Suzan D. Prince, 21 Spruce St., Great Neck, NY
11021.

TRS-80s. But technology isn't that far
on the learning curve yet."

Hamlin, a former film editor who
became fascinated with robots after
viewing such sci-fi classics as Day the
Earth Stood Still and Star Wars, built
ComRo I, a combination radio-con-
trolled, micro-based system dis-
tributed through Neiman-Marcus for
$17,500. Only two were sold in 1981,
one each to the Mitsubishi Corp. of
Japan and to the head of a Saudi-
Arabian importing concern. In addi-
tion to its SIM-I single card com-
puter (Simutek Computer Products,
Tucson, AZ), ComRo I has a built-in
vacuum cleaner, cigarette lighter,
spotlight, radio, stereo and TV, and
for good measure, a magazine rack.

But for all its fancy good looks,
Hamlin notes, ComRo is almost com-
pletely helpless without a human,
although a few functions such as plant
watering and floor sweeping can be
programmed from the circuit board.

RF-controlled Wires the Robot Cat,
Hamlin's other contraption which sells
through retail stores for $650, is by
contrast a starkly simple design.
"Wires was made essentially from

156

objects found around the house — a
gas can here, vacuum cleaner wheels
there," he explained. Both devices are
more entertaining than useful, the
inventor admits.

Hamlin, along with Charles Lecht,
president of Advanced Computer
Techniques Corp., New York and Ron
Wiener, 17-year old Bronx High
School of Science senior and president
of National Cybernetics, Inc., recently
appeared on Midday, a local talk
show, to discuss robots and computers
in society. Lecht, software consultant
and author of a book, "Waves of
Change," told the studio audience
(mostly micro-owning elementary and
high school students) that someday, "a
fantastic range of artificial intelligence
will be available" to the average
consumer.

Showbots

Like Hamlin, however, Lecht
agreed that the first widespread use
would arrive in the form of fancy
"showbots" such as ComRo I. These
teleoperated low-intelligence beings
often seen at trade shows and amuse-
ment centers are almost totally
dependent on humans for mobility
and rechargeability.

"Will the average family buy robots?
Yes, I believe so, but they will be con-
December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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Automatalk, continued.

"It's handy having spaghetti spoons for hands, "says ComRo s Bubble-Bot.

sidered household pets," says Lecht.
Adds Hamlin, "Like video games,
these devices will become popular for
their novelty and recreational value
before their functional value is dis-
covered. The role of the domestic
robot is not yet clearly defined."

But Wiener, who plans to study at
Carnegie-Mellon University's well-
regarded Robotics Institute in
Pittsburgh this fall, believes any future
domestic plan must include tele-
computing capability.

"My own prototype designs already
incorporate telecomputing," he notes.
"Ideally, a radio-controlled robot will
be linked to a stationary micro based
somewhere in the house. The thinking
part — an Apple or whatever — remains
separate from the doing part, with the
robot processing and executing
instructions from the remote terminal
wherever and whenever it is told."

The machines Wiener presents to
venture capitalists and interested
engineers bear little resemblance to
what the public generally imagines
robots should look like.

"My designs have no nice plastic
outer shells," he says. "They are too
expensive and really unnecessary to
the performance of the robot."

Ironically, among the obstacles to
creating a mass market, functioning
home robot is man's insistence on
making the machine in his own image.
The notion of robot (from the
Czechoslovak word "robotta" mean-
ing "forced labor") goes back to the

16th century. By the 1700s, the French
were amusing themselves with upright
musical automatons which could also
write letters. Then in 1921 Karel
Capek, a Czech playwright, first coined
the term in his work R.U.R., de-
scribing a grim futuristic fantasy in
which mechanical robots turned on
their human employers and eventually
exterminated them. Ever since, most
lay impressions have been formed
from science fiction films in which
androids do everything humans can
do, and more.

A serious
can actually impede
his own progress by
trying to imitate well
developed human
characteristics.

In reality, a serious roboticist can
actually impede his own progress by
trying to imitate well developed
human characteristics. For example,
although it is easy for a human hand
(and brain) to pick an object from a
boxful of items, a mechanical arm has
tremendous difficulty distinguishing
anything that is not isolated or on a
flat surface. There is simply too much

NASA 1 ! No, Neiman Marcus, retailing
ComRo I and Wiros.

information to process at once, says
Thomas O. Binford, a Stanford Uni-
versity researcher in artificial intel-
ligence. "It is a problem essentially of
making a map of the world inside a
computer."

The Problem Of Touch

Another problem area, the sense of
touch, is vividly illustrated in an event
occurring shortly after the Three Mile
Island nuclear plant accident in 1979.
Personnel could not reach the coolant
valve because of radioactivity, so a
robot named Herman was flown in
from Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Herman quickly became useless, how-
ever, because he lacked the maneuver-
ability to get to the valve, and his touch-
was so crude that officials feared it
would twist the valve completely off.

Entrepreneurs and scientists agree
that along with touch, maneuver-
ability through vision, and the ability
to reason and act on the environment
will be the toughest problems to
overcome in producing a polished
thinker/doer. Progress will take years;
in each case, either the technology
needed for a robot to wash windows
without breaking them, grip a wine
glass without shattering it, or see well
enough to distinguish a plate glass
window from a concrete wall is still
either unavailable or exorbitantly
expensive.

A mechanical arm sold by Microbot
Inc. of Menlo Park, CA, for example,
can move at the shoulder, elbow, wrist,
and hand, using cables and pulleys

158

December 1982 c Creative Computing

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Automatalk, continued...

d

Microbot s TeachMover and Mini Mover: not yet ready for the hobbyist at $212 per ounce of lift

under control of a personal computer.
What it can't do, however, is lift more
than half a pound- hardly a bargain
peripheral at $1700. Applied Con-
cepts, Inc. of Garland, TX, which
developed the chess playing robot,
Boris Handroid, nixed the game from
the market recently because the tech-
nologies even for getting a fixed arm
to move a fixed chess piece to a fixed
point on the board had too many bugs.
And Novag of Los Angeles, which
again displayed its pre-production
Robot Adversary chess system at the
1982 Summer Consumer Electronics
Show in Chicago, expects the S1400
unit to be purchased mostly by "people
looking for a conversation piece for
their living rooms," a representative
said.
Vision

Producing an efficient, inexpensive
vision system is another hardship, as
two Rhode Island professors dis-
covered last year when they developed
robots requiring two TV cameras
each plus a mechanical arm to selec-

tively pick up objects thrown ran-
domly into a bin. Estimated cost for a
single system is $75,000.

Most v isual robots undergoing tests
in today's factories are limited because
they see a flat, two-dimensional world.
To give robots a sense of depth,
scientists in the research lab are
building eyes that see in three dimen-
sions.

One such robot sits on a table in a
darkened room at the National Bureau
of Standards in Washington, DC.
With a light shining from its fingertips
and a television camera mounted atop
its wrist, this mechanical arm scans
nearby objects such as metallic cubes
and cylinders. The camera transmits
the image of any object illuminated by
the light to a computer under the table.
Applying simple geometry, the com-
puter calculates the shape and location
of the object, and then tells the robot
arm how to grip it and where to
move it.

But robots that use light beams can
see only where the light shines and for

only a few feet. If a machine is to
navigate through a cluttered home or
office, it must perceive complex, three-
dimensional panoramas in stereo,
using two eyes as people do. Since
duplicating human visual perception
and recognition is far beyond present
capability, scientists are working on
less complex systems that mimic
human vision.

Like the two Rhode Island scholars,
Stanford's Binford is building a robot
that uses two video cameras to see in
stereo. The computer brain reduces
the resulting image to a few crucial
lines indicating the most important
edges and curves.

For example, to recognize an air-
plane, the camera eye of the robot
transmits a picture of the plane to a
computer, which simplifies the image
to its basic shape, then to a few
essential lines, and finally to the most
critical points. To enable the robot to
recognize such pictures easily, Binford
is building a "world model, M an
electronic memory that will eventually
contain enough information to iden-
tify most physical objects or land-
scapes. His goal is to construct abstract
models of common objects, starting
with those in his laboratory, using a
single building block — a three-
dimensional cone-shaped image that
can be represented digitally in the
computers memory and output to a
CRT screen.

Similarly, inventor Jerrold Gleason,
featured on a recent episode of the
ABC-TV science show Omni, created
a seeing robot that recognizes and
stores images and shapes.

Machines that can see; the first tentative
steps in a mammoth undertaking. (From the
National Bureau of Standards. )

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Automatalk, continued...

Novag s Robot Adversary: $1400 conversation piece!

The robot makes a digital record
of a visual image, such as a wrench,
then keeps it in memory until it is
recalled upon sight," Gleason
explained. "This development is
significant because the robot will not
stumble as in the past, but will adjust
to the shape the same way people do."

But both Gleason's and Binford's
seeing robots are painfully slow, some-
times taking two or three minutes to
recall a simple geometric shape like a
cube or a square. The delay is caused
by the need of the machine to sift
through millions of bits of digital data
to simplify the image and compare it
with models in memory.

To improve speed and recognition,
researchers at Massachusetts Institute
of Technology are attempting to
coordinate both sight and touch by
building robotic skin made of thin
sheets of rubber lined with wire. The
sheets, stack one on top of the other,
line the robot's hand. The top layer
receives a steady flow of electric cur-
rent from a power source on the robot.
When the hand or fingers touch some-
thing, the sheets press together and the
wires make contact, allowing current
to flow through low layers. As pressure
increases, additional wires come into
contact and more current flows.

Thus, a robot hand connected to a
microprocessor that measures voltage
will feel the shape of an object much as
people do with their fingers. Unlike
other artificial skin, the MIT version
forms an image of what it touches. A
robot touching a keyhole will see the
keyhole in its computer brain, and
that same image could appear on a
screen.

The Future Is In Software

The real promise for progress on
the home robot front lies, as always, in
software development. Observers
believe that the ability of the com-
puter to absorb, compare, and alter
data from given instructions will more
than compensate for its mechanical
clumsiness. To endow robots with

The real promise for

progress on the home

robot front lies, as

always, in

software development

enough artificial intelligence to beat
an army (or at least cook a meal),
scientists are counting on the develop-
ment of VSLI (Very Large Scale
Integrated) circuits. Several years on
the drawing board and now used in
limited office and factory applications,
these circuit systems should be ready
for consumers within the decade and
will work at least one thousand times
as fast and hold one thousand times as
much information as today's best
microprocessors.

Then, says Raj Reddy, director of
the Robotics Institute at Carnegie-
Mellon, each robot eye, ear, and hand
will have its own tiny but powerful
microprocessor to sift through billions
of visual points, analyze hundreds of
voices or determine the pressure on
each finger and joint. The most

162

important data will be sent to the
central computer, the size of a
transistor radio, which will coordinate
the entire machine, enabling it to adapt
to changes and solve environmental
problems as they arise.

The heart of such precise intelligence
is a world of program steps created by
designers who realize that most real
world problems cannot be squeezed
into a rigid, numbers-oriented form.
Thus, instead of following a carefully
structured sequence of mathematical
steps that must be carried out in a
predetermined sequence, i.e.:

20 IF KY=8 THEN 1600
30 IF KY=l3 THEN 1700 . . .

artificial intelligence programs process
ideas and knowledge, rather than
numbers, using several methods. Some
researchers use collections of if-then
statements, i.e.:

20 If an animal has a trunks
30 Then it is not a dog.

Other researchers are building
pyramid-like "networks" of facts,
which tell the computer how various
pieces of information are related. With
such networks, the computer "knows"
that "all dogs and elephants have four
legs, but only elephants have trunks/'

AI programs then manipulate this
knowledge, just as humans carry out a
line of reasoning. Rather than follow
precise "how-to" instructions from
human operators, AI programs sort
through the knowledge stored in
memory and determine their own
sequence of steps — whatever solves
the problem. The programmer must
provide only general guidelines for
searching.

For example, when given dataabout
a problem — such as an obstacle
course — the AI program looks for the
rules that apply. By executing a rule,
the computer creates additional data
about the problem at hand. Then, it
begins to search for another rule that
applies to the new set of data. The
computer repeats this operation until
it reaches a final conclusion. The
following is an over simplified illus-
tration:

Program Rule I: The distance from
the kitchen stove to the dining room
table is 10 feet; a doorway is located
halfway between.

Computer Rule I: Create a path
from stove to table using doorway.

Computer Rule 2: Move north five
feet to reach doorway; move north
five feet again to reach table.

Using AI techniques, researchers
are making steady progress toward
computers that can instantly pick key
information out of the flood of sensory
data — like picking needles out of a

December 1982 c Creative Computing

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Automatalk, continued...

haystack. Several companies now
developing AI vision systems, for
example, will permit robots to ignore
unimportant information supplied by
sensors.

To make AI programs even smarter,
Hans J. Berliner, a professor at
Carnegie-Mellon, believes that one
approach lies in what he terms "fuzzi-
ness" — programming the computer so
"you rely less on binary decision-
making; you don't always insist that
something is either day or night
before you deal with it." The reason,
he explains, is that "when you make a
binary decision, you cannot afford to
be wrong, because you are then 100%
wrong." On the other hand, pro-
gramming the computer to deal with
a spectrum of situations is "much more
forgiving."

Robots And The Handicapped

While AI programming and VLSI
circuits should help crack the mass
marketplace within a decade, the
handicapped may benefit from robot
technology as early as next year.
Researchers at Stanford University
are currently exploring the first serious
use of general purpose robots for the
disabled, a mechanical arm to aid
paraplegics. The arm, a modified
industrial robot, would sit on a table
or wheelchair and could be used to
feed a person, fetch things, and turn
pages of a book.

Additionally, the arm recognizes
voice commands telling it how to
move, verifies the commands by
repeating them with electronic speech,
and then acts accordingly. It can, for
example, pick up a phone receiver or
pour a drink and hold the glass. A
prototype is now being tested at the
Veterans Administration Hospital in
Palo Alto, CA, and researchers say a
model for home use may be ready
in 1983.

Jerry Hamlin, who is also interested
in medical applications that would
make robots extensions of handi-
capped people, eventually envisions a
sort of electronic nanny that would
watch the children and do household
tasks ranging from security to relaying
messages. But in the short term, he
says, the most realistic (and afford-
able) use we can expect from home
robots is as intelligent household
helpers, i.e., a basic standardized robot
with a manipulator arm that would be
able to use standardized attachments
ranging from mops for floors to
squeegees for doing windows. It would
have a television camera for eyes, a
microcomputer for brains, something
akin to the rubber skin being
developed in the labs today, and a
"feeding unit" for self-recharging.

Along these lines, the inventor pre-
dicts a modular construction, perhaps
in three parts, with the top parts able
to shift themselves onto a lawn mower
or floor-scrubbing unit to do specific
tasks. Thus special purpose robots
might be the first used in the home,
incorporated into appliances, just as
microprocessors entered the home in
microwave ovens. A washing machine
could have an arm to unload clothes.
A lawn mower with intelligence could
work unattended.

Hamlin envisions a

sort of electronic nanny

that would watch the

children and do

household tasks.

For now, entrepreneurs like Hamlin
and Wiener will keep on cannibalizing
electronic hobby kits and scavenging
rummage sales and flea markets for
the perfect combination of parts and
programming.

"It's a matter of bringing the hard-
ware and software together to create
more advanced systems," Wiener says.
"But the real challenge lies in harness-
ing this power and making it market-
able for the masses. When we do,
robots will become a major factor in
raising people's living standards."

For further information:

Advanced Computer
Techniques Corp.
437 Madison Ave.
New York, NY 10022
(212) 421-4688

ComRo Inc.
570 Park Ave.
New York, NY 10021
(212) 288-0554

National Cybernetics, Inc.
105-15 66th Rd.
Forest Hills, NY 11375
(212) 275-2636

Programmable Automation Dept.
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, DC 20234
(301) 921-1000

Robot Institute of America

One SME Dr.

P.O. Box 930

Dearborn, MI 48128

(313) 271-1500

(National trade association for the

Society of Manufacturing Engineers)

Robotics Institute
Carnegie- Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
(412) 622-3131

Robot Mart

19 West 34th St.

New York, NY 10001

(212) 695-5108

(Catalog and newsletter, $3)

Terrapin, Inc.

678 Massachusetts Ave., #205

Cambridge, MA 02139

(617)492-8816

164

December 1982 e Creative Computing

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M

IE JHbme Cbmputen

This is the one?

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1982 Texas Instruments

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CIRCLE 354 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Inventing the Future

Let me begin with a cautionary preface.
As an historian, I know that history
reveals so many unexpected turns that
only a madman (or a futurologist) would
venture to predict the future. It is only
hindsight that enables us to discover the
important elements that led to this or that
event. A few illustrations will make my
point.

Necessity, so the commonplace goes, is
the mother of invention. The prognosti-
cator glibly argues that by defining the
current needs of society and by deter-
mining the state of current technology,
future technology can be predicted.
Sometimes, of course, such a strategy
works. But it often does not.

Take, for example, the stirrup. The
horse was domesticated around 2500 B.C.
and one would imagine that soon there-
after, some corpulent or clumsy horseman
would have recognized the practicality of
slinging a loop beneath his saddle to
facilitate mounting, dismounting, and
riding. But the stirrup was invented
around A.D. 500, some 3000 years after it
was needed. That's a long gestation
period.

The stirrup also provides another
moral: it is nearly impossible to predict
the social impact of a new technology.
Prior to the stirrup, cavalry was merely

Reprinted from Executive, Volume 7,
Number 2. ° 1982 Cornell University
Graduate School of Business and Public
A dministra tion.

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

L. Pearce Williams

one aspect of the military leader's might.
The invention of the stirrup placed the
cavalry in a new and dominant position.
The stirrup permitted the rider to make a
slashing swipe with a sword and, more
importantly, permitted the couched lance
to be used with devastating results. From
Charles Martel's first use of heavy cavalry
against Islam in the early eighth century,
until the burghers of Nancy in France
turned back the chivalrous Duke of Bur-
gundy in the late fifteenth century, the
mounted knight carried all before him.

The social impact of the stirrup is worth
noting. To learn to fight on horseback
required years and years of training, so
the mounted knight became a new elite
which used its military power to secure
some share on the governance of the
state. The mounted knight was also civil-
ized through chivalry into an aristocratic
caste whose ideals of honor, glory, and
valor permeated European society down
to the twentieth century. It is, of course,
an exaggeration to suggest that the culture
of the Middle Ages was the result of the
stirrup, but at least one foot of medieval
civilization was firmly planted in it.

The ripple effect of an invention further
complicates the art of prediction. It may
be possible to predict the future course of

167

a specific line of technological develop-
ment, but it is absolutely impossible to
foresee what the side-effects may be. Who
would have dreamed that one result of
James Watt's separate steam condenser
—making relatively efficient steam power
available— would be the machine gun
which has killed more people than any
weapon in history? Yet the line of descent
is both clear and simple. Watt's engine
led men to dream of pressure steam;
pressure steam required new steels and
new machine tools to improve the fit
between piston and cylinder. A machine
gun is nothing but a pressure steam engine
with removable piston (barrel and bullet),
machined so closely that the piston is
almost instantaneously replaceable as the
"steam" or exploding gases from gun-
powder expel the piston -bullet. The tech-
nology required to build pressure steam
engines is precisely the technology
required to build machine guns.

Such technological developments take
place within a most complicated and
intricate society whose casual dynamics
are veiled from view. We cannot safely
predict the main course of political events
for the next twenty years, so the possibility
of predicting technological paths that are
determined by these political events
becomes doubly hazardous.

So much, then, for the pitfalls of pre-
diction. To some extent, however, the
future is clear. By the year 2000, solar
energy will be efficiently produced— if
efficiency is defined in terms of the

Inventing the Future, continued...

escalating price of oil. Almost a reality
today, nuclear fusion should be beyond
the pilot plant stage by 2000.

But these breakthroughs— important as
they are— pale before the consequences
of the computer revolution. Since 1950,
the advance of science has been marked
by two trends that can be summed up in
the words, "information" and "discrimina-
tion." The birth of information theory
after World War II paved the way for the
invention and development of the com-
puter. And since the appearance of the
first computer, the dialectical interplay
of physics, mathematics, and computer
technology has created a new world.

In December 1980, The New York
Times magazine featured the computer
revolution and discussed the prospects
for true artificial intelligence. The same
month, Time magazine wrote of the
replacement of human beings by robots
for most dull and routine work. Such
breakthroughs depend on a minute silicon
chip able to store enormous amounts of
information in a very small space. {The
New York Times illustrated this graph-
ically by picturing a chip, smaller than
the eye of a needle, that contained 64,000
separate pieces of information.)

Information theory, however, has not
been confined to computers and physics.
It has most dramatically revolutionized
the science of living matter. DNA and the
genetic code are, after all, nothing more
than biological counterparts to the silicon
chip and the information it contains.
These molecular chips are not read on a
printout or screen, but through the inter-
mediary of other molecules. Manipulation
of enzymes permits molecular geneticists
to take DNA chains apart, examine the
fragments, read the separate sentences of
the genetic code, and finally put the whole
back together with instructions inserted
almost at will by the experimenter. This
ability of biochemists to discriminate
between substances on the molecular

level is the result of new instrument
technology and new understanding of the
chemistry of organic molecules.

The combination of information theory
and computers, with the ability to read
and manipulate the genetic code, opens
up new possibilities that may ultimately
revolutionize the human condition. Since
futurology permits speculation, let me
now try to envision what may soon be a
new and markedly different world.

We no longer need

personal contacts to

spread ideas, nor need

we tap human energies

to get things done.

One of the prospects that both The
New York Times and Time held out was
the end of dull and routine work. Even
now, many operations in the mass pro-
duction of automobiles are performed by
computer-controlled robots who can work
more efficiently, tirelessly, and accurately
than humans. The kinds of work for which
time and motion studies were originally
devised will undoubtedly soon be per-
formed by machines. Except in the most
backward sections of the country, manual
labor, too, will have vanished. Backhoes
today have made ditch diggers obsolete;
there is no reason why backhoes cannot
be equipped with small computers to
eliminate their human operators. Unpleas-
ant labor, too, should be relegated to the
ashbin of history. The Times article
singled out garbage collection as a candi-
date for early computerization, no doubt
because the author spent some time in
New York City, where efficient garbage

n

O O O O

u>u

n> Q

ST6IN

"Well.. .so you're a mimeograph machine operator. What's a mimeograph?''

168

collection remains a Utopian dream. But
these effects are all petty— mere contin-
uations of the long trend of substituting
mechanical power for human muscle. The
continued development of computer tech-
nology will have greater impact.

The most dramatic possibility is the
elimination of the city as an essential part
of our society. Cities were originally
formed in Mesopotamia because they
permitted the rapid transmission of ideas
and allowed cooperative social effort.
Massive irrigation and drainage works
required the concentration of large num-
bers of human beings. It was the city that
permitted civilization to emerge because
civilization depended upon the ability to
translate ideas for great projects into the
works themselves as rapidly as possible.
The modern city serves much the same
function. Cities, today, are industrial,
commercial, or transportation centers
that rely upon rapid interaction between
human beings. The arts and sciences have
thrived in an urban setting precisely
because ideas are in the air and the social
interaction made possible by massed
population serves to stimulate creativity.

Computers can now dispense with all
that the city has to offer. We no longer
need personal contacts to spread ideas,
nor need we tap human energies to get
things done. The computer revolution
removes, then, the raison d'etre of the
city itself. The computer printout, record-
ed as a permanent memory, will replace
casual conversation. Made up of people
from all over the globe who need not
suffer jet lag, television conferences will
take the place of costly meetings. Instead,
with records and materials at their finger-
tips, executives will be able to devise
strategies and make decisions. This trend
has already taken hold: executive offices
have been moved out of cities and into
the suburbs. The next logical step will be
to eliminate the executive office and
conduct business from the home. No real
purpose is served by having people leave
their houses, artificially uniformed and
psychologically armored for combat to
"work" elsewhere. The business office of
the year 2000 will be housed in the relaxed
atmosphere of the home.

Perhaps better described as a living
module, the house itself will be serviced
by computer technology. All housework,
dull and routine as it is, can now be done
by robots controlled by a central "house-
keeper" computer. Cooking, dishwashing,
cleaning and even bed-making, the tradi-
tional tasks that have hitherto driven the
ambitious woman from the house, will
soon be relegated to mechanical servants.
Even the chore of shopping should dis-
appear. The computer can easily keep an
inventory of foodstuffs and other neces-
sities and place orders with the computer
at the nearest super-warehouse. Orders

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 257 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Inventing the Future, continued...

can be filled mechanically, and delivered
by computer-driven vehicles. Packaging
will also be revolutionized, for the
receiver of the goods will no longer be a
human being, but a fellow computer
which receives the goods, stores them
until needed, and then opens and serves
them as required. All the humans need to
do is indicate what they desire for break-
fast, lunch, or dinner. Not bad. Not bad at
all.

Production, too, should be automated
in the relatively near future. We already
have largely computerized factories
where oil is refined, automobile motors
are cast and bored, automobile bodies
assembled and welded. Even the general
overseer of production, now a human
being, can easily be replaced by a so-
phisticated computer capable of making
the decisions necessary to guarantee high
quality and continuous production.
Though perhaps more difficult to com-
puterize and automate, most work on the
farm is repetitious and will, surely, soon
be programmed. A computer can decide
when to plow, plant, seed, and harvest by
simply recording and scanning the appro-
priate meteorological data and sampling
the fruit to test for maturity. Provided we
can solve the problem of soil and fertility
conservation, the prospect of automated,
computerized food production looks
bright.

One aspect of the computer revolution
deserves special mention. Unlike past
technological advances, which have
created jobs because someone had to
make the machines that displaced human
labor, this revolution will do away with
positions that can be filled by humans. It
is feasible to build computers with robot
extensions that can build and repair new
computers and robots. And if, in fact,
computers and robots develop along
current lines and are applied to all the
tasks for which they can be designed,
there will be precious little for human

beings to do.

The computer revolution will not only
shape the environment in which human
beings live and move; it will also affect
people themselves. From the medical
standpoint, we are, after all, nothing more
than sophisticated physico-chemical
machines. Computers and robots that can
be built to service and repair other
machines can certainly be designed to
service and repair the human machine.
Even now, for example, cellular surgery
is performed by laser machines. Using
microscopes for eyes and electronic cir-
cuits for nerves that never weary or
become frayed, robotic micro-surgeons

"My clone will practice
the piano, study Latin,

learn pass patterns,
not smoke or drink, and

grow up to be what I
always wanted to be!"

of the future should be able to put tired
and used human beings back together
again. The reattachment of limbs will be
routine, and surgical intervention in such
precarious areas as the brain, liver, pan-
creas, and other vital organs only slightly
more unusual. Indeed, it is even possible
that surgery— the actual incision— will
become obsolete.

The growth of information theory —
together with the ability of biochemists to
manipulate specific molecules for specific
purposes— has recently opened up the
sources of life itself. We can now read the
genetic code with some accuracy; we are
even able to write some codes of our
own. Genetic instructions can, for
instance, be inserted in bacterial cells to

'...attention all employees,... we'll have a minute of silence in honor of the uninflated dollar... "

170

force them to produce products such as
interferon and insulin. It is likely that,
within twenty years, we will be able to
decode the molecular instructions that
cause the rejection of transplanted
organs. By preventing rejection, we could
make organ transplants as simple as
changing oil filters.

Not long ago, Karl Ilmensee and
Peter Hoppe announced that they had
cloned mice. It is only a matter of time
until a human is cloned. My mind is
boggled by the opportunities. We could
actually raise ourselves. We would have a
second chance: we could bring up our
clone with all the self-knowledge a life-
time of living had earned. New Years'
resolutions could now be applied to
someone else. "My clone will practice the
piano, study Latin, learn pass patterns,
not smoke or drink, and grow up to be
what I always wanted to be!" Not bad.
Not bad at all.

Is this brief excursion into the techno-
logical future more than a pipe dream? I
argue that it is because I have merely
extended the possibilities that now exist.
But I have, of course, pushed aside the
complications that may stand in the way
between this present and any future. I
have not spoken of an exploding world
population that could plunge all mankind
into barbarism. I have not written of
nuclear war that could blast us back to
the stone age or extinction. I have as-
sumed that we will avoid catastrophe.

Still, if the thrust of my predictions is
correct, society itself will be dramatically
reshaped. Highly decentralized and nearly
completely automated, human activity
will not revolve around work, since robots
will have shouldered this burden. With
population growth more or less static,
new-borns will probably be clones, since
few will willingly risk a genetic gamble.
They will take the tried and tested:
themselves. Education and the arts may
simply wither and die. Of value because
they enable us to understand ourselves in
a social context, they will become irre-
valent because the social context itself
will be minimal.

What, then, will men and women do
when there is nothing that they have to
do? No one can be certain. But history,
surely, gives us some instructive guide-
lines.

In France, in the seventeeth century,
the aristocracy— with nothing much to
do — turned parasitic. Forming into an
elite group marked off from the rest of
the French population by its strange
etiquette and pride of race, it invented all
sorts of social games to preserve its
identity and give meaning to its way of
life. By doing so, it rediscovered a kind of
vitality. In the future, we too will need to
rediscover our own human roots, for the
omnipresence of intelligent robots and a

December 1982 • Creative Computing

5 nvM a^m

dtiu s 1 9&i ri p

OF THUNDERCLOCK PLUS ?

c

SSTBYBfcH

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nT

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in and your programs can read the month, date, day of
week and time — down to the second — in any of Apple's
languages. So your Apple can do any number of tasks
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Most good software packages for business, data base
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name a few). So no matter how you use your Apple now,
Thunderclock Plus can make it a more versatile
and efficient tool.

For example, with business or communi-
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In addition, Thunderclock Plus can
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So now that you've heard of Thunderclock Plus, isn't

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•Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

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tBSR X-10 is a registered trademark of BSR (USA) Ltd.

Thunderware's DOS-DATER time and
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CIRCLE 355 ON READER SERVICE CARD

The best software for
the IBM Personal Computer

Could it be yours?

Attention, all programmers. Here's a
chance to reach the top.

If you've written software that's completed
and runs on the IBM Personal Computer, we
could be interested in publishing it.

(We also could be interested if it runs
on another computer. If we select your software,
we'll ask you to adapt it to our system.)

But be advised.

Our expectations are great.

Because the software we publish must be
good enough to complement IBM Personal
Computer hardware. In fact, the more you take
advantage of all our hardware capabilities (see
the box at right), the more interested in your
software we become.

Think about incorporating color graphics
into your program, for example.

Use sound. Consider the power of our
keyboard and remember to utilize the ten
programmable function keys.

In all cases, we're interested in "friendly"
software — with emphasis on quality and wide
appeal. Programs with the greatest chance
of being published must be easy to use, offer
a better way to accomplish a task and provide
something special to the user.

What kinds of programs? All kinds.

Education. Entertainment. Personal ^

finance. Data management. Self improvement.*^
Games. Communications. And yes, business.

We select programs that will make the
IBM Personal Computer an even more useful tool
for modern times.

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS

User Memory

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Keyboard
83 keys, 6 ft. cord
attaches to
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10 function keys*
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Display Screen Permanent Memory

1 ligh res< >luti< >n * ( ROM ) 40K bytes *

80 characters x 2S lines Color/Graphics
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So, if you think your software is the best,
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even if you license it to us.

We're offering the ladder. Think about
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For information on how to submit your
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The IBM Personal Computer
A tool for modern times

For an authorized IBM Personal Computer dealer near you (or information from IBM about quantity purchases) call 800-447-4700. In Illinois, 800-322-4400. In Alaska or Hawaii, 800-447-0890.
tUCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California. CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

CIRCLE 206 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Inventing the Future, continued...

world of machines will tend to erode our
humanity.

Thus, anything that reminds man of
man will be important. What can men do
that machines cannot? They can play:
sports, then, will be even more of an
obsession. Unlike machines, humans can
express their individuality, so self-
expression will grow in importance.
Demanding a social milieu to survive, the
arts may die, but those intended merely
for self -gratification will thrive.
Handicrafts— those projects that satisfy
both our creative aspirations and our need
to feel useful— ought to be very popular.

Or, we may be devoted to form and the
description of form. In the early seven-
teenth century, the samurai of Japan,
committed to a martial life, were forced
into peaceful ways by the Tokugawa
shogunate. For more than two centuries,

the samurai managed to keep their martial
values alive without ever being able to
exercise them. Instead, they took the old
martial exercises that had prepared them
for war, and turned them into martial

Certain old traditions

will be brushed off,

refurbished, and made

central to human

existence.

arts. Great satisfaction was drawn from
the precise and beautiful execution of
acts that formerly had been used to kill
and now were used to preserve knowledge
of the special status of the samurai. The

noh drama froze in stylized dance and
song the myths of the samarai. Martial
actions like the drawing of one's sword or
the shooting of an arrow were now turned
into studies of form and attitude. The
point of these exercises was not their
practicality, but their perfection of human
grace. The discipline and dedication
necessary to excel were their own
reward.

We may see something akin to this in
the Brave New World we are entering.
Certain old traditions will be brushed off,
refurbished, and made central to human
existence. There has, for example, long
been a tradition of primitivism in
American life — "roughing it" on a frontier
or in the wilderness. I would not be at all
surprised to see this sort of primitivism
reborn, under the protection, of course,
of the new robotic companions of man. □

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174

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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The size, of course, is a dead
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5) It lets you shut the whole unit
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Little screen, big picture.
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EPSON

_

*** MENU ***
CTRL-.- 1 Initialize

1 MONITOR

2 BASIC

.

• ••••. • . .

•T" • ! • •!•

CTRL

• mm i

i nur

••• MM ■ Mi

• « • • •

j-. DM

PRINTER

OFF ON

PAPER
FEED

PAUSE

mm

MENU

BREAK

PF1

PF2

PF3

PF4

1

i

P-IP

^"

*m— ■ ■ - ^

IteRL

**-*

SHIFT

.VJV^l

mm

Optional Microcassette

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Die Wahrheit
(The Truth)

Bruce Jaeger

Charlie tore off the last sheet of print-
out and arranged the pages into a small
neat stack. "Well, it's finished," he said.

"What's finished?" asked his friend
Mike. "Another Save the Princess
game?"

"No, nothing like that anymore. I've
written a story for Creative Computing."

"No foolin'?"

"Sure," Charlie continued, as he
cleaned his glasses with his shirttail. "It's
a story about this computer that gets intel-
ligent and goes berserk, and then the
princess..."

"Wait! Hold on!" Mike picked up the
manuscript. "They'll never print this."

"Why not? What makes you so sure?"

"Look, Charlie. Have you ever seen a
story in motorcycle magazines about the
Hell's Angels?"

"I don't read motorcycle magazines,
and besides, what does that have to do
with anything?"

"Do airline magazines ever have stories
of plane crashes? '

"What are you getting at?"

Bruce Jaeger, 1253 Ashland Ave., St. Raul, MN
55104.

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

"Charlie, the computer magazines
won't print anything about computers
taking over the world. They've got to
protect their interests!"

"What interests? I thought they just
wanted to sell copies."

Mike laid the papers down and looked
straight into his friend's eyes. "I mean the
computers' interests, Charlie."

"Huh? What're you talking about,
Mike?" He picked up his manuscript and
held it protectively.

"Let me back up a bit," said Mike.
"Have you ever read any of those tech-
nical articles about things like NAND
gates and pulses and memory buses and
IEEE timeouts and all that?"

"I've tried to. I could never make any
sense out of them."

"Right!" exclaimed Mike. "And have
you ever tried to read any of the machine-
language articles? About implied addres-
sing and two's-complement and bit mask-
ing and carry clears and all that?"

"Sure I have, and I couldn't figure them
out, either."

"Of course not!" said Mike. "No human
being can make sense out of that stuff.
It's Their first big mistake."

179

"What? Whose?" Charlie looked
worried.

"Why, the editors! The computers that
put out the magazines."

"What!?"

"That's right, Charlie. The computer
magazines are all written by computers.
It's all part of their master plan to take
over the world."

"Wait a minute! And you were just
picking on me for my story."

"Don't you realize that Creative
Computings editor-in-chief is a fourth-
generation construct of the American
Higher Logic Corporation? First there was
Able, then Baker, then Charlie, then
David..."

"You mean David A.H.L. is a
computer?"

"Shhh! Not so loud! Your Apple might
be listening."

"I HAVE BEEN," intoned the Apple.

Charlie reached into his pocket pro-
tector, pulled out a micro-blaster and
rayed Mike into a wisp of ozone-tinged
smoke.

"HE KNEW TOO MUCH," said the
Apple.

"Right!" said Charlie A.H.L. □

> •

•/ - •«■
« • •» ■

V •

»v i'h » " •'. *

• •»

ft ?i>Vi : i ;

Computers and Creativity

Parti

To ask if a computer will ever think
like a human is somewhat like asking
if a human will ever fly like a bird. Man
must have wondered about flying for
thousands of years. Then, in the
1800's, using a sophisticated analysis,
some anonymous person proved that
man's strength-to-weight ratio was
too low for man ever to be able to fly.
We know what has happened since.

Ever since Ekert and Mauchly
developed the ENIAC in 1946, people
have been asking whether the com-
puter will ever be able to think. The
words "like a human" are unstated but
they are implied.

Alan Turing suggested a test in
which a computer would be said to
think if its output were indistinguish-
able from a human's. (See Creative
Computing, January 1980.) That is
similar to saying that a man can be
said to fly if he looks like a bird. With
great respect for Turing's genius, we
should ask a different question.

I propose that we ask "can a
computer be truly creative?" This
question looks upon thinking for what
it does for us rather than how it does it.
We no longer think of flying like birds.
The objective is the transportation of
people and goods through the air. A

Richard P. Ten Dyke

good part of our thinking is directed to
creative endeavors, so by asking the
question "can computers create?" we
are asking for the result and not the
method.

This article explores the question of
computers and creativity. The first
part of the article discusses a simple
program that exhibits many of the
characteristics of creativity. Using

/ choose to call
something creative

if it is new

and better.

Richard P. Ten Dyke, RD2. Box 219, Pound Ridge,
NY 10576.

this as a base, the second part looks at
the various aspects of the creative
process, and discusses where a com-
puter fits into the picture.

Defining Creativity

Before getting into the example
problem it might be wise to spend a
moment on what is meant by the term
creative. I choose to call something

180

creative if it is new and better. Both of
these involve value judgments. What
is new or better to one person may not
be to another.

The concept of newness is
undoubtedly the easier to agree upon,
but there can still be doubt. Any
child's painting is new since nothing
exactly like it has ever been created
before. However, a trained artist,
working in the style of one of the
masters may not be considered to be
doing work that is new since he is
copying another artist's style. So new-
ness is a concept that is a matter of
judgment. For most people real new-
ness implies something fresh in the
way of a concept or an idea, rather
than trivial differences.

The concept of better is the more
difficult of the two to agree upon. It,
too, is a matter of judgment. But
whose judgment? It is too easy for any
individual to personalize the question
and suggest that his judgment is the
one that truly matters.

I suggest that if we are going to
think about creative processes in
general, our personal judgments may
not be the ones that matter. Rather
there is a "third party" whose judg-
ment counts. The third party changes
depending upon the nature of the
creation. This concept is not new. It is
akin to the "unseen hand" that guides

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 143 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Creativity, continued...

the economy as suggested by Adam
Smith many years ago. I will refer to it
as the environment.

1 once asked a fairly well-known
scientist what, in his opinion,
creativity was. He answered: "that
which a machine can not do." Now, if
he is right there is no need to read
further, so let us ponder why he may
be wrong.

Using our definition of creativity,
we ask whether a computer is capable
of developing something that is new
and better. Since the computer is only
going to develop something that is the
result of a computer program, it is
easy to argue that only the original
program was creative.

That would be true except for one
fact: the computer, programmed by
man, is capable of producing a result
that is completely unexpected and
unpredictable. Such an event could
qualify for the measure of newness. It
remains to be determined whether
such a thing is better in some useful
way.

Example Problem

So let us now turn to the example I
promised, a simple problem in reason-
ing by analogy. It is the well known
series completion problem found in
intelligence tests. The problem is easy
to solve with a small computer. It is
selected not because the solution is
profound but because it illustrates the
three principal ingredients of the
creative process.

Given five numbers, such as, 2, 4, 6,
8, 10, you are asked to discover a sixth
that is a continuation of the series. It is
easy to see that the sixth number for

this series is 12. Some series take a
little more thought. Consider: 1, 1,2,

3, 5, ? If you are familiar with the

Fibonacci series, you recognized it
immediately, or perhaps you noticed
that each number was the sum of the
two which preceeded it. In either case
you chose 8.

Try another: 1,3,6, 10, 15, ?Not

too difficult. One might notice that
each entry is the sum of the digits up to

It is only likely

that some solutions

are better for some

purposes than others.

the position of that number in the
series. For example, the fourth entry,
1 0, is the sum of the digits 1 through 4.
Or you might recognize that the dif-
ferences in each successive pair of
entries increased by one. Or you might
have approached the problem alge-
braically and computed the equation
x n = (n) (n+l)/2 where x n is the nth
entry in the series.

Does the solution to this problem
require creativity? Let us examine how
a person might go about solving it. It
appears at first that the problem solver
is looking for the sixth entry in a series.
It is true that the sixth number is the
test of the desired result, but the
pattern is the solution to the problem.
One could easily guess any number
and, with some chance, be correct. The

P> &>

"Come to any conclusions on Murphy's Law yet?"

182

way to be sure is to test the proposed
solution against the pattern that
describes and explains the first five
numbers.

To determine the pattern, the
problem solver must discover the
algorithm that was used to create the
first five numbers of the series. Any
machine that is designed to solve such
problems must be capable of generat-
ing algorithms itself. But this is in
contrast to the usual use of computers,
where algorithms are supplied by the
user and the machine is asked to
develop the result. In this case, the
computer must find an algorithm (or
program) after being given the solu-
tion. We will be asking the computer
to program itself.

It will be left to the reader to decide
whether this requires creativity. I offer
a few arguments that suggest that it
does. First, I know of no programming
technique to write such a program that
does not involve some kind of trial-
and-error technique. Nor do I know of
an algorithm for discovering al-
gorithms that predictably assures a
result.

Second, there is no single correct
answer to any of the problems that will
be posed. Given a series of five num-
bers, we have seen that more than one
algorithm can give the desired result.
It is further possible that another
algorithm can also explain the first
five numbers and differ on the selec-
tion of the sixth. This is the essence of
a creative solution, namely, that more
than one answer is useful. It is only
likely that some solutions are better
for some purposes than others.

Third, the form of solution for the
problem resembles that for other
problems that require creative solu-
tions.

We are going to divide the solution
program into three sections, algorithm
definition, algorithm evaluation, and
learning.

The algorithm definition section,
described in Figure 1, consists of a
random number generator, an
operator table, and an operand table.
Random numbers will be used to select
various combinations of operators
and operands to create an algorithm,
or program, that will predict the
elements of the series.

The algorithm evaluation section
will make use of the defined algorithm
to see if, using the first, second, and
third entries of the series it would

successfully predict the fourth. If it
passes that test, it will substitute the
second, third, and fourth entries for
the first, second, and third, respec-
tively, and using the same algorithm,
attempt to predict the fifth entry. If
it also passes that test, it is presumed

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

i

1

1 ^1

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CIRCLE 181 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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Creativity, continued...

READ SERIES

X l X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5

UPDATE OPERAND
TABLE WITH SERIES

SELECT 3 RANDOM
NUMBERS

SELECT 1 OPERATOR
AND 2 OPERANDS AND
BUILD ALGORITHM

V

§

M

TABLE OF
OPERANDS

EH

M

TABLE OF

Z

M

OPERATORS

W
Q

WAS ONE OPERAND
A "Z"

NO

TEST ALGORITHM

USING X X X

PREDICT X„
4

SUCCESSFUL?

-NO>-

CLEAR ALGORITHM

AND START OVER

i

YES

REPLACE X, X^ X
12 3

i k

S3

WITH X„ X^ X„
2 3 4

O

M
Eh
<

PREDICT X

t-l

SUCCESSFUL?

r ■ NO i

5

w

YES

REPLACE X„ X„ X,
2 3 4

WITH X X X

PRINT X^
6

o

UPDATE OPERATOR

2

AND OPERAND

1

3

TABLES

Figure 1. Series completion program block diagram

CIRCLE 288 ON READER SERVICE CARD

to have solved the problem. It will now
substitute the third, fourth, and fifth
entries and, using the same algorithm,
print out the sixth entry as predicted.

If the machine fails either of the two
tests, it will return to the algorithm
definition section and develop a new
algorithm.

When the machine has successfully
passed both tests, it prints the result
and passes to the learning section of
the program. This section maintains
the operator and operand tables that
were used by the definition section.
To understand how the learning
section works, we will go into more
detail about how the tables are used.

An algorithm consists of a collection
of operators, such as plus, minus,
maximum, and exponential, and a set
of operands, consisting of the x values
representing the entries in the series
as well as the position values. The

184

operands also include constants, in-
cluding the integers from to 9. The
algorithms are developed using prefix
notation. This is not a requirement for
the program, but it does simplify it.
To illustrate, the expression:

(*n-l ♦ *n-2>
would be written in prefix notation as:
(PLUS x n _! x n . 2 ).

If n is set to 4, this expression adds the
values for the third and second entries
of the series.

Developing An Algorithm

To develop an algorithm, the
machine selects an operator, such as
PLUS, from the table of possible
operators and two operands from the
table of possible operands. The
probability of selection of any partic-
ular operator or operand is dependent

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 121 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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Creativity, continued...

upon the selection of three random
numbers and a range of random num-
bers that is associated with each.

Suppose random numbers are being
taken from a uniform distribution of
all integers from to 999, and the
selection range associated with the
operator PLUS is (235 to 311)
inclusive. The operator PLUS has a
probability of being selected of 0.077,
determined by the width of the selec-
tion range.

The probability of selection of any
of the operators or operands can be
adjusted by changing its selection
range. Changing the range for PLUS
to (235 to 3 12) increases its probability
of selection to 0.078.

The learning section of the program
changes the probabilities of selection
of both operators and operands by
changing the selection ranges. If the
operator or operand was used in a
successful algorithm, the selection
range for it is increased. Since the sum
of all selection ranges must equate to a
fixed total (in our case, 1000) then the
selection ranges for all other operands
and operators must be reduced accord-
ingly.

One important aspect of the use of
these tables should be explained.
Clearly, an algorithm which consists
of one operator and two operands is
too trivial to be interesting. For this
reason, the tables themselves are
capable of developing algorithms of
much greater length and complexity.

An operation consisting of one
operator and two operands, upon
being executed, results in a single
number. This number can be used as

an operand in yet another operation.
Thus, one of the entries in the operand
table is: "create another operation."
Any number of these operations can be
nested giving algorithms of consider-
able richness.

If all ideas are the

same as before, there

is no creativity.

Let us use the symbol Z to indicate
the operand "create another opera-
tion." Now, suppose the algorithm
definition section selected the
algorithm:

(PLUS x n _j Z)

Upon seeing the Z, the program
returns to the random number gen-
erator for three more random num-
bers, one for the selection of another
operator and two for the selection of
two more operands. Suppose this time
the result was the operation:

(MINUS 3 n).

The total expression would now com-
bine to form:

(PLUS x n _! (MINUS 3 n)).

Assume the following values:

x n-l =2

n = 4

L

"...this isn't love, it's symbiosis, simone,... cause i'm wild about your pheromones.

188

The expression would compute to:
(2*(3-4))=l

If the probability of selection of Z is
too high, every operation could
require the creation of one or more
additional operations, and the process
would never reach resolution. I found
that values for probability in the range
from .1 to .25 were reasonable. The
learning section of the program will
modify these probabilities on the basis
of successful trials.

Experience Using the Program

The program successfully solved all
simple series given to it. It easily solved
all of the series offered as examples in

this article. It could solve any series
that was constructable within the
limits of the algorithm generator and
consistent with relatively compact
algorithms. As the algorithms needed
for solution became more complex,
the program had increasing difficulty.

One experiment revealed an unex-
pected truth about the creative
process. I wanted to understand how
the learning section would operate, so
I offered the same series to solve
repeatedly. On the first trial the pro-
gram solved the series after about 500
fail cycles. With each succeeding trial
the number of fail cycles declined. I
continued to let the computer work on
the problem for several hundred itera-
tions.

Then, without thinking about the
consequences, I asked the computer to
solve another series, different from the
first but of the same level of difficulty.
This second series had been solved
earlier with about the same number of
initial fail cycles as the first. However,
this time the program ran to a pre-
determined limit of fail cycles without
finding a solution and "gave up." At
first I thought there was something
wrong with the program. Rather, a
deeper insight was forthcoming.

Upon inspection I discovered that
the tables had been updated by the
learning section so many times that the
machine was only generating the one
algorithm that would solve the first
problem. The definition section had
lost all traces of randomness and was
repeating the same mistake over and
over. It had lost all creativity.

It is easy to think of solutions to the
problem of over-learning in this pro-
gram. It is more interesting to establish
whether this phenomenon is peculiar
to this program or the result of more
general principles. My conclusion is
the latter, as are other phenomena de-
scribed or implied by the program.
Hence, I believe it can be used to dis-
cuss and illustrate creativity by
machines and other systems as well.

December 1982 ■ Creative Computing

t

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CIRCLE 104 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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Part 2

In Part 1, we posed the question
whether computers can be creative.
Using the series completion problem
found in intelligence tests for an
example, we described a computer
program which solves those series by
finding algorithms that can be used to
create them. Using the same
algorithms, it predicts the next entries
in the series.

The program consisted of three
sections. The first was an algorithm
definition section which created pos-
sible algorithms using tables of
operators and operands, and assem-
bled algorithms from these tables
using random numbers. The second
was an algorithm evaluation section
which tested those algorithms against
the numbers in the series that was
being evaluated. If the algorithm could
successfully explain the fourth and
fifth entries in a series of five num-
bers, the series was considered solved
and the same algorithm was used to
predict the sixth. The third section
was learning in which the probabilities
of selecting certain operators or
operands were changed in favor of
those which had been shown to be
successful.

In this part of the article we will
draw some parallels between the
example problem and machine
creativity in general.

If the algorithm could
successfully explain

the fourth and fifth
entries in a series of

five numbers, the

series was considered

solved and the same

algorithm was used

to predict the sizth.

To have an illustration for reference
purposes, I have constructed Figure 2.
The resemblance to Figure 1 is that
here the three sections of the program
are simply described as areas within a
triangle divided into four parts.

The top part, Idea Definition, cor-
responds to the algorithm definition
section of the program.

The middle right portion, Idea

190

Evaluation, corresponds to the
algorithm evaluation section of the
program, and the Learning portion
occupies the middle left.

A fourth area, defined as Environ-
ment, occupies the lower portion of
the triangle.

Obviously, I use the term idea in a
very general sense. It is a short way of
saying "a proposed solution to a
problem or need " An idea can take
many forms: a piece of art, a com-
puter program, a poem, or a model for
a molecule.

Elements of The Creative Process

Let us describe the three basic
elements of the creative process, using
the example problem as a base.

What are the essential ingredients of
the idea definition element of the
process? First is the identification of a
need for an idea. In a real-world situa-
tion this might be the discovery of a
problem. It may be curiosity. In our
example, the failure of a previously
generated idea triggered the need for
another one.

Another necessary ingredient is the
availability of some raw materials
from which ideas can be created. For
this purpose, the idea generation sec-
tion relies on the learning section to

December 1982 e Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 248 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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CIRCLE 272 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Creativity, continued...

Figure 2. Generalized model of the creative process.

provide parts to be assembled. The
example used tables of operators and
operands that were maintained by the
learning portion of the program. In
life these may include related ideas
that have been known to work before
in other situations.

A third ingredient is the energy to
perform the operations. Speed is a
factor, and the more quickly an idea is

Rejecting a good idea
increases the cost
of idea definition,

and accepting a poor
one increases the
cost of evaluation.

generated the more can be generated in
any period of time.

Finally, there is the important
factor of newness. If all ideas are the
same as before, there is no creativity.
In the example, this was provided
directly with random numbers.

If those are the ingredients of the
idea definition process, what are the
ingredients of a good idea? It must be
relevant to the problem that is before
us. There must be some chance that it
will pass the evaluation.

This probability needs to be high if
we are only able to generate and
evaluate a few ideas within time and

192

cost limits. They can be less likely to
succeed if the generation-evaluation
process is faster and less costly.

At first it may appear that newness
and relevance are opposites. Not
necessarily! An idea can have both
characteristics. However, it is likely
that ideas that have a high degree of
newness are less likely to be relevant.
Conversely, the most relevant idea is
to do again what was done last time,
which is not new at all.

Accuracy

The idea evaluation process also has
measures that determine its value. The
first of these is the inherent accuracy
of the process. Psychologists have
defined Type l and Type 2 errors. A
Type 1 error is the acceptance of a bad
idea, and a Type 2 error is the rejection
of a good one.

Our example did not illustrate the
accuracy problem, as we defined a
correct answer as one that passed the
two tests imposed by the evaluation
section of the program. In a life situa-
tion, mistakes occur frequently, and
the perfect evaluator is difficult or
impossible to find. This section is
created by developing a model of the
environment in which the idea must
survive, and no model of the environ-
ment is perfect. Those that are the
most nearly so are the most useful for
evaluation purposes.

Good examples of useful models are
scientific laws. Any idea that violates
the law of conservation of energy is
probably not worth further considera-
tion. Another useful law is the second
law of thermodynamics which rules

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Creativity, continued.

Figure 3. Generalized model of a nested creative process.

out all perpetual motion machines.
The laws of science are so powerful
that sometimes the idea derives from
the law, being the only possible idea
that is also consistent with the law. The
elliptic trajectory of a satellite about
the earth can be determined by finding
that trajectory which is simultaneously
consistent with conservation of
energy, conservation of angular
momentum, and the inverse square
law of gravitation.

Speed and Cost

A second measure of the evaluation
process is speed and cost. It is some-
times time consuming and expensive
to evaluate an idea. Consider the com-
pany that introduces a new product
only to see it fail in the market. Ford
spent millions on one of the most
publicized failures in American bus-
iness, the Edsel. Yet, there are ways to
reduce both time and cost.

Evaluation questions should be
asked in an optimum sequence. The
first questions should be the least
expensive or time consuming and,
upon application, have the highest
probability of rejecting a poor idea.

But a cheap test which commits too
many errors is costly in the long run. It
depends on the situation whether Type
1 or Type 2 errors are the more costly.
Rejecting a good idea increases the
cost of idea definition, and accepting a
poor one increases the cost of evalua-
tion. Probably the best tests to have
early are inexpensive and cull out the
clearly poor ideas, but are more likely
to accept a poor one than reject a good
one.

A key responsibility of the evalua-
tion section is to provide data to the
learning section. Our example used
only positive feedback; it updated the
learning section only for successful
trials. A more sophisticated evaluator
might update with negative informa-

Many believe that

the computer is able

to aid creativity, but

is unable to do

the whole job.

tion. Had the example done so, it
would have found a way out of the
over-learning trap. A still more
sophisticated one might inform learn-
ing which features of the idea are good
and which are imperfect.

The Environment

Upon completing evaluation, the
idea passes to the environment, the
final arbiter of the goodness or bad-
ness of the idea. The idea either lives
or dies in the environment.

In the example, the environment
was represented by the user of the
program. The environment varies
depending upon the nature of the idea.
For the Edsel, the environment was
the American auto buying public. For
the artist, the environment is the set of
people who decide when and where his

194

works will be collected and displayed.
For the scientist the environment is
other scientists who test his theories
against their own experiments. If
people make up the environment, their
actions count more than their
opinions. The corny, irritating TV
commercial may not appear to be
creative, but if it sells toilet paper . . .
In some cases, the objective of an
evaluation process is to establish
whether the idea has sufficient merit
to be passed on to another level of
evaluation. The descriptive triangle in
Figure 2 may be redrawn as in Figure
3, in which the three elements of one
process (definition, evaluation, and
learning) are viewed within the context
of a larger process. The idea evaluation
process in one stage simulates the idea
evaluation process in the next, and so
on for several stages in the process
if necessary.

Information from the environment
also passes to the learning section of
the process. The learning section
receives information from two
sources, the evaluator which indicates
whether the idea was perceived to have
merit, and the environment which
provides the actual result.

By accumulating this information,
the learning section becomes a store-
house of possibilities as well as
historical data on what works, what
doesn't, and how it does it. Learning
provides the data necessary for the
development of models to be used by
the evaluation section and the raw
materials for the idea definition
section of the program.

Breaking the creative process into
three elements illustrates three
distinctly different possible applica-
tions of computer power. The three
elements are distinct in how the com-
puter must be programmed, and we
have seldom seen the computer
applied to all three within the same
problem. Yet, many examples show
the use of the computer for one of the
three. The remaining two require
human intervention. As a result, many
believe that the computer is able to aid
creativity, but is unable to do the
whole job.

Let us look at a few examples where
the computer is used to support one
of the three elements. In idea defini-
tion, the computer has been used to
create words for the purpose of
naming proprietary drugs and
chemicals. The computer is pro-
grammed to print long lists of words
using various rules of length and sound
(such as ending with an "ex"). A
human scans the lists to select those
worthy of further consideration based
on whether they convey the right
feeling or leave the right impression.

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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Creativity, continued...

The computer has been used exten-
sively for idea evaluation. As an
engineer, I used the computertodesign
ballistic missiles. Selecting various
parameters of size and weight, I would
"fly" the missiles on the computer until
I found the combination of factors that
yielded a missile to go the distance
which carried the maximum payload.
The use of the computer in evaluation
is extensive in engineering design as
the laws of science are relatively simple
to program.

As a storehouse of information, the
computer has no equal if the informa-
tion can be recorded by symbolic
means. The computer is thus a strong
contributor to the learning part of the
process. Computers are used today to
maintain • libraries of information
which can be retrieved in seconds.
Applications are found in law, where
the computer is used to find citations
for legal questions.

It is apparent that the computer is
theoretically capable of being pro-
grammed to accomplish all three parts
of the process. One would expect it to
be applied first where it is simplest to
do so. So, where one of the three
elements is capable of being pro-
grammed, we can expect it to be done,
with the human required to cover the
rest.

That which the human performs is
likely to be the more complex part of
the overall task. But for the computer
to be called creative, it will have to be
programmed to perform all three
within a single problem. Problems in
which all three elements can be pro-
grammed are likely to be relatively

trivial for some time to come. How-
ever, part of this theory says that
complex systems evolve over time, and
such is likely to happen in this case
as well.

A program that merely

provides the logical

consequence of a set

of rules is not

generating creative

solutions.

Difficulties

So let us look at the three elements
again to identify the difficulties which
need to be overcome to achieve more
broadly useful results.

One difficulty lies in idea definition
where we ask the computer to create
options that are both novel and useful.
A program that merely provides the
logical consequence of a set of rules is
not generating creative solutions. In
the series example, we used random-
ness to provide an element of newness
in the algorithms which were gen-
erated. At the same time all algorithms
were generated within very definite
limits of what was possible using the
operators and operands which were
allowed and within the length of
algorithms that were created. This
assured some probability that the
algorithms so generated had a chance,

ctfmQhft

'I'm not naive enough to believe any Santa Clause has a list of all the kids in the world. He obviously
has us in a computer. "

196

albeit a small one, of satisfying the
criteria for a solution.

There is good reason to believe that
enforced randomness is a useful tool in
option creation. If we study the history
of science we find numerous famous
and creative discoveries which came
about as a result of chance events.
Quoting from Judson's The Search
for Solutions: 1

"Pasteur or one of has assistants
innoculated some chickens with a
cholera culture from the wrong jar
— it was old. The chickens got sick,
but then recovered. Curiosity
piqued, Pasteur innoculated the
chickens again with a fresh culture
known to be virulent. This time the
chickens didn't even get sick."

Judson recounts several other
stories where chance played a
significant role, including the dis-
covery of radium by Curie and of
x-rays by Roentgen. And there are
many others.

Randomness

Yet another example of randomness
in the creative process is the sexual
reproduction of complex living things.
That two sexes are required, each pro-
viding some of the information needed
to create a new life, demonstrates the
principle of controlled randomness.
An offspring is never an exact copy of
either of the parents, yet it is suf-
ficiently like them to have a high
probability of survival in the environ-
ment.

Complex living things are con-
stantly recreated. All parts of the
living thing are changed slightly,
with no intention necessary as to the
merit of the changes. The interaction
of the living thing with the environ-
ment determines whether the changes
were for the better, represented by
whether it participates successfully in
the next reproduction cycle.

Non-sexual reproduction does not
provide the mechanism for offspring
to have variations and yield a high
probability of survival at the same
time. Differences which occur through
mutation have a low probability of
survival, and exact copies do not pro-
vide for the evolution of the species in
the face of a changing environment.
This explains why non-sexual repro-
duction is limited to simple organisms,
where multiple billions of them are
created giving the mutation method a
chance to work.

But if some randomness is necessary
for the creative process, too much can
kill it. It is an old argument that a
computer typing random letters will
type all the works of Shakespeare if
given enough time. Enough time corn-
December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Reading, Writing, and TRS-80

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Creativity, continued...

putes to be longer than the universe
has been around. This means that
randomness can not be applied to
create a complex result from scratch.
The total project must be divided in
some way, and randomness applied to
each part with a suitable mechanism to
evaluate and learn. It is then possible
that something useful will evolve over
time.

Measures of Performance

The evaluation section also offers
considerable challenge. If evaluation
can be based on well defined measures
of performance, the task may be
relatively easy. Such is true where one
can apply the laws of science, or in
game playing where the measure of
performance is win or lose.

A large part of developing an
effective evaluation section is the
ability to specify what constitutes
progress toward a goal. The advantage
of having this measure is illustrated in
Hans Berliner's Backgammon playing
computer program. 2

He employs a measure of perform-
ance for each move that permits the
program to select those which improve
the strategic position of the com-
puter. His evaluation process does not
wait until the game is over to deter-
mine measures of value, nor does it
solve for all possible implications of
each move.

A greater challenge lies where there
are no programmable measures of per-
formance. This occurs where the
environment is too complex to permit
a valid simulation of its behavior, for
example, where the idea is a new pro-
duct and sales are subject to whim and
fashion. Evaluation is difficult where
the values of performance are highly
judgmental, as with art and music.

But it is here where the possibilities
of computer learning are the most
intriguing. It may be possible to
analyze human judgments through
trial and error, using large numbers
of interactions with humans. The com-
puter would offer ideas and the
humans would indicate approval and
disapproval. Computer learning
would decipher the humans' rules of
what is good and what isn't.

The learning section of the process
is where the computer should excel.
Consider the very use of the term
"memory" for computer storage, a
holdover from the '50s when com-
puters were sometimes called "giant
brains."

The problem withcomputermemory
is not that it is limited; with tech-
nology improving indefinitely, the
amount of storage available will
boggle the mind. The real need will be
to find the information that you want.

But this problem is not insurmount-
able. Techniques for searching
through billions of bytes of data using
key search words or patterns exist.
This includes the use of inverted files
and relational databases.

The Future

This is not to minimize some real
problems that will continue. The com-
puter excels in storing symbols, but
not pictures, three dimensional
objects, or the human voice. Because
of limitations, the storage of these
items employs techniques which min-
imize the amount of storage required.

Much of the so-called

education in creative

thinking focuses only

on removing inhibitions

to the idea generation

process, certainly a

useful contribution but

by no means the

whole story.

But these techniques make the use of
the data more complex. With the
availability of large cheap storage, it
will be possible to use techniques that
do not interfere with the use of the
information.

No one can predict the future with
certainty, but I predict that the com-
puter will eventually be used in areas
that involve real creativity. Given dif-
ficult problems, it will surpass the
ability of the human to perform the
same creative task. The computer may
give the appearance of "thinking" but
whether it does is not important. What
it will do is make use of the same
principles that are employed by all
creative systems, human and other.

This article has applied the
principles of the creative process to
the use of computers. Two other
applications of these principles are
equally interesting, but alas, are sub-
jects of other articles.

One is individual creativity. We
have made passing reference to this
subject, but much more could be
explored. For example, it appears that
an individual passes through three
stages as a creative person. The first is
the naive stage, in which the idea
definition process is active and unin-
hibited, but where the evaluation

process is undeveloped. The third is
the overlearned stage in which the
evaluation process dominates, and
learning has ceased to add new value.

The middle stage is the most crea-
tive, in which the three elements are in
balance.

We need to discover means to
enhance and lengthen the middle
period. Much of the so-called educa-
tion in creative thinking focuses only
on removing inhibitions to the idea
generation process, certainly a useful
contribution but by no means the
whole story.

The second subject is organizational
creativity. Again, looking at the
creative process, three distinct ele-
ments provide the key for analysis. We
see the three working within the organ-
ization as separate entities, depart-
ments, or individuals. For example,
the engineering department develops
an idea for a new process and the
treasurer says "no."

By understanding the process one
can discover whether the various
forces in the organization are strong
and in balance, and whether the con-
flict that inevitably results is healthy
or damaging. The organization learns
through the collective experience of
its members, and knowledge is main-
tained through its principles, policies,
records, and procedures.

Organizations can easily become
rigid, a parallel to the "overlearned"
condition, and when faced with a
changing environment, will eventually
die. An organization that retains its
creative flexibility, can adapt to the
changing environment and survive. □

Footnotes

'Horace Freeland Judson, The Search for
Solutions, Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
New York, 1980, p. 71.

2 Hans Berliner, "Computer Backgammon,"
Scientific American, vol. 242 n. 6, June 1980.

"Merry Christmas, terminals

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

199

Guest Editorial

Experience, Experiments
and Intelligence

Don Berry

The on-going discussion of Artificial Intelligence (and hence
Real Intelligence) has become so hopelessly mired in
ambiguity and self-contradiction that I am beginning to dread
the appearance of ever more writing on the subject.

By now it is clear that what emerges from this game is more
intricate software and more elaborate circuitry. If this is our
goal, then we can (and should) dispense with the metaphysical
mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it. No one doubts that we
can continue to create more complex devices to handle data
in more complex combinations. That's what we (the
Aristotelian cultures) are good at.

But it must be obvious to any reasoning person that it is a
hopeless and foolish task to apply rigorous logical thinking to
a series of word-elements that have no definite meaning in
our language. Words such as "thought," "consciousness," and
"awareness," are vague, connotative generalities in English.
This is partly because of the fundamental nature of English,
and partly because the amount of energy we have devoted to
investigating such ideas is negligible, at least in comparison
with other cultures.

It has been our cultural bent in the past few thousand years
to devote our attention almost exclusively to manipulation of
physical elements. Our knowledge of "mind," "consciousness,"
and so forth, is at the witch doctor level, and everyone knows
it.

Our mechanical proclivities lead to an unfounded (and
virtually unquestioned) assumption, best stated by our current
Aristotelian spokesman Carl Sagan. In his own study of
consciousness he sets forth (as axiomatic) that consciousness
is a by-product of brain activity.

Well, OK. Unfortunately, there does not exist a single
shred of experimental evidence to support that assumption. It
is merely the naive expression of a cultural bias in favor of
mechanical explanations.

It is a somewhat infantile hope— and also contrary to the
spirit of scientific investigation— to believe that if we can just

Don Berry, President, Strawberry Software, Inc., P.O. Box 743, Vashon
Island, WA 98070.

200

get things complicated enough we will arrive at some simple
insight into the nature of intelligence. It reeks of the
superstitious mentality which will not consider any alternative
that contradicts its own tightly held assumptions.

It seems to me that the roots of this hairy confusion about
intelligence lie in these elements:

1. The cultural assumption that intelligence is the by-
product of physico-chemical activity in the brain.

2. The unusable vagueness of the "living" languages in
describing interior functions.

3. Lack of true experimental investigation of the nature of
consciousness. AI is the futile attempt to, duplicate something
without any real knowledge of what the "something" is.

It is the primary faith of Western science, and the
foundation of the experimental method, that experience is to
be preferred over theory. "Experiment" originally meant
"experience," and still does in many Latin-based languages.

However, all experience, by its nature, consists of the
interaction between two elements, the experiencer and the
thing experienced. This interaction is the only thing which
gives meaning to the notion of experience. We have chosen
to exclude the experiencer part of the equation, in the hope
of reducing "subjective" error, personality factors, etc.

This exclusion has indeed been very useful, but its utility
has limits. One cannot arbitrarily exclude 50% of an event
and hope to arrive at an intelligent assessment of that event.

One would have thought that the discoveries of quantum
mechanics and their experimental verifiability would have
demonstrated the limits of this so-called "objectivity." The
Schrodinger wave equations demonstrate without ambiguity
the necessary interaction between the observer and the
observed.

It is the clear statement of the Schrodinger equations, and,
indeed, quantum theory in general, that this phenomenon we
call "world" comes into being through the interaction of the
"subjective" and "objective," and not in any other way.

This would, of course, come as no surprise to the Buddhists,
Vedantins, and Yogis, who have been saying the same thing
in very precise terms for a couple of thousand years.

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

ow aootit a nice vacation on

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At SSI. we think that our latest software for the Atari,' TRS-80 '
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What's the weather going
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pared for all kinds.

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the dirty work so all
you do is enjoy. After
all, you're on this trip
for the fun and
games, not work. And
if you have a hard
time finding friends
to play with, who
needs friends? You
can play solitaire
against the computer
any time.

For complete details
see the travel agent
at your nearest game
or computer store
todayi

If there are no convenient stores near you, VISA and M/C holders can
order direct by calling 800-227-1617, ext 335 (toQ free). In California call
800-772-3545, ext 335. To order by mail, send your check to: Strategic
Simulations Inc 465 Fairchild Drive. Suite 108. Mountain View. CA 94043.
(California residents, add 6.5% sales tax.)

Available in 32K cassette or 40K disc for the Atari® 400/800; 16K cassette
for the TRS-80® Level II. Models I & III; and 48K disc for the Apple® II with
Applesoft ROM card. Please specify which version when ordering.

WRITE FOR A FREE COLOR CATALOG OF ALL OUR GAMES.

CIRCLE 341 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Atari is a registered trademark of Atari Inc.

TRS-80 is a registered trademark of the Tandy Corporation.

It's 1 10° in the shade. And you're about to have
the time of your life in the most exciting road race
ever created. BAJA BUGGIES r ' by GAMESTAR.
For the ATARI ' 400/800 " Home Computers.

It's just you and your super-charged machine
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So climb Into your buggy, put on your helmet
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BUGGIES * by GAMESTAR. Look for it at your
nearest ATARI" retailer.

F

WE BRING OUT THE STAR IN YOU

1302 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 (805) 963-3487

CIRCLE 219 ON READER SERVICE CARD

© 1982 GAMESTAR. Inc. All Rights Reserved

Atari and 400/800 are trademarks of Atari, Inc.

■■MBHB

IBBBBH

■iHBHBHHH

HHiBBMBHBBBHHHIBi

Guest Editorial, continued...

It is not generally understood in the West that these
observations by Eastern thinkers are based on experimental
evidence. That is to say, their results are duplicatable by
following the same experiential procedures. Since this is the
criterion we use to validate our own experimental results, it is
a little obscure why we choose to ignore it in evaluating
theirs. It has been our amusing habit to assume that we can
make accurate evaluations on the basis of our convictions,
rather than by duplicating their experiments.

The Indian experimenters, however, have had at least one
tremendous advantage over the West. That is the use of a
mathematically precise language to describe their area of
investigation.

The Sanskrit language has not "evolved" in the same sense
that languages such as English have. It is, rather, a "con-
structed" language, which has been designed to express
accurately the nature of conscious experience. In this it more
closely resembles mathematical symbolism than English.

Unquestionably the greatest

impediment to useful scientific

investigation in any culture is

the rigidity of that

culture's conditioning.

There are in Sanskrit, for example, about 30 words
describing precise levels of conscious function, all of which
would (feebly) translate into English as "mind." It reminds
one of the Eskimo vocabulary describing the many varieties
of snow which we scarcely even perceive because we don't
care that much about it.

I am not suggesting by this that we should trade in our
three-piece suits for dhotis and go live in ashrams until we get
it straight.

I am suggesting, however, that the overweening arrogance
created by our mechanical accomplishments has blinded us
to the fact that we are not the only intelligent human beings
on this planet, and that others may well have systematically
explored areas which baffle us and our methods, just as we
have explored areas which baffle them.

Unquestionably the greatest impediment to useful scientific
investigation in any culture is the rigidity of that culture's
conditioning. We need to step a little outside our own
conditioning to discover anything at all, much less something
as fundamental as the nature of consciousness.

Since we already "know," with Carl Sagan, that conscious-
ness is a by-product of brain activity, we are prohibited from
examining the alternative. It is the unanimous conclusion of
Indian experimenters that such is not the case. It is their
conclusion that the brain is a marvelously complex and subtle
mechanism for handling sensory and mental data, but is not,
in itself, the source of conscious awareness.

In short, it is the opinion of those who have most thoroughly
investigated the issue that the "subject" side of experience
(that is, consciousness, awareness) is complementary to, but
not derivable from, the "object" side (that is, physical
phenomena).

Perhaps it would be worth looking into the researches of
those who have traditionally investigated interior states for
some insight into our own confusions. D

w tart
experts!!

VIC

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1. TRACTION-FRICTION LINE PRINTER

This new COMSTAR deluxe printer, prints
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2. UP TO 60K EXPANSION MODULE Aero
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BOX 550, BARRINGTON, ILLINOIS 60010
Phono 312/3*2 5244 to order

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

203

CIRCLE 284 ON READER SERVICE CARD

From Burn-Out
To Born-Again

Witold K. Urbanowicz

Twas the week before Christmas
and all through the house. ..You get
the picture. I had just come in from
walking the dog. It was late and, more
important, the house was quiet. The
rest of the family was tucked away for
the night. So was the Atari 800.

There it sat neatly stacked on the
living room shelf. Next to the cassette
player lay operating manuals along
with little boxes labelled Bio- Rhythms
and Star Raiders.

Vacationing friends had kindly con-
sented — after a few subtle hints from
my nine-year old son — to leave their
personal computer in our care. So for
the past week, our living room had
been an extraterrestrial battle-zone.
The walls echoed with the sounds of
hyper-space thrusters, photon-lasers
and thermonuclear explosions. My
wife and I kept our distance. She
could not stand the noise and the
violence. For me, there were other
reasons.

1 had spent the better part of my
early adult life programming, ana-
lyzing, and trouble-shooting com-
mercial computer systems. As 1 looked
at the compact console sitting there on
the shelf, my mind went back about
ten years.

I could still remember being ushered
through a door into a room about the
size of a basketball court. It was like
walking into the future. Inside this air
conditioned, climate controlled world

Witold K. Urbanowicz, 135 Eastern Parkway,
Brooklyn, NY 11238.

sat the company's four computer sys-
tems, along with their respective disk
drives, tape drives, printers, and
various other peripherals.

I was led past rows of lights flash-
ing on main frame panels. Long lines
of tape drives danced back and forth.
Disk packs whirled secretively inside
their stacked enclosures. Printers
spewed out reports by the truckload.
Adrenalin began racing through my
own system at a speed, I was certain,
approaching that of the computers
themselves.

Each of the four computer systems
had a nickname. "Poppa Bear I" and
"Poppa Bear IV were twin systems
with individual core capacities in the
megabyte range. These were used to
run the major financial systems of the
corporation. "Momma Bear", weigh-
ing in at 512K, was devoted to tele-
processing. It communicated with
computers across the country. "Baby
Bear", a little 48K three-partition
machine was used nights for the
smaller systems, but during the day
was dedicated to the programming
and systems people for compilations
and testing. "Baby Bear" was to be my
own personal computer for the next
few years.

As the years passed, the software
became more complex, requiring more
and more core as well as faster and
faster processing speeds. My skills and
responsibilities were naturally up-
graded to keep up with the larger and
more complex applications. As dead-
lines became more critical and the

204

problems more intricate, the pace
became absolutely frantic. Murphy's
Law reigned supreme.

"Baby Bear" became a dim memory
and my family life was in danger of
becoming the same. By now it had
become a frequent occurrence for me
to work months on end at all hours in
order to bring a project in on time. For
the most part, the results of this
effort — the bottom line — were meant
for someone I would never meet in a
city I would never see.

Several times after the project had
been completed, I asked whether it was
serving the intended users well, only
to discover that the project had been
scrapped or that the reports were
piling up somewhere in a storeroom in
unopened boxes.

About the third or fourth time this
happened, I was sitting in the com-
puter room at five in the morning. I
had gone about 72 hours without
sleep. It had been months since I had
seen the kids. I felt as gray and flat as
the tile floor beneath my feet. It was
then that I decided to leave the field.

When I left, I never wanted to see
another computer in my life. Any thrill
or satisfaction I may have felt in the
early part of my career had not just
disappeared. It had been slowly
ground out of me.

All these thoughts and images ran
through my mind in a matter of nano-
seconds that evening as I stared at the
Atari on the shelf. It seemed to be
waiting for me. I wondered if I had put
enough distance between myself and

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Machine,- Language Disk I/O 3c Other Mysteries,
To Harness The Power of Disk Drives.

The best and most complete book
on TRS-80 Model I and Model III
disk I/O available.

"Machine-Language Disk I/O &
other mysteries" by Michael Wagner. Volume 5
of the popular ". . . and other mysteries" series
published by I JG.

More than 190 pages of information
and discoveries on the subject of disk I/O for the
beginner and expert alike, using Z-80 Assembly
Language to directly control the TRS-80 Model
I and Model III disk drives and interrupt
systems. With this book anyone can become a
disk I/O "expert", and make more efficient use
of disk space, or to write his or her own "full
blown" disk operating system!

For the beginner and old pro 9 .

Machine- Language Disk I/O &
Other Mysteries is packed with source code and
flow chart illustrations for every function and
operation described. And the source code for
two complete disk I/O driver routines, one for
the Model I and one for the Model III, are also
included for "instant" access to your floppy
drive systems.

Plus, the source code for a small disk
operation system (S/OS) is included as a bonus.
This S/OS contains all of the routines described
in the book and shows how all of the disk I/O
and interrupt functions should be incorporated
into a working system.

On machine language disk I/O.

Machine-Language Disk I/O &
Other Mysteries explains what the floppy drive
system is all about, what Tracks and Sector are,

the Western Digital Floppy Disk Controller 1771
and 1793 chips, read/write access, reading a
selected drives' status, how to test and make
sure a disk is in a drive or if a drive is on the
system (on-line), the Head Restore command,
the Head Step and Seek commands, the
"Force-Interrupt of function" command, the
Read Address command, the Read Track
command, the Write Track (FORMAT)
command, the Read Sector command, the Write

IIIVM INMWNAIKIN SIRItS Vol I Ml I

»# U III \ I LAAGi

IflSli

«fc OTHER AWSTERIE

Sector command, Post Non-Maskable-
Interrupt Processing for the model III, and
much more.

On TRSDOS file I/O

and most TRSDOS-like operating systems,
Machine- Language Disk I/O & Other
Mysteries explains; what a disk file really is,
what records are and how they're stored on the
disk, creating a file, performing Direct Record
I/O, performing Single Byte I/O, closing &
killing files; error processing and TRSDOS
error codes with their meanings, and much
more.

Plus many other handy programs,
routines, and revelations are included. Such as a
TRSDOS error message displayer, a disk
formatter program, a program to calculate a
password for a given encode, a object file
load-format displayer, a file oriented full screen
file editor, and a FULL BLOWN smart terminal
program.

Machine-Language Disk I/O &
Other Mysteries is a must for all programmers
at just $29.95. Available at computer stores,
selected B. Dalton Booksellers and independent
book dealers. If your dealer is out of stock,
order direct. Include $4.00 for shipping and
handling. Foreign residents add $11.00 plus
purchase price, in U.S. funds.

1953 West
11th Street
Upland ,CA
91786 ^714)
946-5805

CIRCLE 208 ON READER SERVICE CARD

TM TRS-80 and TRSDOS are registered trade marks of TANDY Corp.

IJG, Inc. 1982

Our "almost wholesale

prices just got

2% lower.

lake an additional 2% off

our listed prices, until December 24.

Have a merry computer and a happy software.

16K RAM KITS 13.95

Set of 8 NEC 41 16 200 ns Guaranteed one year

DISKETTES

ALPHA DISKS 21.95

Single sided, certified Double Density 40 Tracks,
with Hub-ring Box of 10 Guaranteed one year

VERBATIM DATALIFE

MD 52501. 10. 16
MD 550-01. 10. 16
MD 557-01. 10. 16
MD 577-01. 10. 16
FD 32 or 34-9000
FD 32 or 34 8000
FD 34-4001

26 50
44 50
4560
34 80
36 00
4560
48 60

DISKETTE STORAGE

5V* PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 2 50

8" PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 3 50

PLASTIC STORAGE BINDER w/ Inserts 9 95

PROTECTOR 5'/i" (50 Disk Capacity) 21 95

PROTECTOR 8' (50 Disk Capacity) 24 95

DISK BANK 57« 5 95

DISK BANK 8 6 95

NEC PERSONAL
COMPUTERS

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ALTOS COMPUTER
SYSTEMS

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SIGNALMAN MODEM 85 00

ATARI 800 659 00

ATARI 400 (16K) $CALL

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE 445 00

ATARI 850 INTERFACE 169 00

ATARI 410 PROGRAM RECORDER 75 00

EPSON CABLE 35 00

MEMORY MODULE (16K) 89 95

JOYSTICK CONTROLLER 10 00

PADDLE CONTROLLERS 19 95.

STAR RAIDERS 35 00

MISSILE COMMAND 35 00

ASTERIODS 3500

PACMAN 35 00

CENTIPEDE 3500

INTEC PERIPHERALS
RAM MODULES

48K FOR ATARI 400 199 00

32K FOR ATARI 800 85 00

PRINTERS

RIBBONS FOR MX-80 8 95

RIBBONS FOR MX-100 24 00

C-ITOH F-10 40 CPS PARALLEL 1390 00
C-ITOH F-10 40 CPS SERIAL 1390 00
C-ITOH PROWRITER PARALLEL 480.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER SERIAL 590 00

EPSON MX-80 W/GRAFTRAX PLUS $CALL
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EPSON MX-100 W/GRAPHTRAX PLUS SCALL

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COMREX CR-1 PARALLEL 839 00

COMREX CR-1 SERIAL 859 00

COMREX TRACTOR FEED 109 00

IDS PRISM 80 859 00

IDS PRISM 80 W/ COLOR/OPTIONS 1599 00
IDS PRISM 132 W/ COLOR/OPTIONS 1799 00
NEC 8023A 485 00

NEC SPINWRITER 3530 P RO 1995 00

NEC SPINWRITER 7710 S RO 2545 00

NEC SPINWRITER 7730 P RO 2545 00

NEC SPINWRITER 7700 D SELLUM 2795 00
NEC SPINWRITER 3500 SELLUM 2295 00

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OKIDATA MICROLINE 82A 460 00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A 700 00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 84 1170 00

OKIGRAPH 82 49 95

OKIGRAPH 83 49 95

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 32K 299 00

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 64K 349 00

MICROBUFFER 64K EXPANSION MOD 179 00

CORVUS

FOR S-100, APPLE OR TRS-80
MOD I, III

Controller. Case/PS .Operating System. A & T

5 MEGABYTES 2755 00

10 MEGABYTES 3699 00

20 MEGABYTES 4299 00

MIRROR BACK-UP 700 00

THE CUSTOM APPLE 24 95

BOOKS

THE CUSTOM TRS-80 24 95

MICROSOFT BASIC FASTER & BETTER 24 95
CUSTOM I/O MACHINE LANGUAGE 24 95

APPLE HARDWARE

APPLEMATE DRIVE 287 00

SUPER CLOCK II 12900

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259 00

ABT APPLE KEYPAD 119.00

SOFTCARD PREMIUM SYSTEM 579 00

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD 260.00

MICROSOFT RAMCARD 125 00

VIDEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD 260 00

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II 129 00

VIDEX ENHANCER REV 0-6 99 00

VIDEX FUNCTION STRIP 74 00

M & R SUPERTERM 80x24 VIDEO BD 315 00

APPLE COOLING FAN 44 95

T/G JOYSTICK 44 95

T/G PADDLE 29 95

T/G SELECT-A-PORT 54 95

VERSA E-Z PORT 21 95

MICRO SCI A2 W/CONTROLLER 510.00

MICRO SCI A2 W/O CONTROLLER 419 00
MICRO SCI A40 W/CONTROLLER 479 00

MICRO SCI A40 W/O CONTROLLER 409 00

MICRO SCI A70 W/CONTROLLER 629.00

MICRO SCI A70 W/O CONTROLLER 549 00

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP 270 00

PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 180 00

LAZAR LOWER CASE + 59 00

MICROBUFFER lit 16K W/GRAPHICS 259 00
MICROBUFFER lit 32K W/GRAPHICS 299 00

SUPERFAN II 62 00

RANA CONTROLLER 114 00

RANA DRIVES 360 00

SNAPSHOT 11900

GRAPPLER+ 14500

7710A ASYNCHRON SER INTERFACE 149 00
7712A SYNCHRON SER INTERFACE 159 00
7742A CALENDAR CLOCK 99 00

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APPLE 8" DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER 549 00
HAYES MICROMODEM 289 00

MONITORS

AMBER 12' 17900

NEC 12 GREEN MONITOR 17900

NEC 12 COLOR MONITOR 399 00

SANYO 12' MONITOR (B & W) 249 00

SANYO 12' MONITOR (GREEN) 269 00

SANYO 13 " COLOR MONITOR 469 00

ZENITH 12" HI RES GREEN MONITOR 124 00

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AMDEK RGB COLOR II 859 00

AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169 00

COMREX 12' GREEN MONITOR 165 00

MOUNTAIN
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CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 199 00

ROMPLUS W/ KEYBOARD FILTER 179 00

ROMPLUS W/O KEYBOARD FILTER 130 00

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49 00

COPYROM 49 00

MUSIC SYSTEM 369 00

ROMWRITER 139 00

APPLE CLOCK 25200

A/D + D/A 29900

EXPANSION CHASSIS 580 00

RAMPLUS 32K 149 00

S-100 HARDWARE

Alpha Byte is your new S-100 head-
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CALIFORNIA
COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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2720 4 PARLLEL I/O 199 00

2810 Z-80 CPU 259 00

QT COMPUTER PRODUCTS

18 SLOT M/F W/P.S 430 00

12 SLOT M/F W/CUTOUTS FOR 2-5'/. "500 00
12 SLOT M/F W/CUTOUTS FOR 2-8" 600 00
8 SLOT M/F W/CUTOUTS FOR 2-8" 550 00

STATIC MEMORY SYSTEMS

LAST MEMORY BOARD 64K 500 00

LASTING MEMORY PROM PROG 299 00

ADVANCED MICRODIGITAL
SINGLE S-100 BOARD
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SUPERQUAD 2 SYNCHRONOUS 745 00

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THE TIMEPIECE

S-100 CLOCK 12500

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S-100 PROTOTYPE MODULE SEMI KIT 90 00

Other S-100 manufacturers include Mountain
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more being added Watch for our December ad
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call us — we'll get it at our everyday low prices

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT ACOUSTICS MODEM 135 00
NOVATION D-CAT DIRECT CONNECT .156 00

NOVATION AUTO-CAT AUTO ANS 219 00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (300 Baud) 310 00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (1200 Baud) 605 00

UDS 103 LP DIRECT CONNECT 1 75 00

UDS 103 JLP AUTO ANS 209 00

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 325 00

HAYES SMART MODEM (300 BAUD). .227.00
HAYES SMART MODEM (1200 BAUD) 540 00

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 199 00

LEXICON LEX-11 MODEM 109 00
SIGNALMAN MODEM W /RS-232C 85 00

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO 910 639 00

TELEVIDEO 912C 745 00

TELEVIDEO 920C 830.00

TELEVIDEO 950C 995.00

ADDS- VIEWPOINT 599 00

HAZELTINE ESPRIT 510 00

VISUAL-50 GREEN 690 00

TRS-80 MOD I
HARDWARE

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27 00

PERCOM DOUBLER II W /DOS 3.4 15900

TANDON 80 TRK DISC DRIVE W/P.S .345.00
TANDON 40 TRK DISK DRIVE W/PS. 289.00

LNW DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.3 138 00

LNW 5/8 DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3 4 171 00
MOD III DRIVE KIT W /DRIVES 875 00

IBM DISK DRIVES

Alpha Byte s add-on drive kits for the IBM-PC —
each kit includes installation instructions

1 Tandon TM100-1 Single head 40 trk.195 00
1 Tandon TM 100-2 Double head 40 trk269 00

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SEATTLE 64K RAM + 370 00

QUADBOARD 64K 464 00

64K MEMORY UPGRADE 80 00

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10 MEGABYTES 2370 00

20 MEGABYTES 3180 00

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ISO-1 3-S0CKET 5395

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BARE DRIVES

TANDON 5V4 INCH

100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK 195 00

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 269 00

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 80 TRK 250 00

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848-1 SINGLE SIDE 379 00

848-2 DUAL SIDE 490 00

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COBOL' 550 00

Z-80 SOFTCARD 299 00

RAMCARD 13900

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WRITE ON 9000

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Call for additional IBM software prices

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mu MATH/mu SIMP 200 00

mu LISP/mu STAR 165 00

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INVADERS FROM SPACE 17 95

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NEWDOS/80 2 MOD I. Ill 139 00

LAZY WRITER MOD I. II 165.00

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I. Ill w/labels99 00
SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I. Ill 11900

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PRINTER 795.00

MICROBUFFER 32K 299.00

NEC 12" GREEN
MONITOR 200.00

VERBATIM DISKS 45.00

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Now $2352

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VISIFILES.

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CP/M® SOFTWARE

We carry CP/M* software in all popular disk
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THE WORD-SPELL CHECK 69.00

d BASE II 429 00

SUPER CALC 189.00

SPELLGUARD 230.00

P & T CP/M^ MOD II TRS-80 175.00

COMMX TERMINAL PROG 82 50

C BASIC 2 96 00

PASCAL Z 349 00

PASCAL MT + 439 00

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SYSTEM PLUS-

G/L.A/R.A/P.P/R 1799.00

CONDOR 1 57900

CONDOR II 849 00

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MAC 89 00

SID 69 00

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PL/ 1-80 439.00

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DIAGNOSTIC 1 69.00

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CCOMPILER 179 00

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RATFOR 89 00

FORTRAN 23900

MICROPRO

WORDSTAR 285 00

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BASIC 80 24900

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MACRO 80 18500

APPLE GAMES

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

CHECKER KING 21.95

GAMMON GAMBLER 21 95

MONTY PLAYS MONOPOLY 29.95

BRODERBUND

GALAXY WAR 20 95

ALIEN TYPHOON 20.95

APPLE PANIC 23.61

MIDNIGHT MAGIC 27 26

SPACE QUARKS 24.95

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

INVASION ORION 20.95

STAR WARRIOR 31 .35

TUES MORNING QUARTERBACK 25 95

CRUSH, CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24.95

THE DRAGONS EYE 20 95

TEMPLE OF APSHAI 31 35

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 3135

RESCUE AT RIGEL 23 36

MUSE SOFTWARE

ROBOT WARS 32 95

THREE MILE ISLAND 31.61

ABM 19.46

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ON-LINE SYSTEMS

WIZARD AND PRINCES 27.26

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EDU-WARE

PERCEPTION PKG 19.95

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COMPUTER QUARTERBACK 31.16

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DEADLINE 39.00

Call our Modem line for
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PUTER

• »

lb order or for information call

(213)706-0333

Modem order line: (213)883-8976

We guarantee everything we sell for 30 days — no returns after 30 days. Defective software
will be replaced free, but all other software returns are subject to 15% restocking fee and
must be accompanied by RMA slip No returns on game software, unless defective.
We accept VISA and MasterCard on all orders; COD orders, up to $300
Shipping charges: $3 for all prepaid orders, actual shipping charges for non- prepaids; $3
for COD orders under 25lbs. ($6 for over) plus a $4 surcharge; add 15% for foreign, FPO
and APO orders. Calif, add 6% sales tax, LA. County add 6V2%.
Prices quoted are for stock on hand and are subject to change without notice

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362
CIRCLE 108 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CP/M is a reg trademark of Digital Research 'Requires Z-80 Softcard tReg trademark of Micro Pro international Corp ^Trademark of Practical Peripherals. Inc

Now SPRINT 9/45 daisywheel printers are on sale at a new low
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CALIFORNIA

Anthem Systems Corp.
(415)342-9182

Byte Industries, Inc.
(800) 972-5948 (CA only)
(800) 227-2070 (outside CA)

David Jamison Carlyle Corp.
(213)277-4562

Data Systems Marketing
(714)560-9222

Data Technology Industries
(415)638-1206

Terminal Rentals
(714)832-2414

WASHINGTON

Anacomp/ESCOM Division
(206)881-1113

TEXAS

Audiovisual Services
Division of Photo and Sound
(713)659-1111
(800) 392-7777

Unico
(512)451

0251

MINNESOTA

Bohlig and Associates
(612)922-7011

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Butler Associates
(617)965-1080

Microamenca Distributing
(617)449-5807

Victor Electronics
(617)481-4010

ary

PENNSYLVANIA

C&G Distributors, Inc.
(412) 366-5056 or
(800) 245-1084

NEW YORK

The Computer Factory
(212)687-5000

General Electric
Instrumentation and
Communication Equipment
Service Programs

(518)385-4888

Schweber Electronics Corp.
(516)334-7474
Western New York Computer
(716)381-4120
NEVADA

Computing Resources, Inc.
(702) 825-8800

NEW JERSEY

Computer Mart of New Jersey
(201)283-0600

GEORGIA

Equipment Resources
(404)995-0313

FLORIDA

Gentry Association
(305) 859-7450

NORTH CAROLINA

InterACT Computer Systems
(704)254-1949

Office Systems, Inc.
(704) 374-0822

ILLINOIS

National Computer Syndicate
(312)459-6400

2350 Qume Drive
San Jose, CA 95131.

Tek Aids Industries Inc.

(312)870-7400
COLORADO

Par Associates

(303)371-4140
MARYLAND

PioneerWashington Electronics

(301)948-0710
VIRGINIA

Terminals Unlimited

(703) 237-8666 or

(800) 336-0423
CANADA

Abacus Data Services

(416)677-9555

Data Terminal Mart
(416)677-0184

Datamex Ltd.
(416)781-9135

CIRCLE 369 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Burn-Out, continued...

the past. After all I had been out of
the business for several years. How
could it hurt to sit down for a few
minutes to see what the little fellow
could do?

In less time than you can say Begin-
ners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code, I had the Atari off the shelf and
ready to &o. Although I had never
programmed in Basic before, there
was enough of a logical similarity to
other high level languages that with a
little prompting from the Basic manual
1 was off and running.

Over the next few evenings, I rein-
troduced myself to the world of IFs,
THENs, GOTOs, strings, subscripts
and various other programming con-
cepts. The feeling was definitely odd.
It was like meeting old friends I had
not seen in years. They had not
changed one bit — for better or for
worse. Some, like the nested IFs, still
caused me no small amount of trouble
whenever I took them for granted.
Others, as in the case of the GOTO,
were still as straightforward as ever.

Then suddenly, about two nights
before Christmas as I worked my way
through Sound and Graphics, it hit
me. Without even realizing it, I was
having fun. It was like the old days
when I had worked with "Baby Bear"
at my first job. But there was a
significant difference. The room I sat
in was my own. The light by which I
worked was soft. The colors and
fabrics in the room were part of a
human environment. I did not have to
fight anyone to get computer time. I
was a person enjoying a personal
experience.

Now it was time to put together
what I had learned the past few
evenings. What better way was there
than to write a program. The question
was, what to write? The answer came
quickly. With Christmas not two days
away, what better project could there
be than to create a present for the
children — a small electronic game
they could play.

After a bit of thought, I set down
some basic specifications. The pro-
gram would have to be relatively
straightforward and short. I didn't
have that much time. Plus I was still
quite rusty. However, I wanted some-
thing that would pose an appropriate
challenge to my skills. Finally it also
had to be something the children
would find entertaining as well as
challenging.

I finally decided on an electronic
version of the old Shell Game. Work-
ing into the early hours of the morning,
I was able to finish the initial logic for
the game, leaving the testing for the
following night.

And so the proverbial Night Before
Christmas found St. Nick at his Atari
testing a last minute present for the
big day. Time flew, and soon the
morning light seeped into the living
room to announce the arrival of the
children as they made their way to the
tree and the presents which lay
beneath. They were somewhat sur-
prised to find me up at that hour.

"What are you doing?" they asked.

"You'll see," I managed to reply.

Paper ripped and the camera
clicked. In less than an hour the booty
lay displayed. My daughter modeled
her clothes while my son booped and
beeped his way to electronic heaven
with his new hand-held game.

Several hours later, my daughter
remembered seeing me when she had
first awakened. Leading the kids to the
living room, I told them to turn on the
computer. This they did and sat down
to play. I watched as their faces lit up
while trying to follow the shells being
moved around on the screen. I fol-

lowed the squeals of delight when they
guessed which shell the pea was under
and groaned along with them when
their guesses were wrong. Finally my
daughter turned to me.

"Daddy, you did this?" she asked.

I nodded.

"Really?" my son added.

All I could do was beam.

Seeing the "bottom line" in my
children's faces, I forgot about the
hours of frustration the night before
while debugging the program. The
thrill and satisfaction I had felt years
ago when I first worked with "Baby
Bear" had returned. Unfortunately, so
did the neighbors.

I was actually sad to see the Atari
go. Still, I had been given a second
chance to look into the future and
found once more that it was good. □

Listing 1.

5 DIM A*<1)
7 DIM B*<1)

io MovE=ioo:hVA=i :m>z»2:nv3»3$MV4"4

2
30

40

45

50
60

so

B5

90

92

94

96

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

205

210

220

230

300

400

405

410

415

420

425

427

430

435

440

445

45

455

460

465

470

475

43

435

490

50

505

510

515

520

525

53

mv5-5SPH«o:pi«i :p

l :p3:=4

4,9

,2

TO MUEi:

io svp:ne:xt s

xiom o :xi5«i5: X20=20 : pos i ■ i
ne:gi : --i :nxtmov«60q :rndhqm~80Q

se:tuf— 900

F RIY-40:FirTY-50
Y«10JZ*YtSV2«2

X40=40:X60=60:X30^80

zero«o:mvio=io

GRAPHICS 3
COLOR 2

s e:t COLOR
GOTO 30

F r 0R M==MVA

COLOR 2

PLOT X,Y

PLOT W,Z

POR S -SUA

COLOR 4

PLOT X,Y

PLOT W,Z

x«x+xv:y*y*yv

w==w+wv:z = z+zv
ne:xt m

COLOR 2
PLOT X,Y
PLOT W,Z

re:turn

re:m * * * mainline". * * *

graphics 7

COLOR 1

SETCOLOR 4,9,2

PLOT 61,39:DRAWT0

PLOT 61,3S:DRAWT0

Y = 32

RNDH-ZEIRO

FOR M-MUA TO MV4

COLOR 2

PLOT x4 0,y:drawto

PLOT X6 0,Y:DRAWTO
PLOT X30,YJDRAMTO
Y«Y+1

ne:xt m

print "ready?"

INPUT A$

IF A* <>"Y" THEIN 465

pi«*:p2-i :p3«i

POR M-MVA TO MU4
COLOR 2

PLOT X4 0,Y:DRAWTO
PLOT X60,Y:DRAWTO
PLOT X30,YtDRAWTO

62,39
62,33

X4 0K3,Y
X60+3,Y
X80+3,Y

X4 0+3,Y
X6(M3,Y
X8Q+3,Y
POR S=SVA TO FIFTYtNEXT S

COLOR 4

PLOT X40 ,Y-4:DRAU|T0

PLOT X6 0,Y-4JDRAWTO

X40 «-3,Y-4
X60+3,Y-4

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

209

The Only
Database
That's Smart
Enough For
Business Forms

Invoicing
Purchase Orders
Client Billing
Medical Claims

• Sales Analysis

• Personnel Records

• Inventory Ledgers

• Mfg. Parts Lists

VersaForm

Business Form Processor

Applied

Software

Technology

14125 Capri Drive

Los Gatos. California 95030

(408)370-2662

CIRCLE 113 ON READER SERVICE CARD

NEWPORT Pro-Sticks

the Mercedes of Joysticks
"Creative Computing Magazine' Aug. 1982

Soft-Touch Controllers

for busy fingers and fast action

uP^I Extension "Y" Adapters

\5— "^ with rapid fire action

Build your own custom video-
game controls from our proven
high quality arcade components.

Create your own control console rifcht in
your home. Send $3.00 for a brochure of
creative and innovative ideas in custom
video fcame joysticks and controllers. In-
cludes easy to follow schematics and in-
structions for Atari, Apple, Pet Com-
modor, TSR-80, and other computers,
and a complete kit and components price
list.

INQUIRE ABOUT OUR CLUB DISCOUNTS

Please rush me brochures at $3.00

each (includes First Class Mail and
handling) and mail to:

Name

Address
City

State^

Zip,

NEWPORT MACHINE DESIGN

P. O. Box 418. Bishop. CA 93514
(714) 873-5677

CIRCLE 251 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FAMILY ROOTS

REMOVES THE DRUDGERY
FROM YOUR GENEALOGY.

6 types of charts and sheets

indices

user fields

notes, footnotes, and sources

no limits

adapts to your hardware

comprehensive

easy to use

— AND MUCH, MUCH MORE.

Send for brochure and sample
printouts. FAMILY ROOTS includes
detailed manual and 2 full diskettes
of programs for your Apple II.* Other
genealogy software also available.

•TM Apple Computer. Inc.
VISA and MASTERCARD accepted

QUINSEPT, INC
P.O. BOX 216
LEXINGTON, MA 02173
(617) 862-0404

Burn-Out, continued...

4:DRAWT0 X80+3,Y-4

540
545

56

57
575

58

51
59

185

592
595
6 P
6 5
610

62
622
624

63

65 n
65?
654
6 5 6

66
670
672
674
676
678
679
68
685
687
690
692
694
696
698
700
705
710
715
720
725
73
732
734
736
738
740
744
746
748
75
752
754
756
757
758
760
762
775
780
785
790
792
793
794
795
800
803
805
810
813
815
82
823
825
900
905
910
915
920
925
930
935

94
945

95
955
960

PLOT X80,Y

Y=Y+P0S1

NFXT M

GRAPHICS 3

COLOR 2

SEITCOLOR 4,9,2

Y«X10*Z*Y

PLOT X10,Y

PLOT X15,Y

F'LOT X2 0,Y

NXTCNT=X15

NXTCNT*NXTCNT-P0S1

'!:- SVB-CH
IF NXTCNT^ZERO THEN 650
RNDMOU ( ( TNT < 3*RN0 < .1 ) ) ) *:l ) +80
IT RNDH=RNDHOV THEN 62
RNDHaRNDMOU
GOTO RNOHOU
GRAPHICS 7
COLOR 2
SETCOLOR 4,9,

Y<*X20+X20:XA»Y$XB»Y+X20:XC<

ma*xa+3:hb"XB+3:uc*>xc+3

FOR M«HVA TO MU4

COLOR ?..

plot xa,y:dramto WA,Y
plot xb,y:dramto WE:'.,Y

PLOT XCYJDRAWTO WC,Y
Y-Y-POSl

ne:xt m

print "pick a shell - a,b,c"

INPUT A*>
Y==36:Z = Y
IF A*^"A"

IP A$ = "P,"

IF A$» M C"

GOTO
C«P1

GOTO

Y + Y

700
710
72

C=P?

THEN
THEN
THEN

685

X=X40:W-X+3
725

X--=X60:W = X + 3
GOTO 725

c*p3:x«X8o:h-x+3

FOR M==MUA TO MU2
COLOR 2

plot x,y:drawto W,Z

for s^sua to frty:ne:xt s;

COLOR 4

plot x,y+4:drawto

COLOR C

PLOT x+i ,y+4:drawto
y=y~posi :z«y

NEXT M

FOR M=MUA TO MV2
COLOR 2

plot x,y:drawto W,Z

for s=sua to frty:ne:xt 8

COLOR 4

PLOT X,Y+4:DRAWT0 W,Z + 4

Y«Y-P081tZ«Y

NFXT M

IF C=P031 THEN 790

PRINT "PICK ANOTHER"

GOTO 687

PRINT "GOOD F_YE:S !"

"REIADY FOR A CHALLENGE ?"

OR 10 OR 20"

W,Z + 4

X+2,Z+4

"ENTER 1 OR 5

ch:ch«mv2*ch

PRINT
PRINT
INPUT
GOTO 300

x=xio:w==X2o:mv==mvio

ph-p1 ip1-p31p3-ph

goto setup

x==xio:w==xi5:mv--=mv5

ph»p1*p1»p2jp2*ph

goto setup

x^xis:w==x2o:mv==mv5

ph*p2ip2>p3ip3»ph

goto sftup

xv==ze:ro:yu

wv^ze:ro:zu

HVB»MV3

GO SUP MOUF.

XV«P081tYV»ZER0

WV»NEG1JZU«ZER0

MVB-MV

gosub moue:

xv--=ze:ro:yu==ne:gi

hv«zer0*zv«p081

MUB=>MU3
GOSUB MOVE
GOTO NXTMOV

'P081
>NEG1

CIRCLE 289 ON READER SERVICE CARD

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Slaying
Monsters
Should Be

Mostly

Fun and
Games

v°

X*

&* x^°

o*

:> ve

Be one of more than 16 million
alter-egos that your computer can
generate. Walk into a labyrinth
filled with traps, treasures and
monsters. There you'll test your
strength, constitution, dexterity,
intelligence . . . against thou-
sands of monsters in over 200
caverns and chambers — growing
in wealth, power and experience as you progress
through the four levels of the dungeon.

Your character will do whatever you want him to do.
Do battle — in real time — with the likes of giant ants,
ghouls, zombies. . .Explore the various levels of the
maze and discover the great treasures within.

The Game Manufacturer s Association named The
Temple of Apshai the computer game of the year.
The Temple is the very first computer game — ever to
win the Hobby Industry award for excellence. There
can be only one reason for that: it's a great game.

So what will you think of The Temple of Apshai now?
Now that it's even better than ever. With better
graphics — animated movement — and completely
new sound effects that make your computer come
alive and make The Temple even more fun*

The Temple has a superbly illustrated

56-page Book of Lore, and your

local dealer has it for the ATARI,* *

TRS-80,** APPLE,** and IBM**

computers.

* If you already have The Temple of Apshai, you

can enjoy these great improvements. Just

send us your original cassette or disk

together with your check for $5.00 and

we'll send you the brand new version —

with better-than-ever graphics and sound.

** ATARI, TRS-80, APPLE and IBM
are trademarks of Atari, Inc., Tandy
Corp., Apple Computer, Inc., and IBM,
respectively.

^981, AUTOMATEDS1MULATIONS,
INC., P.O. Box 4247, Mountain View,
Ca., 94040.

CIRCLE 120 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Musician or not, experience the
ultimate in audiovisual pleasure.

Music Maker

The maximum in entertainment,
Infinite in variety.

Pinball

Adventure on a grand scale.

Space Vikings

Superlative software
Don't settle for less.

48KApplelldisk

See your dealer. . .

or write for brochures.

"Apple" is the registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.
CIRCLE 343 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Computer
Carols

John Anderson

Rupert the

Red-Rimmed

Hacker

Diskettes

Rupert the red-rimmed hacker
Had a shining subroutine
Just couldn't get it working
Without locking his machine.

Olive, Rupert's main backer
Laughed and said "Forget it, hon"
She didn't think poor Rupert
Could ever make the damned thing run,

Then one soggy Christmas Eve
Awake at 4 AM
Rupert shook with raw insight
"I just need to shift a byte!"

Rupert the red-rimmed hacker
To his waiting micro dashed
Booted the disk and fainted
As his only copy crashed.

December 1982 ® Creative Computing

Diskettes whirring in a warm disk drive
No bad sectors in your DOS
New software is soon due to arrive
And no heads waiting to degauss

Plus no data loss

Some gaming and some programming
Helps to keep the screen alight
Tiny tots with their minds all a-sting
Will find it hard to type tonight.

They know that Daddy is in their way
That until he's done he'll keep the kids

at bay
And every mother's child is gonna cry
When Daddy says "Another minute, guy"

It's no wonder why

I'm offering some quick advice
To dads from one to ninety -two
Although you're absorbed, you'd do well

to realize
It ain't there just for you.

213

DATA PLOTTING

SOFTWARE

FOR

MICROS

21 Programs

Fully Documented, Copyable

BASIC Listings

Apple II and IBMpc

PIE CHARTS • BAR CHARTS

STOCK MARKET CHARTS

3D SURFACES • HISTOGRAMS

LOG PLOTS • CURVE FITTING

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

DATA MANAGEMENT

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

TEXT ON GRAPHICS

All programs listed in Applesoft BASIC in a
248 pg book with theory, equations, full ex-
planation of how they work. Modular and
menu driven. Use as is, modify and combine
for your own applications, or use as building
blocks to develop your own programs. Op-
tional 5%" disks of listings availble for Apple
II + DOS3.3 48K and IBMpc DOS1.1 48K.
This is your best buy in data plotting software!
Book: $28.50 Disk: $19.95

ALSO AVAILABLE

Graphic Software for Micros:a self-teaching guide
to writing 2D and 3D graphics software-61
programs-".. t he best book available on
micro graphics.. "-Creative Computing 2/82.
Book: $21.95 Disk: $19.95

Engineering Software for Micros: 25 programs
for CAD, Fourier, analysis, optimization, etc.
Book: $28.50 Disk: $19.95

Structural Analaysis Software for Micros: 14
programs- 2D, 3D trusses, frames & more.
Book: $39.95 Disk: $24.95

KERN PUBLICATIONS

Send check, money order, VISA/ MASTERCARD no with
exp date to 1 90 Duck Hill Rd. PO Box 1 029, Duxbury,
MA 02332 Add $2 per book postage in US, $3 UPS,
$4 Canada, $1 2 air Europe and Central America, $18
elsewhere. Specify Apple or IBM with disk orders.

For faster delivery call (617)934-0445

CIRCLE 215 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Logo Ideas

Robert Lawler

Computers And People

Is playing with computers good for children? Couldn't it be
bad? Might they not begin to think of themselves and others as
machines? Here is a story about how my daughter, Miriam,
pretended to be a machine the Logo turtle and what she
made of that.

This night is the last night of summer, so defined by the chil-
dren's having to begin school on the morrow. Over the summer
they have gradually become accustomed to going to bed late,
and now, in order to rise early, they should go to bed early. No
one found this argument convincing. We negotiated a com-
promise that the children get into pyjamas, return for dessert
(delayed by conversation with dinner guests, Jose and
Fernando), and then go off to bed. Robby lived up to the agree-
ment; Miriam would not.

When given a direct order to go to bed, she went to my bed
instead of hers. I had mentioned during dinner the children's
inclination to play turtle. Fernando tried to help. "Miriam,
FORWARD." She did nothing. I advised him that he had
omitted the carriage return. Upon his "carriage return" Miriam
complained, "You haven't told me how far to go," chuckled,
and popped back onto my bed. Gretchen attempted "FOR-
WARD 100, carriage return." With the gripe "You haven't told
me how to FD100" still in the air, I described this bug as the
well known space omission between command and input.

Fernando was then precise: "Miriam: FORWARD, space,
100, carriage return." Miriam played fair and proceeded
stepwise (counting each step) down the length of the loft. At
first, we expected 1 00 steps to be too few. Miriam counted 70 in
the kitchen and at 88 gleefully announced "Out of bounds" as
she walked into the wall in the hallway. While so close to her
bed room, she picked up her "security blanket" (the air was a
little chilly) and came skipping back into the living area.

The game wore on (hide turtle under the blanket, and so
forth), and after a while became wearing. I finally directed her
to bed with the threat of physical force. Miriam replied, as she
has for some months now, with the counter-threat "I'm quitting
your research. Daddy, I really am." Having thus preserved her
dignity, she acquiesced to the demand that she go to bed.

In this incident and many others, Miriam showed that this
robot role which she was willing to adopt was one she subjected

Robert Lawler, Centre Mondial, Informatique Et Resources Humaines,
22 Avenue Matisnon, 7508 Paris, France.

214

utterly to her ends as a person. Playing turtle was an enrich-
ment of her repertoire, not a constraint upon it. As we para-
phrase William Blake:

Tools were made; born were hands.
Every child understands.

Single-Key Interfaces

Young children, especially those who have never used a
typewriter and even more so those who have not yet learned
to read can have a great deal of fun with turtle geometry if
using the keyboard is made simple for them. One obvious and
simple way to do so would be to make an "interface" for their
use. An interface translates what someone keys into Logo
commands and then executes those commands. Many have
been made in the past, and surely more will come. Typically,
the simplifications are in reduction of the child's keying burden
to a single character for any action desired. For example,
when the child keys the single character F, the interface trans-
lates this into the command FORWARD 20 and executes it.

Many computer-based games depend upon the speed of
reaction of the person playing the game. Consider a real-time
game in which you must fire a rocket to change the trajectory
of a space ship. Keying FIRE and "return" could take so long
that the result of the force would be different from what you
wanted. In contrast, keying a single letter whose value was en-
coded to mean FIRE could be effective at once in changing the
speed of the space ship.

Have you ever wondered why the letters on the typewriter
keyboard or the computer terminal are where they are? Alvin
Toffler relates the history of keyboard development, pointing
out that the keyboard arrangement was made difficult on
purpose, to slow people down so that their high speed keying
would not jam the originally slow-moving mechanical linkages
of early machines. Would you like to make your own keyboard
arrangement? You can. All you need is an interface which will
substitute your characters for those wired at the keyboard, and
a set of sticky labels to show how the interface will assign
meaning to the keys struck.

Summary

Writing an interface which reads one character at a time is
a primary way of shaping your computer environment to be
what you want it to be like. You can make it simpler, or more
responsive; you can even change the meanings of individual
keys. □

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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The Countess

And The
Computer Language

s/

,/

r*

Part II

5S3

Geoff Gilpin

Ah, youVe returned. The Countess of Lovelace is pleased
that you are interested in learning more about her namesake,
the computer language Ada. Before plunging into new
material, however, here is a recap of what happened last
month.

After a brief history of Ada (both the Countess and the
computer language), we saw a genuine Ada program, like this
one:

with TEXT__IO; use TEXT_IO;

procedure EXAMPLE is — specification

begin — body

put ("Lady Lovelace welcomes you back!");

end EXAMPLE;

As illustrated by EXAMPLE, Ada syntax is very much like
that of Pascal or any number of high level "structured"
languages. The most prominent difference so far is the division
of EXAMPLE into a specification, which gives the information
needed to connect the program with its environment, and the
body, which details the actions taken when the program is
run. The specification of EXAMPLE tells the Ada compiler
that a package called TEXT_ IO is part of the environment
of EXAMPLE. The put procedure used to print the Countess's
greeting is contained in TEXT_ IO and would be unavailable
without the with and use clauses.

Aside from general syntax, last month's article looked at
how data is defined and manipulated in Ada. We saw that all

Geoff Gilpin, 1018 N. Leminwah St., Appleton, WI 54911

the usual data types and structures are available as well as
several exotic ones. We saw user defined types:

type SECONDS is integer range 1..60;

derived types:

type MY_INTEGER is new integer;
enumeration types:

type COLOR is (RED, BLUE, YELLOW);
type BEATLE is (John, Paul,

George, Ringo);

and many other strange and wonderful things.

Although Ada is the first language to incorporate all of the
features discussed last month, nothing that we saw could be
considered truly unique. Now, however, it is time to look at
the most important, and most revolutionary, feature of
Ada— program organization.

In Ada, the concept of a "program" is very nebulous. An
Ada program is rarely a single entity; instead it is a confed-
eration of smaller units woven into a loose hierarchy. Although
things get blurry here, the Department of Defense suggests
that Ada program units should be grouped together into a
library, a vague term that says little about the overall structure
of the language. Things will undoubtedly get clearer as the
language evolves.

Ada programs can be constructed from a variety of building
blocks. These program units can be combined in several ways
to accommodate different styles of programming. Since the
permutations can become very confusing (Ada is a big
language), I will restrain myself and pull just two program
units (subprograms and packages) out of Ada's grab-bag,
using each to illustrate a particular style of programming.

An Ada subprogram can be a procedure or a function.
Here is an ordinary looking example':

function SUM (X, Y, Z: integer)
return integer is

begin

return X+Y+Z;

end SUM;

216

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Ada, continued...

Parameters

This example demonstrates the basic syntax of an Ada
function. The formal parameters X, Y, and Z are listed along
with their mandatory data type. The type of data returned by
the function appears in the specification after the keyword
return. Formal parameters can be of different data types, in
which case they must be separated by a semicolon, as in

procedure HARMONY (HIGH,

MIDDLE,

LOW: BEATLE;

SINGERS: INTEGER) is

Once declared, subprograms are invoked in the normal way,
e.g.

or

SUM (B, C, D);

HARMONY (John, Paul, George, 3);

As usual, function calls may be part of a larger expression
while procedure calls must appear on a line by themselves.

Aside from a data type, formal parameters may also have a
mode that determines how they are matched up with the
actual parameters in the calling routine. Modes come in three
flavors: in out, and in out. Here is a procedure that illustrates
modes:

procedure SQUARESUM (X: in integer;

Y: in out integer;
Z: out integer) is

begin

X

:- X**2;

Y

:- Y**2;

Z

:- X+Y;

en

d SQUARESUM;

"**" is

exponentiation operator

— no "return"

Our new example procedure might be invoked like this:

X_TERM :- 3; Y_TERM :- 4;
SQUARESUM (X_TERM, Y_TERM, ANSWER);

put (X_TERM);

put (" ");

put (YJTERM);

put (" ");

put (ANSWER);

Pardon all the
"put" statements.
Ada needs one
for each
data type.

and the resulting output would be :

16

25

X TERM was unchanged because its corresponding
formal parameter was declared with the in mode, which is
used for accepting a value without modifying it in the calling
routine. Following this example, you will probably see that in
out formal parameters do modify the variable in the calling
routine, in this case leaving Y TERM equal to the square of
four. The last mode, out, is only used for passing values back
to the calling routine.

In other words, in parameters can enter a subprogram but
not leave it, out parameters can leave but can't get in, and in
out parameters can do both. If no mode is specified, in is
assumed.

Now things start to get interesting.

When a subprogram is called, the formal parameters may
be explicitly named. The function call

A :- SUM (Y -> 5, X »> 6 , Z »> 10);

would assign a value of 21 to A. Notice that when the formal
parameters are named, they may appear in any order, just
like the array aggregates we met last month.

Subprograms may have default parameters, which are
declared by an assignment within the parameter list.

function SUM

( X: integer
Y : 1 nteger
Z : integer

i;

2;

3)

return integer is

SUM may now be called with anywhere from zero to three
parameters, the ones left unspecified will take the default
values. All the following are legal calls.

A
A
A
A
A

SUM;

SUM (4);
SUM (4, 5);

SUM
SUM

(4,
(Z

6);
10);

- A-6

- A-9

- A-12

- A-15

- A-23

Overloading

One of the most powerful features of Ada subprograms is
called overloading. This means that multiple procedures or
functions can be declared with the same name. For instance,
a single Ada program might contain these two functions:

function SUM (X, Y, Z: integer)

return integer is

function SUM (X, Y, Z: float)

return float is

A Pascal compiler attempting to make sense of this program
would halt at the second function and complain "identifier
declared twice." In Ada, everything is fine. Once compiled,
an appropriate test for the overloaded function SUM might
be

put (SUM (4, 5, 6)); put (" ");

put (SUM (4.0, 5.0, 6.0));

which will produce

15

15.0

Does this seem strange? It shouldn't — the concept of
overloading has been around for a long time, and you have
probably made considerable use of it without knowing it.
Most common languages have a set of built-in routines, such
as math functions, which are overloaded.

In Fortran the function SQRT can be used to take the
square roots of both integers and real numbers. The same
routine is not used in both cases, of course, since the internal
operations used on one kind of number would not work on
the other. When you put SQRT(4) and SQRT(4.0) in the
same program, Fortran looks at the parameter and calls the
appropriate routine. There is no need to write a SQRE routine
for reals and a SQIN for integers since the data type of the
argument makes it clear which you want.

Up till now, however, overloading had been present only in
built-in functions; Ada makes it available to the programmer.

This review of subprograms will end with a look at an
especially bizarre kind of overloading (which is also one of
my favorite things in Ada).

Consider the statement HUE := RED. How is this different
from the statement NUMBER := 2? Assigning a number to a
variable involves a different set of operations than the
assignment of an enumeration value, yet both are represented

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

219

Ada, continued...

by the operator : = . That's right, operators are overloaded
too and, yes, the programmer may do the overloading.

All standard Ada operators — + , /, mod, **, etc.— are
available for redefinition. A computer dating service might
use operator overloading to do complex processing of data
structures called MALE and FEMALE. The process would
look just like the previous example of overloading except that
the function name (since operators are used in expressions
their overloading must always be done in function subpro-
grams) is the operator symbol.

f unc t ion

it i ii

(MAN:

WOMAN:
return

MALE;
FEMALE)
COUPLE is

begin

WE UDED_COUPLE. HUSBAND

WEDDED_COUPLE.WIFE

return WEDDED COUPLE;

end "+" :

MAN. NAME;
WOMAN. NAME;

A wedding may now be accomplished by the statement

NEWLYWEDS :* BRIDE + GROOM;

where the variables WEDDED COUPLE and NEWLYWEDS
are of type COUPLE and BRIDE and GROOM are variables
of the FEMALE and MALE types. The expression BRIDE +
GROOM produces a value of type COUPLE which can be
legally assigned to NEWLYWEDS. In this case, the + opera-
tor certainly doesn't stand for numeric addition; perhaps it
could be referred to as the "mating" operator.

Without overloading, the only operators normally available
for use with user-defined data types are assignment (: = ) and
equality (=) although the other relational operators are
defined for enumeration values. If you want to add complex
numbers (as in Fortran or PL/1) you must first define them
and then overload the appropriate operators. If you want
matrix arithmetic (as in Basic) the process is repeated. This
might seem odd for a language with so many built-in features,
but the added power and flexibility are certainly worth it.
This is one area of Ada in which the programmer's imagination
is given free rein.

As I said, different program units illustrate different styles

"Ten to one we get cancer from these things. Squeaky. "

of programming. Ada supports two styles— top down pro-
gramming, implemented with procedures and functions, and
bottom-up programming which is done with packages.

Top-Down Programming

The top-down method is the classic structured programming
strategy in which a big program is divided up into small, easily
implemented pieces. In Ada, procedures and functions may
be nested within themselves (and within other program units)
to an arbitrary depth. They may also be removed from their
context (or host unit) and compiled on their own, ultimately
winding up in that mysterious library.

When this is done the programmer must supply the
information needed to link up the pieces. For instance,
suppose our EXAMPLE procedure relied on another pro-
cedure called ADA _ GREETINGS to print the Countess's
felicitations. ADA __ GREETINGS might simply be elaborated
inside EXAMPLE or, if it is to be separately compiled, its
specification is declared inside EXAMPLE like this:

procedure EXAMPLE is

procedure ADA__GREETINGS is separate;
— other declarations

begin

— body of EXAMPLE

end EXAMPLE;

The keyboard separate is called a body stub because it takes
the place of the procedure body. Now when ADA__GREET-
INGS is written its parentage must be included in the specif-
ication:

separate (EXAMPLE)

procedure ADA__GREETINGS is

In this way, ADAjGREETINGS becomes a subunit of
EXAMPLE. The genealogical relations between Ada program
units, like those in an Irish clan, can become quite convoluted.

Although the top-down method is the reigning champion of
programming styles, Ada anticipates a day when the opposite
method will be just as common. In the bottom-up scheme,
large programs are put together from a set of general purpose
building blocks called packages.

An analogy can be found in the construction trade where a
slab of prefabricated concrete can be used to build either a
ranch house or an auditorium. The TEXTJO package is an
example of this kind of building block. It provides a collection
of Ada resources which can be used by different programs in
different ways.

Packages

To illustrate the use of packages, suppose that you are part
of a programming team that is developing the software for a
new video game. Although each programmer is involved with
a different aspect of the game, everyone vaU need access to
certain basic procedures and data files. At the beginning of
the project these resources would be grouped together in a
package, compiled, and placed in a library for use by one and
all. Doing this looks a great deal like writing a procedure.

Obviously, the distinction between specification and body
is greater with packages than with other Ada program units.
In fact, the specification and the body can be (and frequently
are) compiled separately. This is in keeping with Ada's
philosophy of "everything in its proper place."

Everything that is to be public (i.e., all the resources used
by the program units that access the package) goes into the
specification, including the specifications of any subprograms
contained within the package, such as COLLISION.

220

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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Ada, continued...

package VIDEO_GAME_ENV IRONMENT is
-- specification

SCREEN_WIDTH:
SCREEN_HEIGHT:
type POS is

CAME_OVER:
GAME PRICE:

constant integer :* 256;

constant integer :* 190;

record

X : integer

range 1 . . SCREEN_WIDTH ;
Y : 1 nt eger

range 1 . . SCREEN_HEIGHT ;
end record;
Boolean ;
integer range 25.. 100;

procedure GET_ENEMY_C00RD (EPOS: POS);
procedure CET_PLAYER_COORD (PPOS: POS);
function COLLISION (PLAYER, ENEMY: POS)
return Boolean;

end V 1 1)E0_CAME_ENV IRONMENT;
— end specification

package body V Il)EO_GAME_ENV IRONMENT is

— body

function COLLISION (PLAYER, ENEMY: POS)
return Boolean is

begin

if PLAYER. X-ENEMY.X and PL AYER . Y-ENEMY . Y

then return true; — collision

else return false;

end if ;
end COLLISION;

— - similar elaborations of
-- CET_ENEMY_C00RD

— and GET__PLAYER_COORD

begin -- initialization
GAME_0VER :- false;
GAME_PRICE :» 25; — cents
end V I DEO__GAME_ENV IRONMENT;

— end of body

The contents of the body area available only to the package.
Since the inner workings are sealed off from the outside
world, the whole package can be changed without affecting
any of the program units that access it. This compartmental-
ization also prevents any tampering— both unintentional and
otherwise— that might cause unpredictable results.

Packages may exist on their own or they may be declared
within other program units. They may contain data, subpro-
grams, and other packages, all of which may be concealed to
varying degrees through the use of the private declaration
(which won't be discussed here). The initialization section is
optional and in our example it could have easily, and more
elegantly, been replaced by assignments in the declaration
section.

Now that these handy resources have been gathered
together in a single package and safely stashed away in a
library, how do you— the applications programmer— make
use of them?

Using Packages

Suppose that you have written a program that calls the
COLLISION routine contained in VIDEO__GAME__
ENVIRONMENT. Your program must include the infor-
mation that the Ada linker needs to locate the package and
make its resources available. This is done with the two Ada
keywords — with and use — that were employed to access the

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Ada, continued...

standard package TEXT_IO. The following is a program
that can call COLLISION and use any of the other resources
contained in the package :

with VIDE0_GAME_ENVIR0NMENT;
use VIDEO_GAME_ENVIRONMENT;
procedure PLAY is

E, P: POS;

begin
whi le

end

not CAME_0VER loop
GET_ENEMY_C00RD (E);
GET_PLAYER_C00RD (P);
if COLLISION (E, P)

then GAME_0VER :-

end if ;
end loop ;
PLAY;

t rue

226

The use of the three subprograms and the POS data type
by PLAY would be illegal without the statement "with
VIDEO_GAME_ENVIRONMENT." Although it seems
redundant to require separate with and use clauses, this
division of labor lets the programmer decide how much of the
package is to be made visible. If a package has been separately
compiled, a with clause must appear before the package can
be accessed; use, with or without with, makes the package
totally visible.

If there is no use, the identifiers in the package must be
preceded by the package name and a dot, just like the
components of a record structure. Omitting a use in the text
of PLAY would make it necessary to re-write the declaration
of E and P as

E, P: VIDE0_GAME_ENVIR0NMENT.P0S;

and to rewrite the first procedure call as

VIDE0_GAME_ENVIR0NMENT.GET_ENEMY_C00RD(E);

Yes, Ada can get wordy. Typically, with and use are applied
separately —a single with clause appears at the beginning of a
program unit listing all the packages needed, as in

with TEXT_I0, V IDE0_GAME_ENV IR0NMENT ;

Then use clauses are strategically placed throughout the
program wherever a particular package must be totally
visible.

There are exceptions, of course, such as the case of a single
identifier existing in two currently visible packages. The
ambiguity is overcome through the dot notation.

To the Ada novice, this visibility business seems like a big
headache. But packages are the heart and soul of Ada, a
language that has done more with program organization than
any other. A typical Ada program is made up of dozens of
little boxes which may be airtight or totally permeable
depending on the needs of the programmer. This kind of
control requires a great many tools, which is why Ada is such
a big language.

Now for the finale: a look at one last Ada topic which will
tie together the various threads of the language with special
attention to packages and visibility rules.

Generics

Remember the function SUM? There were two versions,
one for floats and one for integers. Since the function was so
short it wasn't much trouble to write it out twice, even though
the two versions were almost identical. But what if it had
been 500 lines long?

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Ada, continued...

The philosophy of Ada is that similar objects should have
to be written only once. After such an object is defined, it can
be used as a template or archetype for the creation of similar
objects. In Ada, the template object (which can be a
subprogram, package, data type, or practically anything else)
is said to be generic. The process of creating a new, similar,
object is called instantiation. The following is a generic version
of SUM:

generic - - specification
type T is ( <> ) ;
function SUM (X, Y, Z: T);

function SUM (X, Y, Z:
begin -- body

return X+Y+Z;
end SUM

T) return T is

The specification tells us what things are to be generic, in
this case the subprogram and the data type. The generic
parameter for type T,<>symbol, is called a box. The box is the
thing that will alter with each instantiation just like a
parameter in a function call. The following examples of
instantiation will create our two versions of SUM.

function SUM_INT is new SUM (integer);
function SUM_FLO is new SUM (float);

We now have two separate functions stamped from a single
generic template.

Generics play an important role in Ada. The language itself
has few built-in facilities for handling input/output, math-
ematical computation, and other necessary support functions.
Instead, Ada provides a few generic packages which the user
must instantiate to meet his own needs. Ada programmers do
a great deal of instantiation.

For instance, the text I/O routines used in this article— get
and put— are only defined for use with character data. Why
characters and not, say, integers? Although Ada has only one
kind of character, the familiar 8-bit ASCII creature, there are
theoretically an infinite number of integers including the
built-in integer types and all the derived types that a user
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Ada, continued...

Yet, the sharp-eyed reader will have noticed that get and
put have been employed with various non-character objects
such as integers and enumeration values. I conveniently
neglected to mention that none of these examples would have
worked without instantiation of an appropriate package. Now
that we are familiar with generics, I will make amends.

Along with the Ada language itself, the Department of

Defense has provided two support packages— INPUT

OUTPUT and TEXT IO. The latter contains generic pack-
ages (like wheels within wheels) for handling all the pre-
defined data types. These generic packages include
INTEGER_IO, FLOAT_IO, and the pre -instantiated pack-
age CHARACTER IO. The package specification for

enumeration types looks like this:

generic type ENUM is (<>);

package ENUMERATI0N_I0 is

procedure GET (ITEM: out ENUM);
procedure PUT (ITEM: ENUM;

WIDTH: integer
L0WER_CASE:

Boolean
end ENUMERATION 10;

- 0;

■ false);

ENUM is the generic parameter, which could be matched
up with the BEATLE or any other enumeration type; WIDTH
and LOWER CASE are optional formatting controls.

Until this package is instantiated, get and put will work
only with characters. After writing

package BEATLE__I0

is new ENUMERATI0N_I0 (BEATLE);

with BEATLE__I0; use BEATLE_I0;

get and put are defined (overloaded) for both types. We
could write statements such as

CHARACTER_I0.PUT ( 'Z' ) ;
BEATLE__I0.PUT (RING0) ;

but the rules of overloading make it unnecessary since the
two PUTs can be distinguished by their arguments. We can
get by with

put ('z');
put (RING0);

- implied to be

- the PUT in CHARACTER__I0

- the PUT in BEATLE 10

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Similarly, if we wanted to do I/O with integers we would have
to instantiate yet another package.

package INT_I0

is new INTEGER_I0 (integer);

with INT_I0; use INT_I0;

Now get and put are overloaded for three data types. If this
hadn't been done, statements such as put (1 + 1) would be
illegal. The same thing holds for floating-point numbers and
everything else except characters.

All this instantiation would be a royal nuisance if it had to
be done every time you wrote an Ada program. Typically,
though, Ada programmers will do it once and put the results
in a single package that can be accessed by every subsequent
program. This is the beauty of Ada— every programmer can
have a customized tool box. Programmer Fred might assemble
something like this:

CIRCLE 329 ON READER SERVICE CARD

230

December 1982 c Creative Computing

with TEXT_IO; use TEXT_IO;
package FREDS_IO_PACKAGE is
package FREDS_INTEGER__IO

is new INTEGER_IO (integer);
package FREOS_FLOAT_IO

is new FLOAT_IO (float);
— and so forth.

Programmer Louella might find that Fred's I/O routines
were useful in one part of a program while Sally's were
appropriate in another. Her program might look like this:

with FREDS_IO_PACKAGE,

SALLYS_IO_PACKAGE;
use FREDS_IO_PACKAGE,

SALLYS_IO_PACKAGE;
procedure LOUELL AS_PROGRAM is

p rocedu re PI is

use FREDS_INTEGER_IO;

begin

put (1+1); — Fred's

end PI;

"put"

procedu re P2 is

use SALLYS_INTEGER_IO;

begin

put (2+2); -- Sally's "put"

end P2;

end LOUELLAS PROGRAM;

It could be made even simpler than this.

These are some of the ways that Ada programs can be put
together. We have only seen the outlines; the details can
become almost microscopic.

Summary

In general, Ada programs can be assembled using either
the top-down or the bottom-up method. The former approach
employs subprograms — procedures and functions which may
be overloaded as often as necessary. Subprograms may be
broken down even further by separate compilation of the
specification and body.

If the specification is included in another program unit it is
called a body stub. Bottom-up programming is accomplished
with general -purpose packages, used for grouping together
related resources such as data and subprograms. Like other
objects in Ada, packages may be declared as generic and
used to create similar objects through the process of
instantiation.

Program organization is the most important feature of Ada.
In the future, complex programs will be assembled from Ada
modules just as easily as a child builds a house out of wooden
blocks. Libraries of software components will exist to satisfy
every taste. Need a video game controller? Instantiate it.
Your, I/O routines are too slow? Here, try Freds.

Ada will be a big part of the future. If you don't want to be
left behind, get your hands on an Ada compiler and start
writing programs.

Until next month, when we will evaluate two implemen-
tations of Ada for microcomputers, the Countess of Lovelace
bids you Farewell! □

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Re-Discovering Level II

Although Radio Shack has replaced its
Model I computer with the Model III and
Color Computer, I continue to use my
Model I, and I suspect that many other
people do, too.

This article is written specifically for
those who still program on a Model I,
Level II, but it may also be of use to
Model III users and other programmers
as well. It includes some simple program-
ming techniques, a description of how to
create an error which should not be (a
bug in Radio Shack Basic. ..still extant in
the Model III computer), a mini-review
of Radio Shack's T-Bug and machine
language, a mention of how to put control
characters and arrows directly into text
(inside PRINT statements for example),
and an explanation of how to create sound
without any extra peripherals.

Radio Shack Basic includes many
unusual idiosyncracies that are rarely
mentioned. For example, the Level II
manual tells you that you should use
THEN with all IF statements, when in
reality, THEN is not needed in most cases,
and in one case it is always needed.
(THEN uses up one extra byte every time
it is used, and it rarely makes the program
any more understandable.)

If you are comparing only numeric
data, THEN is usually needed only when
the true part of the IF statement is an
assignment with LET omitted. If you are
comparing string data, THEN is always
required for an ELSE clause to work;

Robert Spahitz, 143 Dewey Avenue, Staten Island,
NY 10308.

Robert Spahitz

otherwise THEN is needed only if the
dollar sign is omitted, because the variable
being used is predefined in a DEFSTR
clause (see Chart for examples).

Also, beware of hidden keywords when
you program (Chart examples 12-16),
especially when you are doing logical
comparisons.

According to the Level II manual,
INKEYS "returns a one character string...
the last key pressed. " However, some keys
do not work the way you might hope,
specifically SHIFT, BREAK, and @.

Although there are two shift keys, they
have no effect on INKEYS unless pressed
with another key. If that other key is @,
program execution freezes. To have the
program accept SHIFT @ as data, both
keys must be pressed twice.

The other troublemaker is the BREAK
key which almost always interrupts the
program. To overcome this, POKE
16396,7 will disable the BREAK function
and allow that key to act as any other key
(CHR$(1)) until execution of POKE
16396,0. By placing these around input
statements, you can prevent accidental
BREAKing until after data input. Be sure
to POKE into 16396 and not elsewhere,
or you may not be able to recover your
program.

Errors Or Not?

The INPUT statement, although useful,
has several problems. If the variable is
omitted after INPUT, no error will be
picked up if the length of the input
entered is zero before ENTER is hit. For
example,

510 INPUT or 510 INPUT "HIT
ENTER';

work fine if ENTER is hit immediately or
if, as an example, HELLO and then five
backspaces are typed before ENTER.
Obviously this method of input is bad
unless you know that the only input will
be ENTER; otherwise the computer will
try to store the information in the non-
existent variable, causing an error. Note:
CLEAR can be used to replace back-
spaces.

Another INPUT problem has to do with
the way data from the INPUT are inter-
preted. It affects both Model I and Model
III, presumably because nobody at Radio
Shack ever noticed this built-in error.
When I first encountered this error, I
thought there was a spelling mistake in
my program line, because 1 was put into
edit mode after a ?SN ERROR IN LINE
xxx. When I listed the line, I saw nothing
wrong, so I searched through the rest of
my program. I still found nothing, so I
ran the program again. After several tries,
I found out that my input had caused the
error.

Try typing the following program and
RUNningit:

10 INPUT A

20 PRINT A

30 GO TO 10

December 1982 c Creative Computing

233

Level II, continued.

Figure 1.

Entering this input Should give this response

example 1
example 2
example 3
example 4

5.0
5%
$5

5.0%

5
5
?REDO
?SN ERROR IN LINE 10

By typing any number, you will get either
the number printed (or rounded off first)
or an overflow if the number is too large.
Typing non-numbers or combining num-
bers and nonnumbers usually gives a
?REDO or ?EXTRA IGNORED message.
However, a certain combination gives ?SN
ERROR IN LINE 10, and puts you in
EDIT mode for line 10.

In example 1 of Figure 1, the computer
interpreted the period as meaning float-
ing-point. In example 2, % means integer.
In example 3, $ is in no way numeric. In
example 4, the computer got confused. If
asked what interest rate you will be using
in a program, example 4 is a likely
response, but the computer picks it up as
an error and makes you lose your last 30
minutes of typing.

This error is obviously in ROM because

input to a program is not supposed to
cause the program to bomb with a syntax
error. What causes it?

As far as I know, this error occurs on
all Level II and Model III computers
whenever a period is followed by a per-
cent symbol but before either a comma
or a colon, and if the data is being put
into any numeric variable (either directly
through INPUT or LET, or indirectly by
converting a bad string to numerics). That
is, this error will occur if you try to put
5.%, -3.14159%, .1%234, .% or any similar
combination into an integer, single or
double precision variable, or a string
variable of which the program will take
the VALue.

Why does this error occur? Apparently,
the computer interprets your input char-
acter by character after you hit ENTER.

When it finds a period, it sets up storage
for a floating point number. When it finds
% it attempts to store the number as an
integer. Since floating point numbers
cannot be integers, the computer gets
confused and claims that there is some-
thing wrong with your INPUT statement,
LET statement, or VAL command.

How do I cure this problem? The only
way I know to avoid it "is to always use
string inputs, either with INPUT or
INKEYS, then edit out any % and other
stray characters using LEFTS, MID$, and
RIGHTS (or do not allow stray-character
input when using INKEYS), and finally
convert the input to numeric data using
the VAL command.

If you are really daring, you can create
your own input routine using machine
language. Two very useful tools for this
are How To Program The Z 80 by Rod nay
Zaks, Radio Shack catalog number 62-
2066, $10.95 and T-Bug, Radio Shack
catalog number 26-2001, $14.95.

How To Program The Z80 is a book
that tells you exactly that. It has a listing
of all Z80 instructions, tells how they
work, and describes how to put them
together with other instructions to create
useful programs. Note: A working knowl-
edge of Basic will help you better under-
stand machine language instructions.

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December 1982 • Creative Computing

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Level II, continued...

When To Use THEN' In IF' Statements

Program Line

Works as Expected Solution

1. IF A=B PRINT C

Yes.

2. IFA=BC = 5

No. Computer interprets B and C as one Use THEN after B.
variable.

3. IFA=BLETC=5

Yes.

4. IFA=B*5C = 5

Yes!

5. IFA=5*B1C = 5

No. Similar to number 2. Use THEN after 1.

6. IF A$=B$ PRINT C$ ELSE PRINT

Yes, if A$=B$; No, if A$*B$... Use THEN after B$.
ELSE clause disregarded.

7. IFA$=B$C$="Hr

Yes.

8. DEFSTR A,B:IF A = B PRINT C

Yes.

9. DEFSTR A,B:IF A = B C = 5

No. Same as number 2. Use THEN after B.

10. DEFSTR A,B:IFA = B$C = 5

Yes. (A=B$ is correct)

11. IFE=2DISC = SQR(B f 2-4*A*C)

No. New variable ISC is created and E is Use THEN after first 2.
compared to 2D (double precision).

12. IF A=T AND F=3 THEN STOP

Yes, // there is a space between the first T Put space after T.

and the A in AND, otherwise interpreted as

IFA=TAN...

13. IF PM = SE THEN STOP

Similar to above: if space after first E is Put space after E.
omitted, interpreted as IF PM= SET...

14. FOR A=GO TO FINISH

15. FORA=AUTOLE

16. PRINT TAUT OR LOOSE

NO! Does not work, even with spaces. GO must be POKEd into memory:

easier to change variable.

Only if space after U. Put space after U.

Yes, with spaces, otherwise keyword Put space before O.
AUTO gets in the way of this logical OR.

Many are very similar to #16, so beware when logical ORing or ANDing.

Notes:

10. IF A =B$ C= 5 is not an error. resolved. For example, use =AU TO instead of

11. This gave me different results, but the square root is =AUTO. This will not work when GO is next to TO
not stored in DISC. because the computer disregards spaces, linefeeds and

12-16. By leaving spaces after variables that effect the certain other CHR$ codes when trying to form the
beginning of a keyword, most problems like this are GOTO keyword.

December 1982 • Creative Computing

237

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Level II, continued...

T-Bug is a Radio Shack creation which
allows you to write, edit, and execute
machine language programs. It is loaded
from cassette and accepts eight different
commands.

Along with the T-Bug cassette comes a
very handy reference manual that care-
fully explains each command, includes a
Level I to Level II conversion program,
lists all of the Z80 opcodes and their
symbolic names (unfortunately, no
description of the commands is included),
pictures a memory map of both Level I
and Level II memory, lists some useful
ROM subroutines (such as getting a char-
acter from the keyboard, and using the
cassette and printer), contains a con-
version table for binary-hexadecimal-
decimal numbers, and finally lists some
books to read for more information about
machine language.

All in all, T-Bug is very useful for the
machine language novice, but a book on
the Z80 is a must if you want to under-
stand the Z80 commands. If you are
serious about speeding up your programs
and using less memory, $15 for T-Bug
and $11 for a good book is very reason-
able.

Control Characters in Text

Moving along, let us examine a useful
aspect of Level II. Through use of the
EDIT command, any control character
from 1 to 27 can be sneakily stored into
one byte instead of the usual four or five
bytes needed to store CHR$(NN) where
NN would be a number from 1 to 27. This
is tricky but worth the effort if you enjoy
conserving memory and confusing anyone
who reads your listings. The procedure
follows:

1. Type the line in which you want the
code, leaving one space where it belongs.

2. Enter EDIT mode by typing EDIT
line number ENTER.

3. Space up to and over (not past) the
space to be changed (usually right after
the first quotation mark).

4. While holding down the down arrow,
type C and release only the C key.

5. Hold the shift key down.

6. Type the letter of the alphabet
corresponding to the code you want
printed (A = l B=2C=3...Z=26 ♦ =27)

7. Release all keys and hit ENTER or E
to exit EDIT mode and store the code.

This may sound complex, but it is
rather easy once you do it a few times.
Try the following example:

10 PRINT CHR$(23) "HELLO"

To convert the above, first type

10 PRINT "HELLO"
EDIT 10 (ENTER)

and space past the first quote. Now hold
the down arrow key, depress and release
the C for change, hold the SHIFT key
and type W, the twenty-third letter of the

238

December 1982 ® Creative Computing

0^ Christmas Software Favorites (0^

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MASTERTYPE

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Level II, continued...

Listing 1.

10 FOR Z = 1 TO 25

20 A ■ RNDO00) - RND(600)

30 £: = RNDO0 0) •♦• 30

4 C = RND(25>

50 D - RNDCRNDC9) )

A0 E = RND(RND(9) )

70 GOSUE: 100

ho not z : rem make: bound again

9 END

10 FOR Y = A TO Ei STEP C
110 OUT 255,0

120 FOR Z ■ TO D

130 NEXT 7 t REM DELAY

140 OUT 255,4

150 FOR Z = TO E

1A0 NEXT Z J REM DELAY AGAIN

170 NEXT Y : REM REPEAT CLICK

180 RETURN

Listing 2.

CIRCLE 324 ON READER SERVICE CARD

10 OUT 255,8 t REM CHANGE SCREEN TO

32-CHARACTER MODE
2 PRINT "TYPE A , B R

C"
30 A* ■ INKEY$

4 IF A* < "A" OR A* > "C" THEN 30

5 IF A* ■ "A" PRINT "STOP" t STOP
60 IF A* p M B" PRINT "END" : END
7 PRINT "END OF PROGRAM"

alphabet. If you do not hold the down
arrow or type it after the C, your results
will not be the same, so do it in the proper
order. The down arrow somehow affects
the TRS-80 character generation section,
so by holding this down with other keys
you will produce other characters.

This leads me to my next trick: pro-
ducing arrows directly in text. This is
much simpler than inserting control char-
acters into text and is probably more
useful. There are several ways to do this.
I find this way easiest:

First depress and hold the Z and 2
keys, then backspace twice to erase the Z
and the 2.
Then Press To Get

3 4 3

4 ♦ 4

5 «*-5

6 -6

7 _7

Finally, backspace once to erase the
number, and you end up with the arrow.
No EDIT mode was needed. Note: Some-
times the number comes before the arrow.
In that case, just erase the arrow and the
number, and try again.

Sound Too?

Finally, I have discovered that the TRS-
80 can produce sound without any new
software, hardware, or even a speaker.
Although you do not get a symphony,
you do get hums, buzzes, and clicks.
There seems to be a flip-flopping device
inside the keyboard that controls cassette
input/output. By making it flip-flop at
different speeds, you can produce several
sounds directly from the keyboard. Since
this device directly affects the recorder,
it is wise either to turn off the cassette or

240

to unplug the leads before attempting to
make sounds.

The command to make sound is the
infrequently used OUT statement. See
Listing 1 for a sample program. By
changing the delays in lines 120 and 150,
or by changing the values in line 100,
different sounds are produced.

The OUT statement can also be used
to change the screen from 64-character
mode to 32-character mode or vice versa,
but it does this only during program
execution. When the program stops, the
screen reverts to its original mode. As a
programmer, I find this useful because I
can run my program in 32-character
mode, and when I want to stop and list
my program, I do not have to clear the
screen, thereby losing any output I may
have wanted to examine.

Try the sample program in Listing 2 to
see how this works. Some problems do
arise with this method, but they are minor.
First, if CLS is encountered, OUT 255,8
must be re-executed. Second, all PRINTs
that contain literals (anything inside
quotes) must be spaced properly to
appear on the screen correctly (see line
20 in Listing 2).

Summary

• THEN is not usually needed, but
should be included when the true part of
IF statement is an assignment, or if strings
are being compared.

• INKEYS does not accept SHIFT as a
single character; you must type SHIFT-®
twice to store it; you must disable the
BREAK key to be able to store it (POKE
16396,7).

• INPUT does not need a variable, but
if you omit it, the only acceptable input is
ENTER; if INPUT is used with numeric
variables, or the program takes the VAL
of a string, the program will bomb if the
input contains a period followed by %.

• The EDIT subcommand C can be
used to get control characters to be stored
directly in text.

• By holding down the 2 and the Z
keys, you can get arrows or an underscore
directly on the screen by typing 3, 4, 5, 6
or 7.

• Sound can be produced by switching
from OUT 255,0 to OUT 255,4 and back,
and including delays between them.

• OUT 255,8 will convert to 32^har-
acter mode during program execution as
long as CLS is not encountered, and stay
in that mode until the program is
stopped.

I hope you have found these items
useful and will include them to make your
programs more efficient and, ultimately,
more exciting.

If you have questions or comments, I
would be pleased to read and respond to
any that contain a self-addressed
envelope. □

December 1982 c Creative Computing

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Pilot Tutorial II

Mike Smith

Last month in "Pilot Tutorial I," the type, match and
accept instructions were introduced. This tutorial provides
more details on those instructions. Some of the forms of the
commands are particular to the Pilot to Basic convertor
which appeared in the October 1982 issue of Creative
Computing. However, most Pilot implementations will have
commands to equivalent things.

Extending The Type (T:) Instruction

When writing a lesson you often need many display
functions in addition to typing individual lines. You need to
clear the screen, decide where to put your text, and add
emphasis to what you say.

Clearing the screen and then typing a line is achieved by
the screen clear command TC :

TCtTHIS LINE WOULD APPEAR AT THE TOP OF THE SCREEN

Moving the cursor down the screen is achieved with the
vertical tab command TV:, followed by a number between 1
and 20.

TVt5 Move the cursor to the 5th line on the screen*

Emphasis can be achieved by typing a line in inverse (i.e.
black letters on a white background) using the command TI:

TIJTHIS LINE WOULD BE IN INVERSE.

Further emphasis can be acheived by combing the TI:
command with TH: which deletes the carriage return at the
end of the line.

THJPART OF THIS LINE WOULD BE IN
Tit INVERSE

Dr. Mike Smith, 304, 86th Avenue SE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2H

1N7.

The Type-and-Hold command (TH:) can be used to get the
student's answer on the same line as the question asked. This
makes for a much tidier, and therefore more readable screen.

thtwhat is your name?

a:

Extending The Accept (A:) Instruction

In the previous tutorial we showed how to accept a student's
answer.

ttwhat lesson do you want?

a:

This answer could then be used in a match instruction to be
compared with what was expected.

In many cases however, the instructor is more interested in
reusing the student's response than in checking it. For
example, you might want to use a student's name later in a
lesson. In this case you need to store it.

th:what is your name?

At IN It

MtFRED

TtHI THERE SN1S

TN: WHERE'S FRED?

In this program, the student's answer is stored in memory
under the label $N1$. The student's answer is then compared
to FRED in the match instruction. Next, the student's name is
reused in a type statement to make the computer response
more friendly. Finally the last line tries to find out where
FRED is if FRED has not signed in.

The student's answer can be stored using any name. The

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

243

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Pilot Tutorial II, continued...

name must start and end in a $ each time it is used. A caution
must be expressed however. The Pilot to Basic translator
described earlier turns the Pilot lesson into a Basic program.
This means that the part between the dollar signs must be a
valid Basic name. On the Apple, you can use two letters or a
letter followed by a number. Longer names can also be used,
but the Apple will not' know what to do with the extra letters.
It will ignore them unless they happen to form a Basic
language word, in which case it complains (SYNTAX-
ERROR). Other versions of Pilot may impose other restric-
tions.

Using longer names, however, makes things much easier to
understand. For example, which program better shows what
is happening?

TtWHAT IS YOUR NAME?

At*Nl*

or

t:what is your name?

a:$name$

To me the second version is so much clearer that I
recommend using longer and more descriptive names even if
an occasional problem crops up. However, while learning
Pilot keep to the simpler names. These are the problems to
look out for:

The dreaded Siamese twin names. Most Basic translators of
Pilot consider only the first two letters of a name to mean
anything. You can type more than two letters in a name, but
they are ignored. This means that names can look different
but be the same. For example $N1$, $N10$, $N100$, and
$N 1000000$ are all equivalent to $N1$, and SSTUDENTSS,
$STRENGTHS$, and $STAR$ are all equivalent to $ST$.

The hidden Basic command. This is a name that has hidden
inside it a Basic command. Some examples of hidden names
are $LONG$, which contains the Basic command ON;
$ LENGTHS, which contains the command LEN; and
SVALUES, which contains the command VAL.

This is the same problem that Basic program writers suffer.
To avoid it, simply use names that start with a letter followed
by a single number. Use the longer names, knowing that
occasionally you will have to go back and change. You will
quickly find which of your favorite words cause problems.

Extending The Match (M:) Instruction

In the same way that the accept and type instructions can
use a stored name, so can the match instruction.

x: START

tttype in this series of letters 6thgfd34**%

r: typing skills test

a:*test*

tjtry again

a:

m:*test*

ty:you did the same thing both times

e:

The Link (L:) Instruction

This allows one Pilot lesson to call another. It is used to
connect separately written Pilot lessons into one longer lesson.
Thus team authoring and modular courseware development
become practical.

L:NEXT LESSON would cause the lesson named NEXT
LESSON to run.

CIRCLE 321 ON READER SERVICE CARD

244

December 1982 ® Creative Computing

The User (U:) Command

In many lessons, the instructor needs to repeat an instruc-
tion many times. Rather than continually retyping that part of
the lesson, the user Instruction can be used. For example,
suppose that after typing some information for the student
you want to pause until the student is ready. The lesson might
look something like this

x: START

R: FIRST TEXT PAGE

u: PAUSE

r: second text page

u: PAUSE
RIETC

e:end of main lesson

*: PAUSE

t:

th:type return to continue

a:

e:

When the program reaches the U:PAUSE command, it
stops that part of the lesson and uses the lesson part called
PAUSE. When it has finished PAUSE, it jumps back to where
it came from and continues the lesson until it reaches the
next U: command.

You should notice that the user routine starts after the end
(E:) command that shows the end of the main lesson. At the
end of the user routine there is a second end command. You
need an E: at the end of the main lesson and, if you are using
user commands, an E: at the end of each user lesson part to
separate them.

The Basic (B:) Instruction

Most of the time, the simple Pilot commands are sufficient.
Occasionally however, it would be nice to do something else.
This command allows any valid Basic command to be included
into a program.

Probably the most useful Basic command in Applesoft is
the one to control the speed at which the text is printed on
the screen. People used to computers like the information to
appear on the screen instantly, all at once. Students in my
classes appear to prefer the words to appear more slowly.
The command B:SPEED 100 will slow the print speed down.
High numbers (up to 255) give a faster print. However, once
the students are familiar with the computer, they like things
to go faster. The problem is how fast? The following PAUSE
user routine shows how to use the Basic statement to control
the speed of the text printing using the paddles

«: PAUSE

th: press return to continue
a:

it SPEED ■ PDL(O)

e:
December 1982 ° Creative Computing 245 1

Get The Most From Your NEC

PERSONAL COMPUTER

With RACET computes Software
and HARDWARE!!!

• • • • • NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW ***** •

mi

MU tr^e*Q««K-^

RACET RK-4/8 MULTIPLEXOR

Schools — Businesses — Word Processing!!! The RACET MK4 8 Multiplexor allows multiple
users to share the same mass storage, whether it is floppy disk or the RACET Hard Disk The
Multiplexor is fully supported under the RACET Everything DOS Users can work in mixed ROM
BASIC and CP'M Call Compatible modes All users can request information and be writing to the
disk simultaneously. The multiplexor not only provides a cost-effective solution to users requiring
multiple computers, but also provides the power of sharing data

4-Port Mux $745 8-Port Mux S945

CALL FOR LOWEST HARD DRIVE PRICES FOR NEC

RACET NECDOS FOR YOUR PC-8000 AND PC-8800!! THE EVERYTHING DOS!!! S225

Has ROM BASIC mode Has CP M* compatibility mode Works in both modes with the RACET RK
4/8 Multiplexor for shared disk environment. Supports the RACET Hard Disk in both modes and
optionally with the Multiplexor.

RACET NECDOS does more for your PC-8001 than any other DOS It s faster, more efficient and
easier to use. It's loaded with extra features to let you stretch the limits of your system

EMPHASIZES INTEGRITY. NO MOUNT or REMOVE commands Excellent protection from
improper diskette swapping. File password protection

ADVANCED FEATURES. All DOS functions and commands may be used directly in a BASIC pro-
gram!!! Special RUN option allows merging of programs, retaining all variables in memeory.
Fixed block spanned records. AUTO and DO commands. Machine language loads and saves
MATPRINT and MATINPUT to disk Complete directory All supervisory calls documented and
available to the machine language programmer Superzap and other extensive utilities

* NEW * ELECTRIC PENCIL* * * $99.95
THE most popular Microcomputer Word Processor in the world now available on the NEC!!! With
many added features Embedded print commands Print from memory and disk 1 ! Settable tabs
Indent and hanging indent. Parallel, Serial, and Video drivers DICTAMATIC cassette control for
translating dictated messages!! And much more!!! Most features of word processors costing five
times as much! ! ! Runs on 32K or 64K system! ! ! Works in multi-user environment with the RK4/8
Multiplexor!!!!

+ NEW * ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET * * S75
A BASIC Spreadsheet program for the PC-8001 Anything you work with columns and rows and a
calculator belongs on the Electric Spreadsheet Results formatted for screen or printer What if
questions answered. P/L forecast Personal budget Real estate investment Net worth forecast
Cash flow estimates. Business forms. Works on 32K or 64K system 1 " 70 operators plus
histogram plot, revise spreadsheat layout, and more Select preprogrammed operators for line,
column, or cell calculations Set column widths and number of decimals Manual and diskette
include 22 examples

* NEW * ADVANCED PROGRAMMING BASIC * * $60
THE functions and commands in this package give you extended control over data and your
PC-8001 system. These extensions to NBASIC provide complete conversion of time and date
functions including days between dates and Julian dates. Extended string functions include jus-
tify, truncate, center, rotate, translate, shift, pack, and search Array functions include masked
search of both sorted and unsorted arrays, and insert in sorted arrays

MULTI-KEY SORT "MKS" $60
SUPER FAST Machine Language In-Memory Sorts Three key sort on 500 elements in 4 sec-
onds!!! Simple one-line BASIC functions - SORTV and SORTC VERBS Mixed ascending and
descending keys.

BASIC PROGRAMMING UTILITIES BASUTIL $60
COMPRESS, EXPAND, PRETTY, XREF Cross Reference Utility Great for modeling, debugging
and structuring BASIC programs.

KFS-80 KEYED FILE SYSTEM KFS-80 $150
MACHINE language BASIC ISAM utility provides keyed and sequential access to multiple files.
Simple interface to BASIC. Binary tree keyed-file index system provides rapid access to records
CONVERT TRS-80* PROGRAMS TO RACET NECDOS
WITH PROTRAN $99.95
COMPLETE utilities for file transfer and BASIC program conversion . MOD III diskettes may be read
directly; MOD I and II via RS-232. Transfer BASIC programs, data files, or machine language files
NO SUPPORT is provided for conversion of machine language files or PEEK'S, POKE s or USR's to
function on PC-8001 Substantial knowledge of TRS BASIC and NBASIC required Package
designed for software authors.

AVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL NEC DEALER or from RACET computes
CHECK, VISA, M/C, COD.

PURCHASE ORDER

Telephone Orders Accepted

(714) 997-4950 1330 N Glassell. Suite M. Orange. CA 92667 (714) 997-4950

AL NEC DEALER or trom HAUL I computes

C- RACET COMPUTES Lio"q

L— Integrity in Software «_J

* TRS-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORPORATION

* CP/M IS A TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH

* ELECTRIC PENCIL PENCIL IS A TRADEMARK OF MICHAEL SCHRAYER

* ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET IS A TRADEMARK OF DAN G HANEY & ASSOCIATES

CIRCLE 290 ON READER SERVICE CARD

NEW APPLE UTILITIES
FROM BEAG

And a Game Disk Too!

Alpha Plot

Hi-Res Graphics/Text Utility
by Bert Kersey 6» Jack Caasidy

Here are a few of Alpha Plot's useful gra-
phics features. Compare with other graphic
utilities at any price—

HI-RES DRAWHTO: Create hires pic-
tures and charts with text, on both pages;
all Optional

Xdraw cursor (see lines before drawing).
Mix colors & Reverse (background oppo-
site). Circles, Boxes, Ellipses; filled or out-
lined. Compress HI -Res to 1/3 disk space.
Relocate any portion of an image anywhere
on either page. Superimpose too 6f convert
hi-res to lo-res for colorful abstracts!

HI-RIBS TEXT; Beautiful upper/lower
case with descenders (no hardware
required). Color and reverse characters
posltlonable anywhere (no vtab/htab lim-
itations). Professional-looking propor-
tional spacing and adjustable character
height and letter spacing. Sideways typing
for graphs too!

*39 8

D Unprotected disk (48K min)
□ Beagle Broe Apple Tip Book *4
□ PBeks fif Pokes Chart

18 Games on One Big Disk
by Bert Kersey

Twelve great games from our classic Beagle
Bros collection— TextTraln, Slippery Digits,
Wowzo, Magic Pack, Buzzword... Almost all
of our "Game Pack" games have been updat-
ed and re-released on one Jam-packed un-
protected diskJ AIjSO INCLUDED Is our
"Beagle Menu" greeting program (descrip-
tion under "Typefaces" disk on this page).

Compare Beagle Bag with any 1-game
loclced-up disk on the market today!

All 12 games are a blast, the price Is right,
the instructions are crystal clear, AND the
disk Is copyablel You can even list the pro-
grams to see what makes them tickJ

CA Unprotected. Paddles NOT required
WW Beagle Menu works with all normal

DOS disks Includes Peeks/Pokes Chart

$ 29

Frame-Up

Graphics Display Utility
by Tom Weishaar

Frame-Up is a very-high-speed Apple "slide
projector" utility that lets you create profes-
sional-looking displays of Intermixed hi-
res, lo-res and text pages on any Apple.
Frame-Up Is very easy-to-use and above-all
FAST, allowing you to load hi-res pictures,
for example, In 8 Vi- seconds; that's five-
times faster than normal! Paddles or key-
board are used to change images in forward
or reverse order, skipping pages if you
want. OR presentations may be left unat-
tended, with eac h page Individually timed
to appear and remain on the screen from 3
to 99 seconds, as you choose.

Frame-Up Includes a sophisticated black
and white text screen editor that lets you
create text "slides" as part of your show.
You can even add type "live" on the screen
during your presentations. Up to 17 hi-res
or 136 lo-res/ text pages may be stored per
disk. One or two drives are supported. The
order and timing of your graphics and text
Images may be easily (and Instantly!) ar-
ranged and rearranged. Frame-Up includes
a display module which may be copied
and distributed to your associates so they
can run your display, as you designed It, on
their Apple or ANY Apple!

Frame-Up Is ideal for store displays, pre-
sentations to the boss, club programs, trade
show booths, product demos, promotions,
seminars, conventions, classes, and so on.

$295

Q Machine language. Unprotected. 48K
minimum. Peek/ Poke Chart Included.

BEAGLE BEOS DDKS AKE UNLOCKED

AND UNPROTECTED. THIS MEANS EVERY

PROGRAM IS INSPECTABLE, CUSTOMEABLE, IF

YOU WANT, AND OOPYABLE, GIVING YOU THE

MOOT FOR YOUR SOFTWARE DOLLARS.

DONT SETTLE FOR LESS.

4318 Sierra Vista, San Diego, Ca 98103

714-806-6400

"APPLE" is a registered trade mark of You-Know-Who.

Apple
Mechanic

Shape Writer Byte-Zap Utility
by Bert Kersey

Another bestrselllng multiple-utility disk-
Nine useful, llstable, copyable and customiz-
able programs—

SHAPE EDITOR: Put professional hi-res
animation in your programs. Keyboard-
draw any shape and let your Apple write a
shape table and store It on disk. Design
large and small custom typeface* too, with
special characters. 6 fonts on the disk LIST-
able demos show how to use shape tables to
animate games, graphic displays, and at-
tractive Charts & Graphs. A valuable time-
saving utility/learning tool.

BYTE ZAP: A MUffT utility. Rewrite any
byte on a disk by loading a sector onto the
screen for Inspection Hex/Dec/Ascli dis-
play optional. Examine bytes via cursor
control; enter hex, dec or ascll to change.
Create Illegal filenames, restore deleted
flies, change greeting program names,
repair/protect disks, change DOS, examine
program files. Clear Illustrated Instructions
show how disk data is stored and how to
access it. Very educational.

MORE: A disk PACKED with useful music,
text and hi-res tricks tor use in your pro-
grams. A great demo-writer program, use-
ful hi-res utilities and educational, enter-
taining documentation

— A D Unprotected disk \ 48K min. )
|OU □ Beagle Bros Tip Book *6
□ Peeks ft Pokes Chart

10 HOME: SPEED=90 PRINT

"OH. ARTHUR ": PRINT "I
LOVE YOUR KM ft POKff
CHART .": Z=49200: FOR X=1

TO 4: FOR Y=1 TO 9:

$=PEEK(ZV NEXT: FOR Y=1

TO 150: NEXT: FOR Y=1 TO 6

S=PEEK(Z): NEXT: FOR Y=1

TO 444: NEXT: NEXT

20 PRINT: PRINT "YES,

JANET AND ONE COMES"

FOR X=1 T Q4J LASH: PRINT

CHRS(7y : NEXT PR(NT
NORMAL PRINT WITH EVERY,
BEAGLE BROS DISK "
SPEED=255

K*

u

Typefaces

for Apple Mechanic

Here are more hi-res fonts for Apple Mecha-
nic's Xtyper and Hl-Writer programs— 26 of
them at last count, both large and small, all
proportionally-spaced and posltlonable
anywhere on either hl-res screen Most are
full 96-cnaracter fonts many with special
graphic characters. Each character (from
"!" to "□") of every font (from "Ace" to "Zoo-
loo") Is, of course, editable with Apple
Mechanic's Font Editor.
BONUS: Here's BEAOLE-MENU1 A unique
greeting program that displays only the
catalog file names you want on the screen
(for example, only locked- Applesoft files, or
only Binary files) for one-key cursor selec-
tion Just hit Return to Run,- Brun or Exec
the program at the cursor. Many other fea-
tures— Spaoeon-Disk, Load/Bload option,
forward and backward catalog "scrolling"
for easy file location, and optional sector-
number elimination PLU8 the ability to
swap file ™«™^« In your catalog!

Unprotected. Beagle Bros' Apple
A A00 Mechanic disk is required to utilize
Aw the type fonts. Beagle-Menu works

with all normal-DOS 3.3 disks.

I

O
CO

I
I

o

?

S

02
i

CQ

8

pq

<D

I

3

1

'a
I

1
P.

P.

&
&

3

CD

CD

B

I

CD

o

CD
SI

2ND

ft

8

o

!

GO
O

f

UlSffi

Flex Text

70-Column Text Utility
by Mark Simonson

Flex Text is a unique utility that lets you
print variable-width text on Apple's hl-res
screens In normal 40-column format, 20-
column expanded or 66- and 70-column
condensed characters. Character widths
may be mixed as you like for emphasis. Flex
Text understands normal Applesoft Basic
commands, Including Home, Inverse, Nor-
mal, Vtab 1-34 and Htato 1 through 70! It
also supports text window pokes and scrol-
ling, so you can program normally, but with
the ability to add text to graphics, or gra-
phics to text/ You can even run your exist-
ing programs using these features!

Flex Text Is easy to use; Just boot It and go!
You can now display upper and lower case
characters In any width without hardware.
Every keyboard character may be redefined
as any symbol you like with a custom text
character editor. You may toggle between
the "normal" text screen and both hl-res
pages If you like. Flex Text Is completely
compatible with Neil Konzen's Program
Line Editor and G.P.L.E.

w

Machine language Unprotected. 48K mln
Peek/ Poke chart Included Condensed
character display requires a monitor
( Instead of a tv) for best results.

m

10
20
30
40
50
60

70

80

REM HI-RES NUMBER GENERATOR

SIZE=5 SCALE=StZE: REM NUMBER-HEIGHT
HGR: HOME: POKE 232. 0: POKE 233. 3: ROT=0
FOR A=768 TO 830: READ B: POKE A. B: NEXT A
N=N-1: N$=STR$(N): X=99: Y=0
FOR A=1 TO LEN(N$) HCOLOR=0: DRAW 8 AT
X Y HCOLOR-3: DRAW VAL(MID$(N$, A. 1))
AT X. Y X=X*SIZE+SIZE: NEXT A GOTO 50
DATA 20. 0. 24. 0. 27. 0. 31. 0. 35. 0. 39. 0. 44. 0.
49 0. 52. 0. 57. 0. 53. 62. 36. 0. 49. 38. 0. 53.
55.61.0.53.23.37.0

DATA 46. 38. 52. 0. 61. 46. 62. 5. 0. 61. 54. 37. 7.
53 38. 0. 54. 37. 60. 46. 0. 53. 39. 53. 62. 5.

DOS Boss

Disk Command Editor

by Bert Kersey & Jack Casaidy

A classic Apple utility you will ENJOYI
Rename DOS oommandfl ("Catalog" can be
"Cat", etc. ). PROTECT PROGRAMS; any un-
authorized save- attempt produces a "Not
Copyable" message. Also List-prevention
and 1-key program- run from catalog. Cus-
tom catalogs: Change Disk Volume message
to your title; Omit or alter file codes. Rewrite
error messages: "Syntax Error" can be
renamed "Oops!!" or anything you wantl
Two books included— Fascinating docu-
mentation and hours of good Apple reading!

Doe Boss's change features may be

appended to your programs so that

anyone using your disks ( booted or

not) formats DOS as YOU designed it.

*24

oo

D Unprotected disk (32K/48K)
D The Doe Boss Book
D Beadle Bros Apple Tip Book *2
D Peeks V Pokes Chart

mi

Before y<
Apple game disk,
compare features:

Is there more than one game? Beagle
Bag features TWELVE unique games on one
disk: PLUS a bonus greeting-program utility
for use on all of your existing 3.3 disks.
Can it teach programming skills?
Beagle Bag games are iistaoie so you can see
what makes them work. You can even
CHANGE each game's features If you want.
Is the diss: copyable? Beagle Bag can be
backed-up with ANY copy program. Don't
buy software that can't be backed upl

Is the disk unlocked? The Beagle Bag
disk can be catalogged, loaded-from, saved-
to and Pidded, making it more flexible and
more PUN than any locked-up One-Game
disk on the market today.
Is the disk priced right? Counting the
bonuses, Beagle Bag costs less than $2 per
program. This Is a disk that will "earn Its
keep" as long as you own your Apple I

BEAGLE BAG $ 29 50

(See description on previous page.)

Tip Disk*l

100 Tip Book Tips on Disk
toy Bert Kersey

100 programs from Beagle Bros' Tip Books
1, 2, 3 and 4— Fascinating tricks to make
your Apple do things it's never done before!
All 100 programs are listable, copyable and
changeable; and each teaches another fasci-
nating Apple programming technique.
Two different charts are included.

$20 00

D Unprotected (32K/48K)

□ Peeks y Pokes Chart

□ Apple II Command Chart

BnAOLE BROS DISKS ARE UNLOCKED

AND UNPROTBCTED. THIS MEANS EVERY

PROGRAM IS INSPECTABLE, CUSTOMEABLE, IF

YOU WANT, AND COPYABLE, GIVING YOU THE

MOST FOR YOUR SOFTWARE DOLLARS.

DONT SETTLE FOR LESS.

4318 Sierra Vista, San Diego, Ca 08103

714-896-6400

"APPLE" is a registered trade mark of You-Know-Who

CIRCLE 124 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Utility City

81 Utilities on One Disk
by Bert Kersey

A bestseller since It hit the market, and a
MUST for your program-development
library. Take a look at the features—
List Formatter makes properly-spaced fif
Indented listings with page breaks; each
statement on new line, lf-thens and loops
called out; a great de-buggerl Mult i-Column
Catalog In any page- width to any printer or
CRT. Auto-post Run-Number and last-used
Date In programs. Put INVISIBLE working
commands lnyour listings. Access program
lines In memory for repair & Illegal altera-
tion Alphabetize fif store info on disk Run
any program while another stays Intact.
Renumber to 66636. Save inverse, trick and
invisible file names. Convert dec to hex V
binary, or Integer to FP. Append programs.
Dump text screen to printer...

21 LISTABLE UTILITIES TOTALI

8298

OD Unprotected disk (48K mln.)
□ Beagle Bros Apple Tip Book *3
D Peeks V Pokes Chart

( not to scale )

GOTO Your

Apple Dealer.

Most dealers carry our software. If yours
doesn't, he can nave our disks in his
store for you within 8-3 days by calling
us or his favorite software distributor.

w uraer by PhoneT

wfour Toll-Frfttt «_

^iWeaJ^Bos 1

°^ i-eoo-saa-isoo T*

OR ORDER BY MAIL-
RUSH! The disk packages checked below
plus the free 11x17 Peeks # Pokes Chart:

□ Alpha Plot . •39.60

□ AMechanic ^29.60

□ Beagle Bag. •29.60

□ DOS Boss . . •24.00

□ Flex Text . . •29.60

□ Frame-TJp . *29.60

□ Tip Dlsk*l •20.00
D Typefaces. . •20.00
D Utility City. •29.80

( Add $1 .60 Shipping, any size order. California, add 6% tax. )

VESA. MASTS RCARD

Include Card Number

tr Expiration Date.

mMtwcftafn]

J

Mail U5 check, money order or Visa/ MasterCard numbers to:

BHAOLE BROS, DEPT-C

4318 SIERRA VISTA

SAW DIEGO, CA 98103

All Orders Snipped Immediately.

Please add $4.00 for shipping outside North America,
COD orders add $3 00. California residents, add 6%.

After you experience Data Communications with A.E. PRO
you'll never settle for being earthbound again!

TM

SOUTHWESTERN DATA SYSTEMS .. .

• First to create terminal software for the Apple II

• First to use Macros in a data communications

package

• First to provide terminal emulation in Apple com-

munications software

Once again, SOUTHWESTERN DATA SYSTEMS creates a software package so
far advanced, so innovative, that there are no comparisons.

A.E. PRO (ASCII Express "The Professional'*™) truly sets new standards!

Literally thousands of man-hours of work and study have produced the first
data communications package that fully utilizes the potential of your Apple
Computer System. What does this mean to you?

COMPLETE HARDWARE COMPATIBILITY

Only A.E. PRO takes full advantage of ALL current modem devices available for
the Apple II.

Only A.E. PRO supports ALL 80 column boards for the Apple II.

Only A.E. PRO supports ALL printer cards for the Apple II.

This means ALL communications interfaces, ALL printer interfaces, and ALL
display interfaces including 80 column cards and external terminals. It couldn't
be simpler.

Speeds of up to 9600 Baud are supported, including 110, 300, 1200 and Baudot.

EASY DATA TRANSFER

Data transfer is what communications software is all about. A.E. PRO lets you
send and receive with equal ease.

A simple dual key stroke will direct incoming data to its large, up to 28K
"capture-buffer", your printer, (with no character loss), or both simultaneously.
The buffer can then be written to disk, printed or edited with A E PRO'S ver-
satile built-in editor.

Data larger than the capacity of the buffer can be saved in buffer-sized
"chunks" by use of the auto-save feature, an extension of the popular
XON/XOFF protocol used by most main frame computers. As your Apple's
memory fills up, A.E. PRO signals the host to pause (XOFF), writes the buffer to
disk, and then directs the host to resume sending (XON).

Prices and specifications subject to change without notice.

ERROR FREE TRANSFERS

A wide range of send modes is provided. Everything from the simplest blind
block dump, to a packet-oriented error checking mode ensures quick and easy
error-free transfer of all sorts of data to practically any host computer. Even the
slowest or most awkward systems are easily accommodated.

When two A.E. PRO'S are used, you can SEND OR RECEIVE FILES OP ANY
TYPE OR SIZE with complete error checking.

POWERFUL MACRO SYSTEM

A.E. PRO supports up to 26 complete macro libraries (remember, S.D.S
pioneered communications macros). Each library contains all macro strings
and configuration parameters (baud rate, duplex, parity, etc ) unique to a
specific host.

With A.E. PRO'S macro facilities you can, with simple keystrokes, direct it to
automatically call another computer, connect, and perform complete log-on
sequences, virtually instantaneously.

SOPHISTICATED TERMINAL EMULATION

With A.E. PRO, your Apple can "mimic" the display characteristics of many
popular terminals, including ADDS, Data General, DEC, Hazeltine, HP, IBM,
Lear Siegler, Soroc, Televideo, and many others.

BUILT-IN TEXT EDITOR

A.E. PRO contains a versatile built-in text editor that can easily create or
manipulate text. In fact, this editor is more flexible in many respects than some
being touted as "word processors". It provides the ease of use of a line
oriented editor, with the line editing power of many screen oriented editors,
and will process files of up to 35K in size!

RELIABLE UNATTENDED OPERATION

A.E. PRO allows completely unattended answer mode with password pro-
tected log-on. In this mode, the caller can remotely send or receive files of ANY
type or size.

A.E. PRO can also function as an answerback DDD or T\WX node \o forwarding
mail systems such as Telenet's Telemail, and many others.

A.E. PRO is a member of a family of programs, which include P TERM "The Pro-
fessional"™ for Apple Pascal and Z TERM "The Professional"™ for Apple
CP/M™. All three packages share many of these powerful features and operate
nearly identically.

For more information write or call us for your free copy of our product catalog
and software comparison guide, which include detailed information on all "The
Professional"™ series software.

A.E. PRO and other "The Professional"™ series packages are now in stock at
local dealers everywhere.

Suggested Retail Price:

ASCII Express $129.95

PTertn $129.95

Z-Term $149.95

10761 Woodside Avenue, Santee, California 92071 (619)562-3670

CIRCLE 330 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Pilot Tutorial II, continued...

Most of the time, Basic commands should be avoided as
they are unnecessary and require knowledge of Basic.

The Boolean Algebra (X:) Instruction

Despite its strange sounding description, this is a rather
useful instruction when you know how to use it. This
\wsttvK\\oYk s\rc\p\y checks to see if something is true or false.

A good use for it is in a lesson in which you want to give a
student several chances to answer a question before giving
him the correct answer. In the lesson below, the student is
given two attempts

xJSTART

R: START THE COUNT

b: count = o

*:vowels

t:give me a vowel

a:

m : A , E , 1 , , u

jy:next lesson

b: COUNT = COUNT + 1

x: COUNT < 3

jy: VOWELS

tnmhe vowels are a, e, i, o and u

*:next lesson

In this lesson we have combined the Basic (B:) and the
Boolean algebra (X.) to cause a count to occur. The X:
command near the end, checks to see if the number of
answer tries is less than 3. If that statement X:COUNT<3 is
true then the next JUMP instruction takes you back to try
again. Otherwise the correct answer is given.

Other uses of the B: and X: commands are to count how
many answers the student is getting right. You can then
decide to branch back and do a review if the percentage gets
too low.

• ■

Extending The Jump (J:) Instruction

In Tutorial II, the jump instruction was used to jump
another named part of the lesson. If you do too much jumping,
you can get so many names that you forget what is what (and
don't really need to remember once the label is used). In this
case you need local labels.

A local label is a name for a part of a lesson that the
computer forgets as soon as it meets a real label. This is easier
to do than it is to describe.

Suppose we have two lessons, VOWELS and NUMBERS.
In each lesson we want to allow the student three attempts to
give the correct answer. Using the instructions from before,
we could do this

*: VOWELS

b: count = o

*: VOWELS LOOP
TtGIVE ME A VOWEL

a:

m:a,e,i,o,u

jy: numbers

b: count = count + 1

x: COUNT < 3
jy: VOWELS LOOP

t:the vowels are a, e, i, o, u
r:

*: NUMBERS

b: count = o

*: numbers loop

t:give me a number between i and 5

a:

MM, 2, 3, 4, S

jy:next lesson

B: COUNT = COUNT + 1

x: count < 3

jy: numbers loop

t:you could have given me

1, 2, 3, 4 OR

*:next lesson

"Hello, Dear! I bought a personal computer today. I'm tired of you always
quoting your office unit to nu

In this lesson, the lesson start instruction (:) was used five
times. This causes two problems. First, this version of Pilot
can only remember 40 names of lesson parts with a few
jumps, you could run out of memory. Second, each use of the
*: command slows the Pilot-to-Basic program down, as it has
to search to make sure that you don't use a lesson name more
than once. This is, of course, unimportant as we all know that
courseware developers have plenty of time.

We can improve things by using local labels.

December 1982 * Creative Computing

249

Pilot Tutorial II, continued...

•*: VOWELS
E:: COUNT =

it:give me a vowel
a:

m:a,e,i,o,u

JYt NUMBERS

BtCOUNT = COUNT ♦ 1

X J COUNT < 3

jy:i

tjthe vowels are a, e, i, 0, u

r:

*: NUMBERS

b:count = o

IT: GIVE ME A NUMBER BETWEEN 1 AND 5

M:i,2,3,4,5
JYtNEXT LESSON

b: COUNT
x: COUNT

jy:i

= COUNT + 1

=:: 3

t:you could have given me I, 2, 3, 4 or 5
*:next lesson

The difference between this lesson and the previous one is
the introduction of the number 1 before two of the type
statements where before there was an additional *: command.
These numbers mark a Pilot command. This means you can
jump to a marked instruction. You can mark instructions
with the numbers 1 to 9.

Normal lesson names must be unique, i.e., used only once
in a lesson. However, you will notice that two instructions
have been marked with the same number (1). This is allowed
because marks are local labels. When the computer reaches
the instruction *:NUMBERS it forgets about all the marking
it has done to this point. This means that the mark 1 nine lines
above no longer exists in the memory of the computer. You
can therefore use the mark 1 again after the line *:NUMBERS.

Whether you use local labels (marks) or lesson part names
is up to you. In a short lesson, where you will not run out of
memory, it makes no difference. In a long lesson, by personal
preference, I use both. The lesson part names break the
lesson up into major parts, while I use the marks for jumping
around inside each of those parts.

Graphics Commands

GO: Clears the graphics screen and sets the color to white.

GQ: Quit Graphics mode. On the Apple, in graphics mode
only the last four lines of the screen are used for text. This
command uses all the screen for text.

GC: Clears the graphic screen. No color change.

GS: Displays a hi-res picture on the screen. For example,
GS: WORLD would cause the picture PIC .WORLD to be
displayed.

GP: Draws a spot on the screen. The bottom left-hand
corner of the screen is 0,0. To make things easier for drawing
the top right-hand corner of the screen is called 100,100. This
means the screen is 100 units wide and 100 units long. To get
a spot in the center of the screen type GP:50,50. The
adjustments to get the spot in the correct place are made by
the Pilot-to-Basic program.

Color is automatically set to white by the program. Other
colors can be set using the Basic command as in

B:HCOLOR = ###
where ### = for black 4 for black

1 for green 5 (TV dependent)

2 for blue 6 (TV dependent)

3 for white 7 for white

The actual colors and shades of white depend on the TV and
the point being plotted. These numbers make the correct
colors in Applesoft.

GL: Draws a line from the last spot on the screen to this
spot. For example to draw two boxes, one inside the other

xJDRAW TWO BOXES

go:
r:box 1

GP : 5 , 5

GLt95,5

GLt95,95

gl:s,95

GLt5,5

r:box 2

GP:30,30
GLt30,70
GL:70,70
GL:70,30
GL:30,30

gq:

e:

If you want to do some really fancy graphics you should
read Graphics Software for Microcomputers by Korites,
published by Kern. The software is written in Basic and
generates surfaces, rotating solids, etc. It might be a good
addition to Pilot if the routines were turned into Pilot com-
mands.

The Sound (S:) Command

Like graphics, the sound command is not very well
implemented. You need a sound editor to properly test what
you have done. The command is very simple
GS:LENGTH,PITCH

where LENGTH is a number showing how long you want the
note to be and PITCH the frequency of the sound. The
numbers must be between and 255. Experiment is all I can
say. In a 1980 Creative Computing Apple Cart, Chuck
Carpenter described what musical note went with what pitch.

Conclusion

This is the last of the Pilot tutorials. I hope that they have
given you some indication of what Pilot can do. I have many
years of computing experience. However, lor quick lesson
development, I am really growing to like Pilot. It removes
most of the irritating SYNTAX errors that you get when
trying to develop a lesson in a hurry. When I find that Pilot
can't do all I want, I combine lessons developed in other ways
with Pilot lessons.

There are many versions of Pilot which run under Basic or
Pascal on various machines (Apple, Pet, and Atari) on the
market. Try them and see what you like. Based on my own
experience and preferences this is what I would look for.

1. A text editor that can reformat the text without splitting
words onto two lines.

2. The text editor should be able to check the form
(SYNTAX) of the Pilot commands as you type them in. Most

250

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Kelly's
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Pilot Tutorial II, continued...

errors are simple, and if caught while you are in the editing
mode, are very simple to correct.

3. A graphics editor. This should allow a mixture of both
text and graphics. Most important is the ability to remove
things you don't like. Look for an editor that allows you to
remove things half way between the start and end of your
program. You should be able to see what you have drawn
while you are in the editor.

4. A sound editor. This should allow you to adjust pitch,
length and quality of the note. You should have the ability to
hear the notes you have made while you are in the editor.

5. Computational speed. For scientific courseware, you
might want to generate a thousand random numbers to
simulate an experiment. This should not take forever.

6. The ability to type on a printer during a lesson so that a
student can keep a copy of something.

The Pilot-to-Basic translator will do this. Try the following

B: PRINT CHRt(4)S N PR«l"

RJ enter what you want to he typed

Bt PRINT CHR*en ;"PR*0"

...Powerful instruction, that B: instruction.

7. The ability to call other programs written in Basic or
Pilot. This way you can combine good courseware from
several sources.

8. The ability to add to the instruction set if you want to.
This is very useful if you find you have specialized things you
want to do frequently. This basically means good documenta-
tion for the person using the courseware and for the hacker. ..I
mean, program modifier. D

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Improving Readability

Rich Lundeen

Screen interaction is a new art form.
Different strokes for different blokes.

The difference between a professionally
designed program and an amateur creation
is generally quite obvious to anyone who
uses it. Many factors contribute to the
differences, but one subtle factor often
overlooked by new programmers is the
readability of the screen displays and instruc-
tions.

You can improve the readability of your
programs by remembering to use a few
basic principles in the design of your screen
displays.

Open Space

First: Always leave plenty of open space.
The layout of a screen display is like the
layout of a page in a book. It looks much
better with margins and blank space around
and between paragraphs or elements of
the display. Imagine what this article would
look like if the first line started at the top
of the page and filled every line to the very
edge.

When a screen is filled from top to bottom
and left to right, it looks very busy and is
very difficult to read. A full display implies
that nothing on the screen is very important,
not to mention the fact that on some screens
the edges are so distorted that they can't
be read.

On a single display page break the
narration into several paragraphs and
confine each paragraph to three or four
lines of text. Block the edges of each line
so that left and right margins are equal.
Limiting the number of characters per line
will produce a more readable display, but
it also forces you to streamline your words
and be more concise, and that helps the
user to understand your instructions.

Use indentation of paragraphs to call
attention to specific important points. This
is particularly useful for:

lists

menus

numbers

codes

cautions

commands

The use of open space, blocking and
indentation will require more screens to
be displayed, but from the user point of
view it is faster to call up another screen
than it is to re-read the same screen many
times.

Highlighting is effective,

because it ensures that

important things are

seen even when the

user is in a hurry.

Richard Lundeen, 400 Menominee Lane, Naper-
ville, IL 60540.

Highlighting

Second: Highlight important items. Many
user problems can be traced back to a
lack of attention to some important step
or procedure. Call attention to important
items by using the computer's built in
highlighting techniques, inverse and flashing.
Display key words and paragraphs as inverse
characters or use flashing to signal a special
precaution.

But be careful: an entire word or para-
graph of flashing characters can be very
difficult to read. Use flashing on caution
words, but use inverse or normal for the
explanation. Also remember that inverse
numbers and words are easier to read if
the spaces before and after are also
inverted.

Another way to highlight is to use special

254

characters to separate key words or phrases
from other items on the screen.

You can use any of the special symbols
to draw lines or boxes around important
text.

Other more subtle techniques include
the use of CAPITALIZATION, (paren-
theses) or special symbols before and after
** key words **.

In the previous sentence there are so
many things highlighted, and so many
different techniques used, that the important
items get lost in the jumble. If the user
must reread the sentence, then too many
good things can be bad. Highlighting is
effective if it's not overdone, because it
ensures that important things are seen even
when the user is in a hurry.

Consistency

Third: Be consistent wherever possible.
As creatures of habit, people tend to become
accustomed to things, and when those things
change they become temporarily confused.
If users encounter a new format every
time they go to a new screen, it will take
them a bit longer to read each screen
because they must re-adjust their expecta-
tions. For instance: if you have been reading
screens where the key words are highlighted
with capitalization, and suddenly find
inverse letters, it takes a while to figure
out the significance of the change.

The same concern for consistency should
be shown in the layout of the screen and
the formatting of paragraphs from screen
to screen. Titles are a good way to let
users know where they are in the program,
but don't change the location and style of
the title display each time it is used. Once
you have established the location or format
for menus, paragraph indentation, input
statements or any repeated item, maintain
that style and location throughout the
program.

The same consistency should be applied
to lists, codes and user entries. Text should
be left-justified and columns of numbers
should be right-justified. Don't ask for

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

numeric codes one time and alphabetic
codes later. Nor should the meaning of
codes in different parts of the program be
changed.

To minimize user confusion and the errors
that can result from misunderstandings,
the wording and syntax of instructions must
be consistent. The best sequence is always
to state the reason first and then the action
required. These are examples of that
format.

To select option press ...

or

Set parameter by entering...

or

To change value you must...

Another way to give instructions is to
use examples in place of narration. Some-
times an example communicates better
than words. For instance: Which of the
following input requests is most likely to
result in correct input from the user?

Enter date.

or

Enter date (month and year)

or

Enter date (eg: APR/80)

How about this pair of requests?

Enter name ( last name comma then first
name and middle initial and period)

or

Enter name (eg: Doe. John A.)

Remember to use the same terminology
throughout your program. Have you ever
had trouble deciding if the programmer
meant the same thing when you see the
words "data base" in one display and then
"file*' in the next one and "program" after
that?

Consistency and conciseness are abso-
lutely essential to professional programs.
Frequently, when you forget to tell the
user what is required, the only thing that
allows him to guess correctly what you
wanted is the consistency of past requests.

None of these principles will help your
programming efforts. In fact, this just gives
you something else to consider and makes
more work, but if you do it well, you will
be surprised how these techniques are
appreciated by the users of your pro-
grams. □

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QC03Q/7\

DiB crnrennn;

Jonathan Cerf

^

T/

The game analyzed below was the first
of a best of three game set for the 1980
world championship. I was Black. Takuya
Mimura, the Japanese champion, was
White. (See Diagram 1 for a full game
transcription). Like everyone else, I had
expected Mimura to win this game. In the
four year history of the international com-
petition no Japanese champion had ever
lost a game, and my own record against
the Japanese was not confidence-
inspiring— no wins, six defeats. But I was
determined to make things as difficult
and unpleasant for Mimura as I possibly
could.

Moves 1-10

Mimura (White) chose the perpendicular
opening, and the first five moves were
very conventional. My moves 3 and 5
were borrowed from Black games of Inoue
and Maruoka. At move 6 Mimura departed
from published White lines of Inoue and

This article is reprinted from Othello
Quarterly, the official journal of the United
States Othello Association. For information
about membership in the USOA (and for
a free copy of the Quarterly), write: USOA,
P.O. Box 342, Falls Church, VA 22046.

Ohta— they had played 6-c6. Although f3
looks playable at move 7 (Diagram 2), I
opted instead for 7-e6. The point of 7-e6
is that it captures central discs at e4 and
e5— experience suggests that it is generally
unsound to allow your opponent exclusive
ownership of the center while your own
discs are scattered about the periphery.
(7-f3 would not have immediately dealt
with the center problem, but would have
laid the groundwork for a later correction
with a Black move to either c4, c6 or e6.)
Through move 10 the game was identical
to a game I had lost to Mimura in the
preliminary round. Remarkably, it was
also identical to a game I had played
against Carol Jacobs a week earlier in the
U.S. Nationals. (Carol seems to have a
special knack for independently inventing
openings preferred by Japanese cham-
pions.)

Moves 11-20

During the lunch break following the
Preliminaries I replayed my morning loss
to Mimura, and I decided that if the
opportunity arose I would try something
different at move 11. The move I had
played against Carol, ll-c4, had been
somewhat more successful than my 1 l-d2
against Mimura, but I now rejected both

a
1 (J)

b

c

d

e

9 h

2 ©

®

©

O

®

(£)(<£)

3 (J)

(J)

®(D

e

®

€>

<g>

A (<£)

<§>

O

e

O

©

5@

©

O

e

©

©

6 (c£)

9

O

®

©

<E>

e

7©

£•)

O

®

©

@>

<@

8 (J)

#

©

#

(^)

@

(2>

®

Diagram 1. Cerf (B~44) vs. Mimura{W~
20).

abcdefgh

1

2
3

4
5
6
7
8

•

•

e

Diagram 2. Black to play. Cerf chose e6.

256

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

We wish all our customers a very happy Christmas and a prosperous New Year.

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Othello, continued...

in favor of ll-g4 (Diagram 3). The g4
move gives Black an uncomfortable disc
majority, but it stood up pretty well in the
half dozen or so continuations I had time
to explore.

Through move 11 Mimura and I had
been playing preplanned moves— we had
each used less than thirty seconds out of
thirty-minute allotments. But now things
began to slow down. After Mimura's 12-
f6 (Diagram 4), I considered going to g3.
What makes the g3 possibility so attractive
is that it doesn't alter the overall position
very much— a new black disk at g3 would
only slightly extend my exposure on the
eastern frontier, would make only one
new square immediately accessible to
White (X-square g2), and would actually
eliminate one of White's present options
(g3 itself). However, I was concerned that
moving now to g3 might interfere with
my long-term hopes for row 2. Accordingly,
I set out to develop the northern frontier
before taking the g3 move. Note that after
13-c4 and 14-c3, 15-d2 did not flip the disc
at e3 (if a prior move to g3 had left f4
back, then the d2 move would have flipped
e3, making the play prohibitively messy).

My move 17 to f2 may not have been
the best choice— b4 or g3 might have
been better— but, in any case, Mimura
faced a difficult problem at move 18 (Dia-
gram 5). The problem is that e2 looks like
a great next move for Black. Like the g3
move discussed above, a Black move to
e2 would offer White virtually nothing in
the way of new opportunities. As a general
rule, when your opponent threatens to
make a disconcertingly "quiet" move, there
are several things you can do. You may
be able to afford to let the move happen
if you can respond with a similarly quiet
move of your own, but otherwise you
should try to stop or discourage the move
in one of three ways: deny your opponent
access to the threatened square by knock-
ing out the disc he intends to use at the
passive end of his flipping line, poison the
move by arranging for there to be a solid
line of your own discs between the threat-
ened square and some distant opposing
piece (this may involve filling in a gap or
changing the color of an interposing
opponent's piece), or prevent the move
by occupying the threatened square your-
self. In the case at hand, White cannot
deny Black access to e2 because he cannot
simultaneously knock out the black disks
at c4 and g4. Neither is there any way for
White to poison e2 for Black. So Mimura's
only chance to prevent the move was to
occupy e2 himself, which he did, even
though this entailed flipping the frontier
disc at d2.

At move 19 I finally took the deferred
move to g3, and Mimura responded with
20-e7. Note that in the resulting position
(Diagram 6) Mimura is protected against
the normal Black continuation 21-d7 since

a
1

b

c

d

e

f

9

h

2

3

OO

o'

4

o

•

o

5
6

7

mm

ooo

□□□■

8

abcde fgh

Diagram 3. Black to play at move 11.
Cerf chose g4.

bed

f g h

o

•

•

o

o

#

o'

•

•

o

o

•

•

•

o

OO

•

•

•

Q

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Diagram 5. White to play at move 18.

b c d e f g h

1

2
3
4
5
6

7
8

o

o

o

o

o

nnnnnns

•

•

o

•

o

•

•

o

o

•

•

•

o

Q

•

o

1

2
3
4
5
6

7
8

OO

o'

o

•

o

•

••

o

o

o

•

•

•

o

Diagram 4. Position after Mimura 's 12-/6.

a
1

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

2

ooot

3

4
5

OOOOi

□□son

••

O

OO

6

,••

OO

7

o

8

Diagram 6. After White 's 20-e6.

a
1

b

C

d

e

f

o

g

h

2
3
4
5

OOOO

□□□□□□s

■□□!!□□□

•

•

O

o

•

6

•

•

O

Q

•

7

o

8

Diagram 7. Before and after Cerf's 25-h4.

this move would open up a good response
for White at g6.

Moves 21-30

I was not particularly pleased with any
of my options at move 21. 1 didn't want to
do anything that would give Mimura access
to g6, I didn't want to flip the disc at e7
because that disc was poisoning Mimura's
b4 option, and I didn't want to try b3
because I couldn't find a good answer to
Mimura's probable h3 response. I narrowed
the choice down to f 1 and h6, and then I
guessed.

After Mimura's 22-f 1 I chose 23-b3 fig-
uring that with a black disc in place at h6
I could now deal satisfactorily with Mim-
ura's possible h3 reply. It's not clear whether
Mimura should ever have gone to h3, but,
if he was intent on occupying h3, move 24
with row 3 solidly black was the right
time to do it— a later White move to h3
would undoubtedly have flipped the disc
atg3.

I'm confident my move 25 to h4 was
correct (Diagram 7.) I had to be sure of
getting the last move on the right-hand
side because I couldn't afford to initiate

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

259

Othello, continued...

a b c d e f g h

1

2
3

4
5
6

7
8

•

•

O

O

•

•

O

O

•

•

o

•

##

O

•

O

O

•#•

•

o

O

O

•

•

O

O

Q

>

•

O

O

a

1

b c d e f

OOOOO

g

h

2

o#oo

3

nnannna

4

too

•••

5

•

OO

o

•

6

•

OO

o

•

7
8

OO

Diagram 8. White to play at move 30.

Diagram 9. After Mimura 's 30-bl.

a

1

b

o

c

o

d

o

e

o

f

o

9

h

2

o

o

o

o

•

o

3

+

b

o

•

#

nnnnnnnn
□nnnnsn -

7
8

o

o

o

OO

o

o

o

o

a

1

b c d e f

ooooo

g

h

2

oooo

•
•

3

V

ootif

ann

□

nn

nn

nnn

ann

□

*m

o,

,o

O

o

Q

•

i

o

O

o

8

o

Diagram 10. Before and after Cerf's 39- h2.

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CIRCLE 246 ON READER SERVICE CARD

260

play anywhere else — my overall position
being extremely precarious. The h4 move
seemed preferable to h5 because it soured
Mimura's h2 option and also because it
gave me access to h2— an advantage that
seemed insignificant at the time, but which
later turned out to be very important.

Mimura now underwent an experience
on the top edge that was very similar to
the unpleasantness I had suffered on the
right-hand side. Following his 26-d7, 1
postponed making the natural c7 response
in order to capitalize on the now-or-never
opportunity to go to dl without flipping
d2 (much as he had gone to h3 without
flipping g3). Shortly thereafter, at move
30 (Diagram 8), Mimura faced the choice
of allowing me the last move on the top
edge or accepting an unbalanced edge
with a move to bl. Apparently taking into
account the precariousness of his center-
board configuration, Mimura seems to
have concluded that he couldn't afford to
give me the last move on the top. Diagram
9 shows the position after his 30-bl. Note
that by moving at any time to h5 Mimura
could have induced me to accept an unbal-
anced edge of my own from h2 to h6.
However, my position would have been
slightly preferable to his, partly because
g6 remained vacant and partly because
Mimura could never have used my weak
edge to mount an attack on corner hi
without exposing himself to a retaliatory
attack on corner al via a Black wedge at
gl.

Moves 31-60

When I played c7 at move 31, 1 expected
Mimura to try 32-a3, to which I tentatively
planned to reply 33-b4. After that, I anti-
cipated 34-a4 leaving me without access
to b5 and therefore no obvious response.
Consequently, I was relieved when Mimura
rejected 32-a3 in favor of 32-b4.

Mimura's moves 34 and 36 look a little
peculiar, but they successfully advanced
several reasonable objectives. He must
have been taking care to keep my g6
option at all times poisoned, and I suspect
he may also have been trying to lure me
into a move to a7, which would have
defused my long-term threat on corner al
by exposing me to a potential counterattack
on corner a8 via a wedge at a2-a3. Fur-
thermore, his 36-b6 gave him access to d8
at move 38, which might have proved
significant if I had been forced to follow
his lead to the bottom edge.

My position looked terrific after move
38, so at move 39 (Diagram 10), with no
good prospects for improving the situation
with subtle tinkerings, I went for the throat
with a move to h2. The position was still
slightly too complex for me to be sure I
had the game won, but 1 was starting to
get very excited. I planned to go to g2 if
Mimura tried 40-h5 and then of course
43-gl if he continued with 42-hl. Alterna-

December 1982 c Creative Computing

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Othello, continued...

a b c d e
1

3

4
5
6

7
8

OOOOQ

o

oooo

•
•

ooo###

□nsnnnnn

•

•

•

o

•

o

•

•

o,

,o

o

o

Q

•

o

o

o

o

4
5
6

7
8

nnnnnnnn
nnsnnnnn

##

•

o

•

o

•

•o

o

oo

Q

•

o

o

o

o

Diagram 11. Before and after Cerf's 41- a J.

2
3

7
8

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Q

Q

•

•

snnnnnnn

o

•

o

•

•

•

o

•

o

•

•

o

o

o

o

o

o

o,

o

o

o

Q

•

•

o

o

o

o

o

Diagram 12. White to play at move 18.

tively, if he played 40-a3, I saw nothing
wrong with 41-a2. If instead Mimura tried
40-g2, 41-f7 looked like an adequate
response, or if he played 40-b2, then 41-
al seemed acceptable. However, Mimura
rejected all of the above options in favor
of 40-a2, and because I snared his view
that this was his most promising play, I
had given this line more thought than the
others.

I might have been able to get away
with a7 at move 41, but to me a3 looked
like a much better play (Diagram 11). 41-
a3 completely eliminated the threat of a
Whue wedge at a2-a3 and virtually forced
Mimura to respond with a7, thus offering
me a potential second corner, a8, in return
for the one I was trying to give away, hi.
Also, in going to a7 Mimura had to flip
the black disc at a6 which had been poi-
soning my g6 option. As if this weren't
enough, a couple of moves later 41-a3
paid me still another dividend. At move
46 (Diagram 12), Mimura was unable to
effectively delay and perhaps ultimately
escape the hl-al corner exchange with a
move to f7 because of the threat of a
Black g7 response— a threat made possible
by move 41 which had simplified the al-
a8 diagonal. Diagram 13 shows the position
that would have resulted from AMI, 47-
g7. From this position White would have

b c

9

2
3

O

O

o

o

o

o

oo

o

o

snnnnnnn

<o

•

o

•••#

•

*o

•

•

o

•

o

•

o

*o

o

p

o

o

•••

'O

o

o

o

o

•

8

o

Diagram 13. Position after hypothetical

47-g7.

had only three options— b2 (giving Black
access to corner al), hi (offering Black a
wedge at gl), and h7 (surrendering corner
h8). Therefore, at move 46 Mimura
declined to try f7, choosing instead b2 as
the best of a bad lot. It was now clear that
he could not prevent me from gaining
access to corner al.

And the rest was easy. □

"Here smart alec. You diagnosed it, you fix it. "

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December 1982 ° Creative Computing

263

CIRCLE 2SO ON READER SERVICE CARD

Paul J. J. Payack & Peter Payaek 1981

Picturing Infinity

Peter Payack

Carefully following the instruction manual

that came with my new camera,
I experimented with a whole range of lens settings
as I shot a motley assortment of things,

zooming in for artistic close-ups
and then, for shots of objects more than 25 feet away,
adjusting the setting to maximum focus.

A week later I got the prints back from the developer.

I was surprised the pictures were not only of earthly things
like my cats, a newly planted peach tree,
the neighbor's '57 Chevy, the compost heap
decomposing, the bird feeder, and a close-up
of a caterpillar in mid-slink,

but were also of some heavenly bodies —

the planet Saturn with its silver rings, Polaris,

Peter Payack, 64 Highland Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139.

Halley's Comet (most unspectacular as it was located
somewhere beyond Pluto), the Horse Head Nebula,
a local band of meteors, the Galilean moons of Jupiter,
a white dwarf orbiting a Red Giant

and one blank print which at first I thought didn't come out,

but it was probably a Black Hole!

I was thrilled but somewhat bewildered

by these stunning developments,
until I remembered that, indeed, I had set

the lens to maximum — "infinity"!

Then disappointment set in.

As it was, the farthest object that 1 got a print of

was the Andromeda Galaxy
which at a distance of 2 million light years

isn't exactly infinity,
but after all,
my camera is only a pocket instamatic. □

264

December 1982 e Creative Computing

•

t

r

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NEC-8023-01 8023 ribbon $11.95

TP-1 LETTER QUALITY - SCM

12 CPS daisy wheel printer from Smith Corona.

PRD-45101 Centronics parallel $648.95

PRD-45102 RS-232C serial $648.95

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER - Jade

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges, 16 CPS
bi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (single
sheet or fan fold). 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, built-in
noise suppression cover.

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95

PR D- 11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $169.95

KSR DAISY WHEEL - Anderson-Jacobson

Letter quality communications terminal/printer with full
typewriter keyboard. 30 CPS Diablo print mechanism. RS-
232 interface, includes free printer stand with deluxe casters,
print wheel, ribbon, friction feed standard (tractor feed
optional), factory refurbished with 30 day warranty, shipped
freight collect.

PRD-99100 AJ KSR printer $995.00

PR A -99200 Tractor option $150.00

PRINTER PALS - F.M.J. Inc.

Desk top printer stand and continuous form paper holder.
PRA-99080 for MX-80, MX-80FT. Oki 82 A. NEC . . $29.95

PRA-99100 for MX-100, Ok/ 83A & 84 $34.95

PRA-99700 for letter quality printers $49.95

5 1 / 4 " Disk Drives

Tendon TM 100-1 single-sided double-density 48 TPI
MSM-551001 $219.95 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

Shugert SA400L single-sided double-density 40 track
MSM-104000 $234 95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Shugert SA455 half-size double-sided 48 TPI

MSM-1 04550 $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Shugert SA465 half-size doule-sided 96 TPI
MSM-104650 $399 95 ea 2 for $379.95 ea

Tendon TM 100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPI
MSM-551002 $294 95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Shugert SA450 double'sided double-density 35 track
MSM-1 04500 $349 95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Tendon TM100-3 single-sided double-density 96 TPI
MSM-551003 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Tendon TM 100-4 double-sided double-density 96 TPI
MSM-551004 $394 95 ea 2 for $374.95 ea

MPI B-51 single-sided double-density 40 track

MSM-1 551 00 $234 95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPI B-52 double-sided double-density 40 track
MSM-1 55200 $344 95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea

MPI B-91 single-sided double-density 77 track

MSM-1 55300 $369 95 ea 2 for $359.95 ea

MPI B-92 double-sided double-density 77 track
MSM-1 55400 $469 95 ea 2 for $459.95 ea

5 1 / 4 " Ceblnets with Power Supply

END-000216 Single cab wi power supply $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab w /power supply $94.95

8" Disk Drives

Shugert SA810 half-size single-sided double-density
MSF-108100 $424 95 ea 2 for $394.95 ea

Shugert SA860 half-size double-sided double-density
MSF-108600 $574 95 ea 2 for $549.95 ea

Shugert SA801R single-sided double-density
MSF-10801R $394 95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea

Shugert SA851R double-sided double-density
MSF-10851R $554 95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Tendon TM848-1 single-sided double-den thin-line
MSF-558481 $379 95 ea 2 for $369.95 ea

Tendon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-line
MSF-558482 $494 95 ea 2 for $484.95 ea

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density
MSF-750080 $524 95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea

Mitsubishi M2894-63 double-sided double-density
MSF-289463 $494 95 ea 2 for $474.95 ea

Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-density
MSF-201120 $384 95 ea 2 for $349.95 ea

Dual Disk Sub-Systems

Disk Sub-Systems - Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air
flow system, rugged dual drive power supply, power cable
kit, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan. never-
mar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" disk
drives, power supply, and fan, does not include signal cable.

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00

END-000431 A & T $359.95

8" Sub-Systems - Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit w/2 FD100-8Ds $975.00

END-000424 A & T w/2 FD100-8DS $1175.00

END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801 Rs $999.95

END-000434 A & T w/2 SA-801 Rs $1195.00

8" Sub-Systems - Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 DT-8s $1224.95

END-000427 A & T w/2 DT-8s $1424.95

END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-851RS $1274.95

END-000437 A & T w/2 SA-851RS $1474.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please
contact the store In your area for exact pricing.

IBM PC Accessories

51 2K PC/RAM STACK - Hammond

A high quality, high density memory expansion board for
your PC, cool-quiet-reliable operation, full parity checking,
unique stacking sockets, expandable from 256K to 512K,
M DRIVE high speed RAMdisk software only $25.00 with
256K or 512 K board purchase.

MEX-25600A 256K assembled & tested $795.00

MEX-51200A 51 2K assembled & tested $999.95

MEX-25600S MDRIVE disk emulator $25.00

256K PC/RAM - Hammond Engineering

*User expandable from 64K to 256K, same high quality
standards as the RAM Stack above, designed for medium
memory expansion requirements.

* MEX-64000A 64K assembled & tested $299.95

MEX-128000A 128K assembled & tested $399.95

MEX-192000A 192K assembled & tested $499.95

MEX-256000A 256K assembled & tested $569.95

PC/SASI RAM - Hammond Engineering

Three boards in one, 256K of RAM, RS-232 asynchronous
serial interface, and a SASI (Shugart Assoc Standard
Interface) hard disk interface.
IOX-6000A PC/SASI RAM $1095.00

PC EXTENDER CARD - Computet

High quality extender card with free connectors for IBM PC

bus.

TSX-300A A & T with connectors $42.95

WIRE WRAP BOARD - Computel

Highest quality, extremely versatile proto typing board with

gold plated card edge for IBM PC.

TSX-310A Proto board $59.95

Jade Bus Probe

THE BUS PROBE - Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

So your computer is down. And you don't have an
oscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel ... You're not
alone - most computers have their occasional bad days But
without diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope
(expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be very
difficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have an
extender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't see
more than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right?

Not anymore; Jade is proud to offer our cost-effective
solution to the problems mentioned above: THE BUS
PROBE.

Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or a
field technician with an anxious computer owner breathing
down your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds your
repair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE and
you'll be able to see all the IEEE S-100 signals in action THE
BUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, output, memory
reads and writes, instruction fetches, DMA channels,
vectored interrupts, 8 or 16 bit wide data transfers, plus the
three bus supply voltages.

An on-board pulse generator can provide repetitive resets,
interrupts, or wait states, for trouble shooting

TSX-200B Bare board $59.95

TSX-200K Kit $119 95

TSX-200A A&T $149.95

■ Place Orders Toll Freem

Continental U.S. Inside California

800-421 -5500 800-262-1 71

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For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call:

213-973-7707

Computer Products

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, CA 90250

California residents add 6y 2 % tax Export customers outside the

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We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders
from qualified firms & institutions. Minimum prepaid order $15

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US or Canada please add 10% to all prices Prices and availlbiltty I
subject to change without notice. Shipping & handling charges |
via UPS Ground 50C/lb, UPS Air $ 1 00/lb minimum charge $3.00

Modems

SIGNALMAN - Anchor

Direct-connect automatic answer/originate selection, 300
Baud full duplex, Bell 103, includes RS-232 cable
IOM-5600A Signalman $89.95

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dial
modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing, RS-232C interface,
programmable

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $224.95

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95

IOM-2010A Micromodem II $328.95

IOM-2012A Terminal program for MMII $89.95

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $368.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 Baud, direct connect, auto-
answer/auto-dial, touch & pulse dialing, auxiliary 3-wire RS-
232C serial port for printer
IOM-5232A Save $50.00 $324.95

1200 BAUD SMARTMODEM - Hayes

1200 and 300 baud, all the features of the standard

Smartmodem plus 1200 baud, 212 compatible, full or half

duplex.

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 $599.95

1200 BAUD AUTO CAT - Novation

21 2 Auto Cat, 1200 & 300 baud, auto dial/answer/disconnect,
LED readout displays mode, analog/digital loop-back self
tests, usable with multi-line phones.
IOM-5231 A 272 Auto Cat $649.95

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12 GREEN - Zenith

75 MHz bandwith 700 lines/ inch. P31 green phosphor,
switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portable.
VDM-201201 List price $189 95 $129.95

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz bandwidth, P31 phosphor ultra- high resolution
video monitor with audio.

VDM-651200 Deluxe model $199.95

VDM-651260 Economy model $149.95

12 COLOR MONITOR - NEC

High resolution color monitor with audio.

VDC-651212 Color monitor $389.95

NEC-1202D RGB color monitor $999.95

13" COLOR MONITORS - BMC

78 MHz RGB & composite video color monitors.

VDC-421320 73" RGB Color $329.95

VDC-421310 73" Composite video $299.95

VDX-420090 RGB card for Apple $149.95

COLOR MONITORS - Amdek

Reasonably priced color video monitors.

VDC-80130 73" Color I $379.95

VDC-801320 73" Color II $894.95

IOV-2300A DVM board for Apple $199.95

AMBER or GREEN MONITORS - Jade

High resolution 18 MHz compact video monitors.

VDM-751210 72" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-751220 72" Green phosphor $139.95

VDM-750910 9" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-750920 9" Green phosphor $139.95

EPROM Erasers

Single User System

THREE BOARD SET - SD Systems

4 MHzZSOA CPU, 64K RAM (optional 256K), serial I/O port,
parallel I/O port, double density disk controller, CP/M 2.2 &
manual set. system monitor, control & diagnostic software.
Includes SBC-200. 64K ExpandoRAM II, Versafloppy II, &
CP/M 2.2 - all boards are assembled & tested.

Board set with 64K of RAM $1095.00

Board set with 256K of RAM $1295.00

Apple II Accessories

APPLE DISK DRIVE - Fourth Dimension

Totally Apple compatible, 143.360 bytes per drive on DOS
3.3, half-track capability - reads all Apple software, plugs
right in to Apple controller as second drive, DOS 3.3, 3.2. 1.
Pascal. & CP/M compatible.

MSM-1 23200 40 Track add on Apple drive $289.95

MSM-1 23200 Controller with free DOS 3.3 $99.95

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple II to 64K, use as language card, full 1 year

warranty. Why spend $175.00 ?

MEX-16700A Save over $100.00 $69.95

Z-80 CPU CARD - for Apple II

Two computers in one. Z-80 & 6502. more than doubles the
power and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU card
CP/M and complete manual set.
CPX-62800A A & T with software $249.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct connect, auto-
answer/auto-dial, auxiliary 3-wire RS232C serial port for
(jr inter.
IOM-5232A Save $50.00!!! $325.95

8 DISK CONTROLLER - Vista

New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single or
double density, compatible with DOS 3.2/3.3, Pascal, &
CP/M 2.2, Shugart & Qume compatible
IOD-2700A A & T $499.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two 8" double-density disk

drives. Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet.

power supply, & cables, DOS 3.2/3.3, CP/M 2.2, & Pascr 1

compatible.

1 MegaByte Package Kit $1495.00

1 MegaByte Package A & T $1695.00

2 MegaByte Package Kit $1795.00

2 MegaByte Package A & T $1995.95

VISION 80 - Vista Computer

80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II, 128 ASCII
characters, upper and lower case, 9 x 10 dot matrix with 3 dot
descenders, standard data media terminal control codes,
CP/M Pascal & Fortran compatible. 50/60 Hz
IO V-2400A Vista Vision 80 $299.95

CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer

Three cards in one! Real time clock/calendar, serial
interface. & parallel interface - all on one card.
IOX-2300A A & T $179.95

HI-RES GRAPHICS CARD - Genie

Intelligent printer interface and control card allows full high
resolution graphics and screen dumps.

IOP-2405A Genie for Epson $119.95

IOP-2410A Genie for Okidata $119.95

IOP-2415A Genie for NEC/C. Itoh $119.95

Power Strips

ISOBAR - GSC

Isolates & protects your valuable equipment from high
voltage spikes & AC line noise, inductive isolated ground. 75
amp circuit breaker, U.L. listed

EME-1 15103 3 socket $39.50

EME-1 15105 4 socket $49.50

EME-1 15100 8 socket $54.50

EME-115110 9 socket rackmount $74.50

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest

ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home.

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $69.50

XME-3101 A Spectronics with timer $94.50

XME-3200A Economy model $39.95

Single Board Computer

SUPERQUAD - Adv. Micro Digital

Single board, standard size S-100 computer system. 4 MHz
Z-80A. single or double density disk controller for 5'/ 4 " or 8"
drives. 64K RAM. extended addressing, up to 4K of EPROM.
2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports, real time interrupt clock. CP/M
compatible.

CPC-30800A A & T $724.95

IOX-4232A Serial I/O adapter $29.95

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM, ROM, I/O,
keyboard, display, kludge area, manual. & workbook.

CPS-30100K Kit with workbook $299.95

CPS-30100A A & T with workbook $469.95

AIM-65 - Rockwell International

Complete 6502 microcomputer with alphanumeric display,
printer, keyboard, & instruction manual.

CPK-50165A 1K AIM-65 $424.95

CPK-50465A 4K AIM-65 $474.95

SFK-74600008E 8K Basic ROM $64.95

SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $43.95

SFK-74600020E PL/65 ROM $84.95

SFK-74600010E Forth ROM $64.95

SFK-74600030E Instant Pascal $99.95

PSX-030A Power supply $64.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $54.95

SPECIAL PACKAGE

4K AIM-65. 8K Basic, power supply. & enclosure
Special Package Price $649.95

S-100 EPROM Boards

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708. 2716. 2732 EPROM programmer with software.

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95

MEM-99520A A & T with software $249.95

PB-1 - SSM Microcomputer

2708. 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer.

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95

MEM-99510A A & T with manual $219.95

EPROM BOARD - Jade

16K or 32K uses 2708 or 2716 EPROMs. 1K boundary.

MEM-16230K Kit w/o EPROMs $79.95

MEM-16230A A & T w/o EPROMs $119.95

S-100 Video Boards

SPECTRUM COLOR - CompuPro

Full-function color graphics board, up to 8 colors. 256 x 192
graphics, parallel I/O port. 8K RAM

IOV-1870A A & T $348.95

IOV-1870C CSC $398.95

MICROANGELO - Scion

Ultra-high-resolution 512 x 480, 256 color or black & white S

100 video board

IOV-1500A A & T $799.95

S-100 MotherBoards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard
6 Slot (5%" x 8*fc")

MBS-061B Bare board $22.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A 8. T $69.95

12 Slot (W x 8*/ 9 ")

MBS-121B Bare board $34.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121 A A & T $109.95

18 Slot (14y 2 " x «*/•")

MBS-181B Bare board $54.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181 A A & T $149.95

ACTIVE TERMINATOR - CompuPro

A true mother's helper.
TSX-100A A & T $59.45

you for local price and availability.

S-100 CPU Boards

8086/8087 - CompuPro

16 bit. 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with provisions for 8087 &
80130.

CPU-70520A 8 MHz 8086 A & T $624.95

CPU-70520C 8 MHz 8086 CSC $764.95

CPU-70530A with 8087 A & T $1224.95

CPU-70530C with 8087 CSC $1455.95

8085/8086 - CompuPro

Both 8 & 16 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus. up to 8 MHz.
accesses 16 Megabytes of memory.

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A & T $398.95

CPU-20510C 6 8 MHz CSC $497.95

CPU-Z - CompuPro

2 4 MHz Z80A CPU. 24 bit addressing.

CPU-30500A 2 4 MHz A & T $279.95

CPU-30500C 3 6 MHz CSC $374.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80 A CPU with serial & parallel 10. IK RAM. 8K

ROM space, monitor PROM included

CPC-30200A A & T $399.95

THE BIG Z - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O.
accomodates 2708. 2716. or 2732 EPROM. baud rates from
75 to 9600.

CPU-30201B Bare board w manual $35.00

CPU-30201K Kit with manual $149.95

CPU-30210A A & T with manual $199.95

CB-2 - SSM Microcomputer

2 or 4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with provision for up to 8K of
ROM or 4K of RAM on board, extended addressing. IEEE S-
100. front panel compatible.

CPU-30300K Kit with manual $229.95

CPU-30300A A & T with manual $274.95

2810 Z-80 CPU - CCS.

2 or 4 MHZ Z-80 CPU with serial I O port & on-board monitor

PROM, front panel compatible

CPU-30400A A & T with PROM $289.95

2820 Z-80 DMA CPU - CCS.

4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with 2 serial I O ports & Centronics
parallel I/O port, separate data & status ports. DMA daisy
chain compatible.
CPU-30420A A & T with manual $569.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

DISK 1 - CompuPro

8" or 5V 4 " DMA disk controller, single or double density,
single or double sided, 10 MHz.

IOD-1810A A & T $449.95

IOD-1810C CSC $554.95

SFC-52506580F 8" CPIM 2.2 for Z-80 $174.95

SFC-52506586F 8" CPIM 2 2 for 8086 $299.95

SFO-54158000F Oasis single user $499.95

SFO-54158002F Oasis mult i- user $849.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller for any combination of 5 1 /,"
and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loop
data separator, vectored interrupts. CPIM 2.2 & Oasis
compatible, control/diagnostic software PROM included.

IOD-1160A A & T with PROM $359.95

SFC-55009047F CPIM 2 2 with VF II $99.95

2242 DISK CONTROLLER - CCS.

5 1 / 4 " or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot

loader ROM. free CPIM 2.2 & manual set.

IOO-1300A A & T with CPIM 2 2 $399.95

DOUBLE D - Jade

High reliablity double density disk controller with on-board
Z-80A. auxiliary printer port. IEEE S-100, can function in
mult i- user interrupt driven bus.

IOD-1200B Bare board & hdwr man $59.95

IOD-1200K Kit w I hdwr <& sftwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A A & T w I hdwr & sftwr man $325.95

SFC-59002001F CPIM 2 2 with Double D $99.95

S-100 Memory Boards

256K RAMDISK - SD Systems

ExpandoRAM III expandable from 64 K to 256K using 64 K x 1
RAM chips, compatible with CPIM, MP/M, Oasis,
Cromemco, & most other Z-80 based systems, functions as
ultra-high speed disk drive when used with optional
RAMDISK software.

MEM-65064A 64K A & T $474.95

MEM-65128A 128K A & T $574.95

MEM-65192A 192K A & T $674.95

MEM-65256A 256K A & T $774.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK sftwr CPIM 2.2 $44.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK with EX RAM III $24.95

128K RAM 21 - CompuPro

128K x 8 bit or 64K x 16 bit static RAM board, 12 MHz, 24 bit
addressing.

MEM-12810A A & T $1609.95

MEM-12810C CSC $1794.95

64K RAM 17 - CompuPro

64K CMOS static RAM board, 10 MHz, low power less than 4
watts, DMA compatible, 24 bit addressing.

MEM-64180A 64K A & T $549.95

MEM-64180C 64K CSC $698.95

64K RAM 16 - CompuPro

32K x 16 bit or 64K x 8 bit low power static RAM board, 10
MHz, 24 bit addressing.

MEM-32180A RAM 16 A & T $598.95

MEM-32180C RAM 16 CSC $698.95

64K STATIC RAM - SSM

IEEE 696/S-100 standard. upto6MHz/8Bit, l2MHz/16Bit, 24
Bit extended addressing, disable-able in 2K increments
MEM-64300A A & T $499.95

64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

64K static S-100 RAM card, 4 to 16K banks up to 8 MHz.
MEM-64400A 64K A & T $499.95

64K STATIC RAM - Jade

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs, fully supports IEEE 696 24 bit
extended addressing, 200ns RAMs, lower 32 K or entire
board phantomable, 2716 EPROMs may be subbed for
RAMs, any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, low
power typically less than 500ma.

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95

MEM-99152K Kit less RAM $99.95

MEM-32152K 32 K kit $199.95

MEM-56152K 56K kit $289.95

MEM-64152K 64 K kit $299.95

Assembled & Tested add $56.00

2066 64K RAM - CCS.

64K RAM board with bank and block select switching
functions for Cromemeco Cromix & Alpha Micro.
MEM-64566A 64K A & T $424.95

64K EXPANDORAM II - SD Systems

Expandable RAM board from 16K to 64K using 4116 RAM
chips.

MEM-16630A 16K A & T $344.95

MEM-32631A 32K A & T $364.95

MEM-48632A 48K A & T $384.95

MEM-64633A 64K A & T $399.95

MEMORY BANK - Jade

4 MHz S-100 bank selectable expandable to 64K.

MEM-99730B Bare board w/manual $49.95

MEM-99730K Kit with no RAM $179.95

MEM-32731K 32K kit $199.95

MEM-64733K 64K kit $249.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4MHz lo- power static RAM board, IEEE S-100, bank
selectable, addressable in 4K blocks, disable-able in 1K
segments extended addressing.
MEM-16171 A 16K A & T $149.95

S-100 I/O Boards

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 - CompuPro

Real time clock, three 16 bit interval timers, dual interrupt
controlled 15 levels), up to 4K EPROM/RAM, RS-232C
serial channel, provision for 9511 A/9512 math chip.

IOX-1850A SSM 4 r $359.95

IOX-1850C SS7 CSC $459.95

IOX-1855A with 9511 A & T $554.95

IOX-1855C with 9511 CSC $654.95

IOX-1860A with 9512 A & T $554.95

IOX-1860C with 9512 CSC $654.95

INTERFACER 1 - CompuPro

2 serial I/O ports 50-19.2K baud.

IOI-1810A A & T $218.95

IOI-1810C CSC $288.95

INTERFACER 2 - CompuPro

3 parallel. 1 serial, & interrupt timer.

IOI-1820A A & T $218.95

IOI-1820C CSC $288.95

INTERFACER 3 - CompuPro

5 or 8 channel serial I/O board for interrupt driven multi-user
systems up to 250K baud.

IOI-1835A 5 port A & T $558.95

IOI-1835C 5 port CSC $628.95

IOI-1838A 8 port A & T $628.95

IOI-1838C 8 port CSC $749.95

INTERFACER 4 - CompuPro

3 serial, 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel.

IOI-1840A A & T $314.95

IOI-1840C CSC $414.95

MPX - CompuPro

Multi-user I/O multiplexer & interrupt controller with on-
board 8085A-2 CPU & 4K or 16K of RAM.

IOI-1875A 4K MPX A & T $444.95

IOI-1875C 4K MPX CSC $534.95

IOI-1880A 16K MPX A & T $584.95

IOI-1880C 16K MPX CSC $674.95

IO-8 - SSM Microcomputer

Eight software programmable serial I/O ports, 110 -19.2K

Baud, ideal for multi-user systems

IOI-1018A A & T $469.95

I/0-5 - SSM Microcomputer

Two serial & 3 parallel I/O ports, 110-19.2K Baud
IOI-1015A A & T $289.95

MPC-4 - SD Systems

Intelligent 4-port serial I/O card, on-board Z-80A, 2K RAM,
4K PROM area, on-board firmware, fully buffered, vectored
interrupts, four CTC channels, add to SD Board set for
powerful multi-user system
IOI-1504A AST w/software $495.00

1/0-4 - SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports.

IO I -101 0B Bare board w/manual $35.00

IOI-1010K Kit with manual $179.95

IOI-1010A A & T with manual $249.95

2830 6 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Six asynchronous RS-232C serial I/O ports with

programmable baud rates.

IOI-1040A A & T with manual $529.95

2710 4 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Four RS-232C serial I/O ports with full handshaking.
IOI-1060A A & T with manual $319.95

2719 2 SER & 2 PAR - CCS.

Two RS-232C serial I/O ports plus two 8 bit parallel I/O ports.
IOI-1080A A & T with manual $349.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest you for local price and availability.

CIRCLE 210 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Parallel Processing
For Your Computer?

Parallel processing! True parallel
processing, according to the Encyclo-
pedia Of Computer Science, is the oper-
ation of two or more processes at the
same time (Ralston and Meek, 1976). How
can a microcomputer with a single micro-
processor have parallel processing in
which two or more processes are being
performed at the same time? Like many
other microcomputer users, I at first
labored under the misconception that my
computer had only one processor and
hence could not do two things at once.
But I was wrong.

Every microcomputer on the market
today operates interactively and hence
requires two processors to operate: the
microprocessor which drives the com-
puter, and an older, somewhat more
archaic, often unreliable, but remarkably
efficient processor: the user.

Admittedly, to speak of parallel proces-
sing between the computer and the user
is stretching a term which is usually used
to refer to processing within the machine.
However, if you can keep an open mind
and consider the insights this concept of
parallel processing might have, perhaps
you, too, will find ways it can be useful in
your programming.

The need for parallel processing be-
tween the computer and the user is made
clear by the many programs, including
even expensive ones costing hundreds of
dollars, which fail to take advantage of
parallel processing. Most programs avail-
able today have not been written to take
advantage of these two processors, prob-
ably because most programmers continue
to believe that microcomputers have only
a single processor. As a result most
programs employ serial processing in

Edward E. Brent, Jr., The Idea Works, Inc., 100
West Briarwood, Columbia, MO 65201.

Edward E. Brent, Jr.

which alternately the computer sits idly
by while the user responds to a prompt to
enter data, then the user sits idly by while
the computer performs what may be
lengthy computation or data transfer
processes.

Serial processing is used in virtually
every kind of programming. It occurs, for
example, in many database management
programs which have the computer do
little, or more likely nothing, while the
user is entering data for a record, then
force the user to twiddle his thumbs or
contemplate his navel or use other more
creative techniques to fight off boredom
while the program grinds through lengthy
search or I/O processes.

Similarly, the spreadsheet business
programs such as Visicalc do little or no
processing while the user is entering data,
and then may require the user to wait for
minutes at a time while the program
performs lengthy computations or writes
data to a disk.

So far I have concentrated on those
tasks which push the computer to its limit
while the user sits impatiently. But to be
fair we must admit that we users can be
pretty boring too. There are many times
when the computer waits patiently for a
response from the user, who may be trying
to figure out what that variable could be,
searching for the correct value in a stack
of paper, or off in the kitchen refilling a
coffee cup. I can't speak for all users, but
most of the time my Apple waits for me
at least as often and as long as I wait for
it.

For many of these programs, a little
more attention to timing might coordinate

268

these operations more effectively so nei-
ther the computer nor the user need sit
idle any longer than necessary. In addition
to reducing the waiting time for both the
user and the machine, parallel processing
would reduce the overall execution time
for programs, permitting the same task to
be performed in less time.

In this article I discuss a few funda-
mental principles which guide attempts
to achieve parallel processing. Each of
these is illustrated with simple procedures
which may be used to take advantage of
parallel processing. Then I illustrate the
use of these procedures for a few com-
monly encountered programming tasks
which often try the user's patience and
bring out the worst in the computer as
well. These tasks include user input, disk
or printer I/O, and lengthy iterative com-
putations.

After the specific examples are dis-
cussed, I discuss several advantages of
these procedures, some of their potential
disadvantages and limitations, and some
possible directions for the future. Let's
begin by describing a program which
approaches all these tasks using a tra-
ditional serial processing program design.

Serial Processing Programs: An Example

Listing 1 is a simple amortization pro-
gram written in Applesoft Basic for an
Apple II + computer. This program has
steps commonly encountered in a wide
range of programs. First (lines 100-170),
the program prompts the user for infor-
mation describing himself and a loan to
consider. Second (lines 200-360), it per-
forms computations to determine the
amortization schedule for the term of that
loan. Finally, it saves the resulting infor-
mation in a file on disk (lines 500-545)
and prints a summary of the results for
the user on a printer (700-910).

December 1982 e Creative Computing

1 1 ay < I ci I** prime • . .

1# 5534 The BASIC
• Conversions Handbook for
Apple™, TRS-80™, and PET™
Users (Brain Bank) A complete guide to
converting Apple II and PET programs to
TRS-80, TRS-80 and PET programs to
Apple II, and TRS-80 and Apple II
programs to PET. Equivalent commands
are listed for TRS-80 BASIC (Model 1,
Level II). Applesoft BASIC, and PET
BASIC, as well as variations for TRS-80
Model III and Apple Integer BASIC. Also
describes variations in graphics
capabilities. $8.95

^M #5106 Basic BASIC: An
(^& • Introduction to Computer
Programming in BASIC Language,

2nd Ed. (Coan) Over 100 sample
programs present the essential statements
of BASIC. Each new language statement
or capability is clearly explained at the
time it is first used in a sample program.
Every section is followed by practice
problems; solutions to even-numbered
problems appear in the text and the
remainder in the separate Teacher's
Guide. $12.95 Teacher's Guide, #5108,
$1.40

^M #5855 Advanced BASIC:
V^# Applications and Problems

(Coan) ". . .a useful textbook to
the student in a follow-up course, or the
programmer acquiring BASIC as his
second or third language. . .well above
average." Data Processing Digest.
Advanced techniques and applications,
including coordinate geometry,
sequences and series, polynomials,
graphing, simulations, and games. $12.75

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer
Company, Inc.; TRS-80 is a registered trademark of"
Radio Shack, Inc., a division of Tandy Corporation;
PET is a registered trademark of Commodore
Business Machines; none are affiliated with Hayden
Book Company, Inc.

Conuenrfon5

'TBS-W*

5V

3»**-J

Co«««*S?!

wonw

A

/m #5760 BASIC From the

TSl • Ground Up (Simon) Explores
computers and the BASIC language
simply, without requiring the reader to
have a heavy mathematical background.
Covers one version of each of the BASIC
statements and points out variations.
Includes exercises and problems, a
glossary, and a summary of BASIC
statements. $12.95

5 #5104 The BASIC Workbook:
• Creative Techniques for
Beginning Programmers (Schoman)
An introduction to BASIC using 20 key
commands and statements. Students
quickly discover how many problems can
be solved and how many workable
algorithms can be constructed. Students
master the fundamentals of BASIC
through discovery rather than exposition.
$8.95

6 #5152 Using Microcomputers
• in Business: A Guide for the
Perplexed (Veit) Essential background
briefing for any purchaser of micro-
computer systems or software. In a fast
moving style, without the usual buz/
words and technical jargon, Veit answers
the most often asked questions. $10.95

7 #0761 BASIC Computer
• Programs in Science and
Engineering (Gilder) A collection of 114
ready-to-run BASIC programs for the
hobbyist and engineer — programs for per-
forming statistical operations such .i^
means, standard deviations, curve fitting,
and interpolation; programs that design
antennas, filters, attenuators, matching
networks, plotting, and histograms. All
programs have been tested and are fairly
universal. $11.95

8 #5154 BASIC Computer
• Programs for the Home

(Sternberg) Over 75 practical home
application programs useful to the novice
or experienced computer owner in
increasing the usefulness of any heme
computer. Each program is documented
with a description of its functions and
operation, a listing in BASIC, a symbf I
table, sample data, and sample output.
$11.95

9./10.

BASIC
Computer

Programs for Business, Vols. 1 & 2

(Sternberg) An invaluable variety of
application programs to make your
microcomputer pay for itself as soon as it
enters your office. Each program i^
documented with a description of its
functions and operation, a listing in
BASIC, a symbol table, sample? data nnd
sample output.
#5152, VOLUME 1, $12.50
New! #5178, VOLUME 2, $13.95

Order Today

Available

at your local

computer store

or order by phone

1-800-631-0856

Dept. #CCD2

In New Jersey
(201) 843-0550 ext. 382

Hayden

I 1

I
I
I

I
I

I
I
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I

SI

Mail to:

Dept. #CCD2

Hayden Book Company, Inc.

50 Essex Street

Rochelle Park, NJ 07662

Method of payment:

□ My check or money order is
enclosed.

Please charge to my:
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We pay postage and handling.

Residents of NJ and CA add sales tax.

Please send me the item(s) indicated below by code number.

If I am not completely satisfied. I may return the book(s)
undamaged within 10 days for a complete refund

Mr/Mrs.

Address

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Exp. Date

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Prices subject to change

Parallel Processing, continued...

This program illustrates problems com-
mon to many programs which may benefit
from parallel processing; problems such
as prompting the user for information,
performing, iterative calculations, saving
data to a disk, and printing out a report.

Again, like most programs, this pro-
gram is designed for serial processing.
First the necessary data are obtained ; the
necessary computations are performed;
and finally, the results are saved to disk
and printed out. However, if we examine
the amount of time spent on each task we
see that the first part of the program (the
data input) involves a time when the
primary task of the computer is to emu-
late a maid in waiting while the user
decides what to enter. Likewise, the last
parts of the program are likely to have
the user waiting in nervous anticipation
while the computer grinds out the calcu-
lations, watching helplessly as the disk
drive whirrs, or entertaining himself by
trying to read the printout as the printer
is printing. Thus, during the first part of
the program, a machine costing thousands
of dollars sits nearly idle, while during the
last part, a user who may not tolerate
boredom and inefficiency in other settings
may be having second thoughts about the
joys of microcomputing.

Parallel Processing Program Design

With a few simple changes, the serially
organized program in Listing 1 can be
redesigned to permit parallel processing
by computer and user. There are a few
simple principles which may guide
attempts to achieve parallel processing in
microcomputers.

First Principle'. The first, and central
principle of parallel processing is to
maximize simultaneous processing. There

SzUcafr)

"Guess who's being replaced by advanced tech-
nology this time?''

are two procedures which maximize
simultaneously processing for micro-
computers, one for the user and one for
the computer.

One way to enable the user to "process"
while the computer is at work is to have

Listing I.

the computer prompt the user as soon as
possible after it has determined the appro-
priate prompt, then permit the user to
consider the alternatives while the pro-
gram performs whatever other tasks may
be done at that time.

10
1 i

1 2
1 3
14
1 5
1 6
40
50
100
1 1
1 20
1 30
1 40
1 50
16

1 70
200

2 10
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300

3 10
320
330
34
350
360
500
501
502
503

504
505
51
5 1 2
51 5
520
525
530
535
540
545
700
71
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790

REM ***********************

REM * AMORTIZATION *

REM * SCHEDULE PROGRAM *

REM * USING TRADITIONAL *

REM * SERIAL PROCESSING *

REM * DESIGN *

REM ***********************

DIM BALANCE (480), Il<480>, PRINCIPAL(480>,TI<480>

NN ■ 1

REM *********************

, SOURCES

/ < ( < I ♦ 1 ) a MO ) -
(X ♦ 005))) / 100

1 )

800

8 1
820
830
840
850
860
870
88
890
900

9 10
1000
1010
1020

10 30
1040

REM INPUT DATA SUBROUTINE

REM *********************

INPUT "YOUR NAME ", NAMES

PRINT "SOURCE OF LOAN " ; NN , INPUT ":

INPUT "ANNUAL INTEREST RATE: "; IN

INPUT "AMOUNT OF LOAN: ".AMOUNT

INPUT "TERM OF LOAN IN YEARS ".YEARS

REM **********************

REM CALCULATION SUBROUTINE
REM **********************

I * IN / 12

MO = YEARS * 12

A « AMOUNT * I * ( I ♦ 1 ) a MO

DEF FN MR < X ) » < INT (100 *
A = FN MR(A)
NL = OBALANCE(O) = AMOUNT TIN(0) =

FOR PMT ■ 1 TO MO
Il(PMT) = FN MR (I * BALANCE (PMT - 1))
PRINCIPAL(PMT) » FN MR ( A - I 1 ( PMT ) )

IF PMT < > MO THEN GOTO 34
PRINCIPAL(PMT) ■ BALANCE(PMT)

BALANCE(PMT) = FN MR ( BAL ANC E ( PMT - 1) - PR I NC I P AL ( PMT > )
TIN (PMT) » FN MR(TIN(PMT - 1) ♦ I 1 ( PMT ) )

NEXT PMT

REM ***********************

REM SAVE TO DISK SUBROUTINE
REM ***********************

INPUT "WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAVE INFORMATION

ABOUT THIS LOAN ON DISK' " ; I NS
IF INI < > "Y" GOTO 700
DS ■ CHRS (4)
PRINT DS,"OPEN DATA"
PRINT DS ; "APPEND DATA"
PRINT DS. "WRITE DATA"
PRINT NAMES
PRINT SOURCES
PRINT IN
PRINT AMOUNT
PRINT YEARS
PRINT DS . "CLOSE DATA"
REM *******************

REM PRINTING SUBROUTINE
REM *******************

INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO PRINT OUT AN AMORT I ZAT I ONSCHEDUL E ?
IF INS < > "Y" GOTO 1010

INPUT "WHICH SLOT IS YOUR PRINTER IN? " , S%
PRINT "TURN YOUR PRINTER ON PLEASE"
DS ■ CHRS (4) PRINT DS.-PRK-.S*
PRINT "MONTHLY PAYMENT =» ".A
PRINT "PAYMENT", SPC ( 5 ) , " PR I NC I PAL " , SPC (

"BALANCE" , SPC( 5), "INTEREST TO DATE"
FOR PMT « 1 TO MO
SSS » "

(PMT) ♦ SSS
(PRINC IPAL ( PMT) )
< I 1 (PMT) ) + SSS
(BALANCE(PMT) )
(TI (PMT) ) ♦ SSS
5

INS

5 )

INTEREST'

SPC ( 5 )

SS ( 1 )
SS ( 2 )
SS ( 3 )
SS ( 4 )
SS ( 5 )
FOR

MM

STRS
STRS
STRS
STRS
STRS
i 1 TO

♦ SSS

♦ SSS

LEFTS (SS (MM) , 1 >

S S ( MM ) ■
NEXT MM

PRINT SS(1), TAB( 5).SS(2), TAB( 5),S$(3), TAB ( 5),SS(4), TAB ( 5>,SS(5)
NEXT PMT

PRINT DS ; "PR#0"

PRINT

INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO

IF INS = "Y" THEN NN i

END

CONSIDER
NN ♦ 1

ANOTHER LOAN'
GOTO 140

INS

270

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

f

Hero Wanted

To Man
Killer Keyboard

Your country needs you! Strange as it seems, letters and words
have begun to attack from the sky- You can stop this assault by
typing these belligerent letters on your computer keyboard. The
faster you get, the more letters you'll blast down, making this a
safer world for all.

Type Attack

A Fast Action Typing Arcade

From Sirius

• Designed by a Professional Educator
and Sirius Software.

• A Challenging Game to improve any
level of typing skills within hours.

• Colorful Graphics — Amusing Sound
Effects — Fast Action

• APPLE. IBM and ATARI versions
available.

• A game so enjoyable you'll improve
your typing whether you want to or
not.

• Chart your progress with unique
words-per-minute "speedometer."

CHARACTER ATTACK

WORD ATTACK

• 39 preprogrammed learning
games.

• Create up to 60 of your own games.

Type Attack program, packaging and audio visual
© 1982 Type Attack and Sirius are trademarks ol Si-
rius Soltware. Inc Apple Is a trademark ol Apple
Computer Inc IBM Is a trademark ol International
Business Machines Corp Atari Is a trademark of Atari
Inc Sirius is not affiliated with Atari Inc

Sirius Announces

A New JOYPORT Feature

A LOWER PRICE — $49.95

The Sirius Joyport is the most significant input device for
the Apple Computer since the keyboard — and NOW IT HAS AN
ATTRACTIVE NEW FEATURE: ITS JUST $49.95!

Other features include:

• Includes a complete user's manual.

• Easily accessible sockets for 4
Apple-compatible game paddles or
2 Apple-compatible joysticks.

• 2 sockets for Atari-type joysticks, the
ideal game controller for many
games.

e A switch that selects between Apple
game paddles or joysticks and
Atari-type joysticks with no rewiring
required.

• Atari joysticks require a special
software driver.

• Joyport is compatible with all new
Sirius products and many other pop-
ular games from On Line, Datamost,
Micro Lab, Gebelli and more.

e Completely compatible with BASIC,
Pascal and machine language
programs and games.

Sirius and Joyport are trademarks ol Sirius Soltware. Inc
Apple is a trademark ol Apple Computer Inc Atari is a
trademark ol Atari Inc Sirius is not affiliated with Atari Inc

For more information contact your local computer dealer.
Sirius Software, Inc. 10364 Rocfcingham Drive Sacramento, CA 95827 (916)366-1195

CIRCLE 312 ON READER SERVICE CARD

THE PRICE SLASHER ! f)

• Color or Black & White

• Apple II compatible

• 64K of RAM

• Upper and lower case

• Typewriter style keyboard

ALTOS

8000 2

8000 10
XEROX

820 11
COMMODORE

VIC 20
DISK DRIVES

CALL

12 key numeric pad
Alpha lock key
Visicalc keys
50 watt power supply
Built in (an

CALL
CALL

CALL

S219

RANA SYSTEMS

Elite I »469

Elite II CALL

Elite III CALL

Control Card 109.

MICRO SCI

A35 w Controller 444.

A40 w Controller 479

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PRINTERS

OKIDATA

Microline 80 CALL

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Microline 83A CALL

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Microline 2350 350CPS CALL

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HR 1 Daisy Wheel Parallel 990

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Forms Tractor 149

ANADEX
DP 9501 1375

C ITOH

Prownter 8510 AP 499.

Starwnter F10 40PU 1549.

Starwriter F10-RU 1549.

NEC

8023 w/Tractors 489.

3510 EX 1950

3515 1 950.

771C7730 2495

7715 2499.

7720 2699.

7725 2750.

QUME

9/35 RO 1805.

9/35 KSR 1999.

9/45 LTD 2099.

9/45 FULL 21 99.

9/55 LTD 2195.

9/55 FULL 2399

IDS

Micro Prism CALL

Prism 132 CALL

DIABLO

630. RS 232. Daisy Wheel SI 995

630 API-Apple. IBM.TRS80 1775.

620. 1299.

MANNESMANN TALLY PRIN1ERS CALL

MONITORS 4 TERMINALS

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

10" color 1349.

SANYO

1 2" Black & White , 249.

1 2" Green Screen 265.

1 3" Color 465.

1 3" Color RGB 885

ADOS

Viewpoint Green Screen 589

Viewpoint 60 696

HAZELTINE

Esprit 686.

Esprit II 649.

BMC USA

12" Green 95.

12" Hi Res Green 146.

14" Color Composite 329.

1 4" RGB Color 339.

AMDEK

12" Green 169.

13" Color I 379

COtor II Hi Res 849

Color III RGB CoW 475.

TELEVIDEO

910 639.

912 746.

920 826.

960 989

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1 2" Grew Screen 1 69.

12" Color 389.

139

ACCESSORIES

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES

App L cache 256k Memory 995

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AS10 Apple Ser.al 1 Card 129

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SUP R TERMINAL 80 Column Video Board 316.

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Microbuffer II 1 6K for Apple II 239

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Z 80 Softcard for Apple 279

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

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The Clock for Apple 235

Ramplus 119

Ramplus 1 6K for Apple 1 35.

Ramplus 32K for Apple 1 52.

Music System for Apple 319.

Rom Writer for Apple 1 39.

ADVANCE LOGIC

Z CARD for Apple II 225

KENSINGTON MICROWARE

System Saver Fan for Apple 74

VERSA COMPUTING

Versawnter Graphics Tablet 299.

SEATTLE COMPUTER

64K RAM + for the IBM PC 385.

128K RAM + for the IBM PC 629

256K RAM ♦ for the IBM PC , 789.

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS 4

Asynchronous Serial Interface 145

VIDEX. INC.

Videoterm 279

Softvideo Switch 29 .

Keyboard Enhancer 99.

Enhancer II 119

SOFTWARE FOR CP/M

ASHTONTATE

dBase II $499.

MICROPRO

Wordstar 289

Mailmerge 129.

Calcstar 1 89.

Datastar 235

Supersort 149.

Spellstar 149.

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Fortran 80 369.

Macro 80 1 89

Basic Compiler 319.

mu/MATH/mu/SIMP 80 219.

Cobol 80 595.

Basic 80 299

Edit 80 96.

X Macro 80 162.

mu/USP/mu/STAR 80 162.

Multi Plan 205.

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

TIM III Data Base Management System 408.

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS. INC.

Accounting Plus CALL

FOX A GELLER

Quickscreen 1 29

Quickcode 225.

Crosstalk MICROSTUF 139

Supercalc . . SORCIM 205

The Word . . OASIS 75

Spellbinder LEXISOFT 249.

T/Maker II . LIFEBOAT 21 9

Supervyie . . EPIC SOFTWARE 115.

Condor III. . . CONDOR 799

'Requires Z80 Card by Microsoft or Z Card by Innovative Software

Note: Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc
C/PM is a registered trademark of Digital Research

SOFTWARE FOR IBM

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Supercalc $205

SuperWriter 295

Spellguard 229

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Select Word Processor W Superspell 369

VISICORP

Visicalc 256K Version 1 89

Visitrend 239

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V.s.file 239

Desktop Plan I 239

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Mailmerge 1 29

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INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE
TIM III Data Base Management System 408

I. US

Easy spel ler 139

Easyfiler 289

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SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS. INC
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CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE
The Home Accountant Plus 119

DENVER SOFTWARE
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Write On DATAMOST 97

Condor II CONDOR 449

Crosstalk MICROSTUF 1 39

MathMagic ISM 75

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BRODERBUND

Serpentine

Choplifter

MICROSOFT
Typing Tutor II

$18

Adventure 25

•Fortran 80 1 85.

AIDS 10 °

* Basic Compiler 315.

mu/MATH/mu/SIMP 80 200

Olympic Decathalon 25.

•Cobol 80 595.

M/Sort 1 56

TASC Compiler 145.

Softcard Premium System 599.

Time Manager 125

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Select Word Processor 359.

VISICORP

CCA Data Management System 79

Visicalc 1 89

Visiterm 79

Visiplot 159

Visidex 1 89

Visitrend/Visiplot 229

Visif lie 189

Visischedule 239

Visipack 549

Desktop Plan II 1 89

MICROPRO

•Calcstar 129

'Datastar 1 79

•Supersort 1 39

•Wordstar 1 95.

'Mailmerge 129.

•Spellstar 1 25.

SORCIM

Spellguard 229

SOUTHEASTERN SOFTWARE

Data Capture 4 58

EDU WARE CALL

Step by Step (tape) PROGRAM DESIGN 59

Datafax LINK SYSTEMS 1 39

dBase II ASHTONTATE *"

Supercalc SORCIM 205

CALL FOR MORE APPLE SOFTWARE!'
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HAYES MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

Smartmodem *229.

Smartmodem 1200 599.

Micromodem II 289

Micromodem 100 325.

Chronograph 225

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Cat 146.

D Cat 175

Auto Cat 226.

Apple Cat II 324

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Parallel Processing, continued...

Similarly, the computer can be per-
mitted to "process" while the user is
thinking about the next response by
programming it to seek out activities
which can be performed while awaiting
the next response.

Obviously, these two procedures are
related. Hence, parallel processing can
be maximized by identifying those seg-
ments of the program which take consid-
erable computer time and scheduling
them to occur at the same time as other
segments requiring considerable user
time.

When the user is likely to be slow in
responding the computer should take
advantage of the situation to perform its
own time-consuming tasks. And when the
user is likely to be quick in responding or
have little or nothing to do, the computer
should minimize its own response time by
postponing time-consuming tasks.

These procedures are illustrated for the
example of the amortization program by
a recognized version of this program
presented in Listing 2. This version of the
program reschedules data input by the
user to correspond more closely with
those times when the computer is per-
forming time-consuming tasks. During
each phase of the program in which the
computer is likely to require the longest
time to respond, the user can be using
that same time to formulate a response to
the prompt on the screen.

This program reschedules the data
input by the user to ask first for the
information required for the compu-
tations. Then, while the computer is
performing the computations, the pro-
gram asks the user for additional infor-
mation. This technique is particularly
effective if the second group of user
prompts occurring while the program is
processing data generally requires the
user to take a fair amount of time before
responding.

While this version of the input routine
should be faster than the serial version

Listing 2.

i o
i i

1 2
1 3
1 4
I 5
1 6
40
50
1 00
1 1
1 20
1 30
1 50
1 60
1 70

1 8
200

2 1
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300

3 10
320
330
34
350
360
370
500

50 1
502
503

504
505
506
5 1

51 2
5 1 5
520
525
530
535
540
545
700
7 1
720
730
740
750
760
76 1
76 2
770
780
790

REM ***********************

REM * AMORTIZATION *

REM * SCHEDULE PROGRAM *

REM * USING ELEMENTARY *

REM * PARALLEL PROCESSING *

REM * DESIGN *

REM ***********************

DIM BALANCE (480>,I1(4BO),PRINCIPAL(480),TI(480)

NN = IKK «

REM *********************

/ < < ( I ♦ 1 ) a MO ) -
< X ♦ 005 ) ) ) / 100

1 )

REM INPUT DATA SUBROUTINE
REM *********************

INPUT "YOUR NAME: " , NAME *

INPUT "ANNUAL INTEREST RATE: " ; I N

INPUT "AMOUNT OF LOAN ", AMOUNT

INPUT "TERM OF LOAN IN YEARS ".YEARS

PRINT "SOURCE OF LOAN " ; NN ; " : ";

REM **********************

REM CALCULATION SUBROUTINE
REM **********************

I = IN / .1 2
MO » YEARS * 12

A = AMOUNT * I * < I ♦ 1 ) a MO
* DEF FN MR(X) * ( INT (100 *
A «= FN MR (A)
NL = BALANCE(O) ■ AMOUNT : T I N ( ) ■

FOR PMT = 1 TO MO
Il(PMT) = FN MR (I * BALANCE (PMT - 1))
PRINC IPAL (PMT) = FN MR ( A - Il(PMT))

IF PMT ( > MO THEN GOTO 34
PRINC IPAL (PMT) = BALANCE(PMT)

BALANCE(PMT) = FN MR ( B A L ANC E ( PMT - 1) - PR I NC I P AL ( PMT ) )
TIN (PMT) = FN MR (TIN (PMT - 1) ♦ I 1 ( PMT ) )

NEXT PMT

INPUT SOURCE*

REM ***********************

REM SAVE TO DISK SUBROUTINE
REM ***********************

INPUT "WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAVE
ABOUT THIS LOAN ON DISK? ";I
PRINT "DO
IF INS (

INFORMATION

NS
YOU WANT TO PRINT OUT AN AMORT I ZAT I ONSCHEDUL E •
> "Y" GOTO 7 00

D* = CHR$ (4)
PRINT DS,"OPEN DATA"
PRINT D* ; "APPEND DATA"
PRINT D$; M WRITE DATA"
PRINT NAME*
PRINT SOURCE*
PRINT IN
PRINT AMOUNT
PRINT YEARS
PRINT D«, "CLOSE DATA"
REM *******************

REM PRINTING SUBROUTINE
REM *******************

INPUT IN*

IF IN* ( > "Y" THEN KK = 1 : GOTO 1010
INPUT "WHICH SLOT IS YOUR PRINTER IN?
PRINT "TURN YOUR PRINTER ON PLEASE"
PRINT

PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER ANOTHER LOAN'
D$ --. CHRS (4) PRINT DS,"PR#",S%
PRINT "MONTHLY PAYMENT = " ; A

PRINT "PAYMENT", SPC ( 5 ) , " PR I NC I P A L " ; SPC (
"BALANCE" , SPC( 5) ."INTEREST TO DATE"

S%

5 )

INTEREST"

SPC ( 5 )

800
8 10
82

8 30
84
850
86
870
880
890
900

9 1
1000

10 10
10 11
10 15
10 20
1 30
1040

1 TO

MO
•i

STRS
STR*
STR*
STR*
STR*
: 1 TO

(PMT) ♦ SS*
( PR INC IPAL ( PMT) )
( I 1 ( PMT) ) ♦ SS*
( BALANCE ( PMT) )
(TI ( PMT) > + SS*
5

♦ SS*

FOR PMT
SS* = "
S* ( 1 ) =
S* ( 2 ) =
S$ ( 3 > ■
S* ( 4 ) =
S* ( 5 > =
FOR MM
S * ( MM ) ■
NEXT MM
PRINT S* ( 1 )
NEXT PMT
PRINT D$ ; "PR#0"
PRINT

IF KK = 1 THEN PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER ANOTHER LOAN'
KK =
INPUT
I F INS
END

LEFT* ( S* (MM) , 10)

TAB( 5),S*(2), TAB( 5),S*(3>, TAB( 5),S$(4), TAB( 5),S*(5)

IN*

THEN NN = NN ♦ 1

GOTO 150

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

273

DYNACOMP

Qualify software for*:

APPLE II Plus ALTAIR****

OSBORNE-1
NORTH STAR***
ATARI
PET/CBM

NEC PC-8000
TRS-80 (Level II)**
SUPERBRAIN*****
CP/M Disks/Diskettes

, Sec Availability box s
( MBASIC CBASIC )

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CARD GAMES

BRIDGE MVMI K (Available tor all computers) Price: $21. 95 Diskette

It you liked DYNACOMP* BRIDGF 2 v«u will absolutely love BKIIX.I MASTF R MBDGE MASTER is a
I ompiehensive- hridqe program designed to provide hours of c hallenging i ompeiifmn. Bidding features include the
HI. i. kitood . .invention Slav man i onvention. pre-emptive openings and re< ognitlon of demand bids and jump-shift
responses After playiiiq a spec if it hand, you may replay the same hand, with the option of switching cards with your
computer opponents This feature allows you to compare your bidding and playing skills to BRIDGE MASD K
Bonuses for game c oniracts and slams are awarded as in duplicate bridge Doubled contracts are scored based upon a
. "mi|hii.i assiqned vulnerability A s< ore c ard is displayed at the conclusion of each hand The score card displays a
summarv of total hands played, total pomis si ored. number of contracts made and set. and % bids made BRIDGE
MAS!) K is c leatlv the best computer bridge program available

DYNAC OMP'S previous HKIDi. I 2 II. nst.uners may upgrade loBRIDGI MASH R for a nominal charge of $5 00 plus
postage and handling (see ordering information box) Original cassette diskette must be returned.

BACCARAT (Atari onlv ) Price: $18 95 Cassette $22.95 Diskette

This is the t uropean card game which is the favorite of the Monte t arlo jet set Imagine yourself at the gaming table
with (M) 7 to your left and (.oldhnqei toe, our right I earn and play B AC C ARAT at your leisure on the Atari. Contains full
high resolution color graphics and matching sound Runs in lbh Requires one loystu k

GIN Rl'MMY (Apple diskette onl> ) Price: $22.95 Diskette

rhis is the best mic r mpuier implementation of GIN RUMMY existing The computer plays exceptionally well, and

the HIRI S graphic s are superb What else can be said''

POKER PARTY (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette $21.95 Diskette

POKI K PARTY is a draw poker simulation based on the book. POKER, by Oswald Jacnby This is the most
. omprehensive version available lor mic rex omputers The party c on si sis of yourself and six other (computer) players
I ac h of these players (you will gel to know them) has a different personality in the form of a varying propensity to bluff or
fold under pressure Prae tie e with POM R PARTY before going to that expensive game tonight! Apple cassette and
diskette versions require a 32K (or larger) Apple II

(.() I ISM (Available lor all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette

GOMSH is a i lassu c hildren si ard game The opponent is a friendly computer with user inputs that are simple enough
loi small c hildren to easily master The Apple and Atari versions employ high resolution graphics for the display of
hands A must (or children 1 Runs in lbK

tLACKJACK COACH H2K TRS 80 onlv I Price: $29.95 Cassette $33.95 Diskette

Bl AC K.IA( h ( OAC H leaches and evaluates professional playing methods This program will coach you using the
Basic andihe( ompleiel ard C ounting Methods TheBLAC KJACKC OA( H c an be used inautomatic. unattended play
to test the playing and betting strategies you sele. t Extensive summary reports pinpoint the strengths and weaknesses
of various methods of plav All the standard player choices are included Insurance, splitting pairs, double downs and
surrender (optional) A line printer maybe used to collect data If you risk money at the tables, increase your skills with
the BLACKJAC K COACH'

THOUGHT PROVOKERS

MANAGI Ml M SIMULATOR (Availableforallcomputers) Price: $25.95 Cassette $29.95 Diskette

rhis program is both an e*c elleni teac hing tool as well as a stimulating intellectual game Based upon similar games
played at graduate business sc hools. each player or team controls a company which manufacturers three products
I a. h player attempts to outperform his competitors by setting selling prices, production volumes, marketing and
design expenditures etc The most sue c essful firm is the one with the highest slock price when the simulation ends

FLIGHT SIMULATOR (Available for all computers) Price: SI 9.95/Cassette $23.95 Diskette

A realistic and extensive mathematical simulation of take-off. flight and landing The program utilizes aerodynamic
equations and the characteristics of a real airfoil You can practice instrument approaches and navigation using radials
and c ompass headings The more advanced flyer c an also perform loops, half-rolls and similar acrobatic maneuvers.
•Mtli.Miqh this program does not employ graphics, it is exciting and very addictive See the software review in
( OMPUTRONIC S Huns in lbK Alan

VALDI-/ l Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Cassette/$2I.95 Diskette

VAl l>t / is a computer simulation of supertanker navigation in the Prince William Sound Valde/ Narrows region of
Alaska Im luded in this simulation is a realistic and extensive 256 x 256 element map. portions of which may be viewed
usinq the ship's alphanumeric radar display The motion of the ship itself is accurately modelled mathematically The
simulation also contains a model for the tidal patterns in the region, as well as other traffic (outgoing tankers and
drifting u ebergsi C hart your c our se from the Gulf ol Alaska to Valde/ Harbor' See the software reviews in 80 Software
I rilique. Personal Computing and Creative Computing

BACKGAMMON 2.0 (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23.95 Diskette

This program tests your backgammon skills and will also improve your game A human can compete against a
computer or against another human The computer can even play against itself Either the human or the computer can
double or generate due rolls Board positions can be created or saved lor replay BACKGAMMON 2 plays in
ac c ordanc e with the offic ial rules of backgammon and is sure to provide many fascinating sessions of backgammon
play

FROG MASH R (Atari onlv) Price: $17.95 Cassette $21.95 Diskette

The Atari API X first prize winner l-RCK. MASTf R contains exciting arcade features in addition to being a highly
edu. annual program It is a fast- moving high-c one enlral ion game for 1-4 players You si ore by making touchdowns on
the opponents goal line - il his goalie doesn l qet there first But your players (tadpoles and frogs) must be trained This
is accomplished by giving them a reward at )ust the right moment when they do something right This takes precise
liming and ludgemenl Your c niters must penetrate barriers and avoid evil line backs if they are lo score Many will fall
by the wayside but some will qet throuqh As they learn you can look inside their heads to see how they think As you
reward them they reward you (the "thought proc esses'' simulated demonstrate the basic type of animal learning -
operant conditioning widely studied in high school and college c oursesl As you teach them they leach you how
learning lakes place' Great graphics' Runs in lbK Requires two |oystu ks

I OKI SI EIRE' (Atari only) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette

t Ising excellent graphics and sound effec is. this simulation puis you in the middle of a forest fire Your job is to direct
operations to put out the fire while c ompensating for changes in wind, weather and terrain Not protecting valuable
si rue tines e an result in startling penalities Life-like variables are provided to make FOREST FIRE! very suspenseful
and challenging No two games have the same set ng and there are 3 levels of difficulty

CRANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE (North Star. SuperBrainandCP M onlv ) Price: $19.95 Diskette

Ai last' A i omprehensive Advennne game for North Star and C P M systems C RANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE
takes you into mysterious I KANSI ( )N MANOR where you attempt In gather fabulous treasures 1 inking in the manor
are wild animals and robots who will not give up the treasures without a right The number of rooms is greater and the
assoc lated desc riptions are muc h more elaborate than the current populat series of Adventure programs, making this
game the lop in its c lass Play c an be slopped at any lime and the status stored on diskette

SPACE EVACUATION! (Available for all computers) Price: $15.95 Cassette $19.95 Diskette

I an you c oloni/e the galaxy and evacuate the Earth before the sun explodes' Your computer becomes the ship's
c omputer as you explore the universe to reloc ate millions of people This simulation is particularly interesting as n
combines many o( the ex. iting elements nf c lassu space games with the mystery challenge of ADVENTURE

MONARCH (Atari onlv ) Price: $14.95 Cassette$l8.95 Diskette

MONAHt H is a lasc mating economic simulation requiring you to survive an H-year term as your nation's leader You
determine the amount of acreage devoted lo industrial and agricultural use. how much food to distribute to the
IMipulac e and how much should be spent on pollution, ontrol You will find that all decisions involve a compromise and
thai it is not easy lo make everyone happy Runs in I6K Alan

Kl HlkSt I HI SOLVER (Availableforallcomputers) Price:$l4 95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette $21.45 Disk

S..K ing the Kuhik s . ube puzzle is an exerc ise in algoruhimic logic and is a "natural" lor computer calculation The
HI Blk Sc I HI sc >l y t K permits you to mpul the starting stale of the 24 facing elements of the cube It then solves the
problem one step at a lime, with ea. h step shown as a unfolded v lew of thee ube ( an you solve the cube in fewer steps In
any case u sure beats disassembling the cube or peeling off and replacing the colors' Requires lbK.

AVAILABILITY

l)> N \< (IMP software is supplied with complete documentation . ontaininq < lear explanations and examples Unless
otherwise spe. died all programs will run within lbK program memory space (ATARI requires 24K) Except where noted.
pi. .qrams are available on ATARI PI T TKS-H0 1 1 ev .1 Id Nf l. and Apple (Applesoft) c asselte and diskette as well as North
Star single density (double density . ompaliblel diskette Add nally most programs c an be obtained on standard (IBM

1740 single density double density compatible formal) H" C P M floppy disks lor systems running under MBASK or
( BASK (for example Alios Xerox H20 Heath zVnilh and many others) 5' V C P M diskettes are available for the North
Star SuperBrain and Osborne . omputer systems

•AMH/ CI I ( HM \OHffrSMlV ( f M IBM OfJfMMM S/IPf HHHAIS \( < Hi WHMI .incl.Vr KOX ore r, g ,,r,rrei trade-name.

iitul m tntti* ntiit Its

'•£*« , tu uhrff na t *4 <i" THS-90 Mod el f tmfmwmn m t mlntl r mm cmtmm fonl\/i fm riS. TNS-mt Modrl III fnumtimtm VAl 1)1 /

( HIHHM.I (.K4* /\ ( HI 5SNAST1 K TH\ M .1 sk,it, s „f, nor nupphrd u >th nth,, lifts m HASH

***/ m m*mt V"fh S/.i' .f'M< (Sow ./ vpiitMv

t f,t All, tu imwm HM n,n "id Mti r..s,.ff HA S/(

Fw SPHI HHHMS wmmrm* iwim ng wmtn mhash <» < t.xsu fmmtf uh.< h,

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DYNACOMP OFFERS THE FOLLOWING

• Widest variety • Friendly service

• Guaranteed quality • Free catalog*

• Fastest delivery • Toll free order phone

*$2 00 ( I S hinds for foreign mailing

AND MORE...

STARBASE 3.2 (Available for all computers) Price: $13.95 Cassette $17.95 Diskette

This is the i lassie space simulation, but with several new features For example, the C roylins now shool at the Invinc ible
without warning while also attacking star bases in other quadrants The C roylins also attack with both light and heavy
cruisers and move when shot at! The situation is hectic when the Invincible is besieged by ihree heavy c ruisers and a
star base SOS is received! The C roylins get even' See the software reviews in AN AL O C. HO Software Critique and
Game Merchandising.

Llf MEN FROM MARS (Atari onlv) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23.95 Diskette

Defend yourself The little men from Mars are out lo gel you if you don't gel them first This is a hilarious high resolution
animated graphics (arcade) game which exercises much of the Alan's power Requires one joystick

ALVIN (Atari only) Price: $17.95 Cassette $21.95 DisWeUe

AI v IN is a great arcade game You are commanding a highly maneuverable ship seeking lo destroy several enemy
e ities You are attempting lo bomb these cities while at the same time trying to avoid their defensive fire (MISSII I
COMMAND* in reverse?). Also, your radar has been damaged so that you can only see downwards This would
normally not be much of a problem except that you also have lo contend with high-flying enemy aircraft As long as you
are above these aircraft you have the advantage and are safe However, high level bombing lakes considerable skill
Therefore to achieve your goal the best strategy is lo swoop down for a bombing run while the enemy craft is out of range,
and quickly retreat to the skies A fun game Requires lbK

ESCAPE FROM VOLANTIUM (Atari only) Price: $15.95 Cassette $19.95 Diskette

Bring the action and excitement of an arcade into your home with f SI APE FROM VOLANTIUM 1 To escape you must
maneuver your space ship around obstacles and laser blast the guardian (without being eaten) If he is killed with a
direct shot (not just a leg lopped off), a door opens to the outside However, the door does nol slay open indefinitely If
you fail to escape in time, the door closes and a new guardian appears. Sometimes you . an smash through the door by
repeatedly chipping away al it Other limes it is impervious Al the higher levels of play more obstacles and guardians
appear, adding to the excitement Uses high resolution graphics and sound Huns in lbK

ALPHA FIGHTER (Atari only) Price: $13.95 Cassette $17.95 Diskette

Two excellent graphics and action programs in one' ALPHA FIGHTER requires you to destroy the alien slarships
passing through your sec lor of the galaxy ALPHA BASE is in the path of an alien UEO invasion; let five I IE O's gel by
and the game ends Both games require the joystick and get progressively more difficult the higher you score! ALPHA
FIGHTER will run on 16K systems.

THE RINGS OF THE EMPIRE (Atari only) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette

The empire has developed a new battle station protected by rotating rings of energy Each lime you blast through the
rings and destroy the station, the empire develops a new station with more protective rings This exciting game runs on
I6K systems, employs extensive graphics and sound and can be played by one or two players

INTRUDER ALERT (Atari onlv ) Price: $15.95 Cassette/$I9.95 Diskette

This is a fast paced graphics game which places you in the middle of the "Dreadslar" having just stolen its plans The
droidshave been alerted a*nd are directed to destroy you al all costs. You must find and enter your ship lo escape with the
plans Five levels of difficulty are provided INTRUDER ALERT requires a joystick and will run on I6K systems

MIDWAY (Atari 32K only) Price: $14.95 Cassette/$I8.95 Diskette

MIDWAY is an exc iting extension ol the game of Battleship II mixes the c hallenges of strategy and chance Your
opponent can be another human or the computer Color graphics and sound are both included Runs in I6K

GOLF PRO (Atari only) Price: $17.95 Cassette $2 1. 95 Diskette

Both realism and beautiful graphics are joined together in GOLF PRO to produce the best golf simulation available To
really appreciate ihisgame. you should have a color TV so that you can see the green of the fairway, the blue of the water
hazards, and the white sand of the traps You lee off with a wood, use your wedge in the sand trap, and pull on the green
just as would be done on the course Show off the Alan loyour friends with GOLF PRO Requires lbK and one joystick

GAMES PACK I (Available for all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette

GAMES PACK I contains the classic computer games of BLACKJACK. LUNAR LANDER CRAPS. HORSERAC I
SvVITC H and more. These games have been combined tnioone large program for ease in loading They are individually
arc essed by a convenient menu This collection is worth the price just for the DYNACOMP version of BIAC KJACK

GAMES PACK II (Available for all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette

GAMES PACK II in< ludes the games CRAZY EIGHTS. JOTTO. ACEY-DUCEY. LIFE. VVUMPUS and others As with
GAMES PACK I. all the games are loaded as one program and are called from a menu You will particularly enjoy
DYNACOMP' s version of CRAZY EIGHTS
Why pay $9 95 or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for just $14 95?

MOON PROBE (Available for all computers) Price: $12.95 Cassette $16.95 Diskette

This is an extremely challenging "lunar lander" program. The user must drop from orbit to land al a predetermined
target cm the moon's surface You control the thrust and orientation of your craft plus direct the rale of descent and
approach angle Runs in 16K Atari

SPACE TRAP (Atari only. I6K) Price: $14.95 Cassette $18.95 Diskette

This galac lie "shoot 'em up" arcade game places you near a black hole. You control your spacecraft using the joystick
and attempt lo blast as many of the alien ships as possible before the black hole closes about you

SUPER SUB CHASE (Atari onlv ) Price: $19.95 Cassette $23 95 Diskette

SUPER SUB CHASE simulates a search and destroy mission Set your course and keep an eye on the sonar readings as
you hum for the hidden submarine. Set the depth charge explosion depth and watch them sink towards Ihe sub This is
an addictive game which lakes advantage of the Atari's graphics and sound capabilities One or two players Joystick) s)
required.

TWO PLAYER GAMES

TWO PLAYER GAMES (Available for all computers: 32K disk diskette only)

DYNACOMP has acquired the distribution rights to the best eight of Xilron's war games These Iwo-player games were
originally written for the North Star computer, but have since been converted to play on all of the computers c urrenlly
supported by DYNACOMP Because our licensing and development costs were so low. DYNACOMP offers these
programs two lo a disk(ette) for only $ 19 95 /diskette. $23 95 disk If you like war games, then this is a bargain you can
nol pass up.

Set -1 PANZER and BLITZKRIEG
PANZER

Date 23 Nov 1943 Place: Several miles west of Kiev. Russia The Russians have just liberated Kiev and are moving

quickly to reach ihe German forces which are preparing for a last desperate attempt lo halt Ihe Russian advance

BLITZKRIEG

Date: Spring 1940 Place: Northern France The German blitzkrieg in the east was complete Germany had turned its

attention to the west: France The German forces has penetrated Ihe Ardennes and Meuse The heroism of Dunkirk, the

defense of the Aisne-Somme position, and ihe final collapse of the French armies in the south has all passed And. now.

the drive on Paris . . .

Set »2 STARSHIP TROOPERS and INVASION OF THE MUD PEOPLE
STARSHIP TROOPERS

Date: Fortieth Century Place: Arachnid planet of Sheol The first all-out battle on the planet Sheol which will match
equal forces of Terran and alien units The outcome will set the course of the conflict, lor ihe planet of Sheol is a key
position in Ihe solar war
INVASION OF THE MUD PEOPLE

A Peruvian army battalion has been dispatched In a remote village area lo investigate the dest rue lion ol many local
dwellings and Ihe disappearance of most of the villagers I ye-wiinesses have reported strange creatures appearing
from scores of slimy mud holes which have oddly begun forming across the terrain

Set »3 FALL OF THE THIRD REICH and ARMORCAR
FALL OF THE THIRD REICH

Date March. 1945 Place: Remagen. Germany The allies under General I isenhower had reached the Rhine The
Germans had failed in destroying the Ludendorff railroad bridge, allowing several allied divisions in .loss before il
finally collapsed on March 17 ... and so. the allies began then drive on Berlin
ARMORCAR

Dale: 2 Feb 1 944 Place Minsk. Russia A German front-line unit is hard pressed for radio equipment and medical
supplies A relief convoy of armored cars must reach them through partisan-infested territory

Set »4 MOUNT SURIBACHI and MIDDLE EARTH

MOUNT SURIBACHI

Dale: lb Feb 1945 Place: Iwo Jima The Japanese opened fire from Muuni Sunbachi as the marines landed on the

porkchop-shaped island Gunfire from the hill could cover Ihe entire island, thus it was a critical objective if the

Americans were lo rapture and utilize ihe all-imp. >i (ant air field Mount Sunbachi proved lo be one of the most strongly

defended jiosilions in the Japanese thealre of war.

MIDDI.I t AKTH

Date 1997 Place MIDDI I EARTH Through a maze nf tunnels. . rev ic es. and roc ky passageways discovered leading

from an inactive vole ano in South America, a team of United Nations' researe hers have undertaken a mission lo an

uncharted frontier: the c enter of the Earth After a perilous journey spanning a period of several months. Ihe mission has

arrived at the f arth's core, a land of flames, steam, oceans, and unforeseen vegetation And then the creatures of

MIDDLE EARTH appeared unmatched by the most frightening horror stories created by man . . .

MISCELLANEOUS

CRYSTALS (Atari only) Price: $14.95 Casselte/$I8.95 Diskette

A unique algorithm randomly produces fascinating graphics displays accompanied with tones which vary as the
patterns are built Nn iwo patterns are the same, and the c umhined effect of ihe sound and graphics are mesmerizing
( RYSTALS has been used in local stores lei demonstrate the sound and color features of the Alan Runs in I6K

NORTH STAR SOFTWARE EXCHANGE (NSSE) LIBRARY

DYNACOMP now distributes Ihe 23 volume NSS1 library These diskettes each contain many programs and offer an

outstanding value for Ihe purchase price They should be pari of every North Star user s c ollec lion C all or write

DYNAC OMP lor details regarding the contents of the NSS1 e olle. turn

Price $9 95 each $8 95 each (4 or more)

The complete collection may be purchased (or $159 95.

5V DISKETTES (soft sectored ten sectored) Price: $39.95 20 Diskettes

As you might imagine DYNAC OMP purchases diskettes in large quantities and al wholesale prices We want lo pass
the savinqs along lo you'

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BUSINESS and UTILITIES

PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT (Apple only) Price: $69.95 two Diskettes

Hi. PORTFOLIO MAN V.I Ml M package was written by a stock broker to help manage portfolios lor individual
customers With this proqi am data files can be easilv created and kept up to date A variety of reports can be generated
for e bents whic h are attractivelv and professionally laid out The user may define bis her ou/n investment calagortes
PORTIOLIOMANA(»f Ml NT is a lop quality, professional tool which will not only provide you with new conveniences
but will also s«-rve to enhance your appearance as an efficient and up to date advisor to your clients Comet complete on
two diskettes along with a 30 page instruction manual

IM RSONAL FINANCE SYSTEM (Available for all computers) Price: $39.95 Diskette

If S is a single diskette, menu-oriented system composed of ten different programs Besides recording your expenses
and tax deductible items. I'lS will son and summarize expenses by payee, and display information on expenditures by
any of 26 user defined codes by month or by payee PIS will even produce monthly bar graphs of your expenses by
category' This powerful package requires only one disk drive, minimal memory (24K Atari. 32K North Star) and will
store up to 600 records per disk (and over 1000 records per disk by making a few simple changes to the programs) You
can record checks plus cash expenses so that you nn finally see where your money goes and eliminate guesswork and
tedious handralc citations ( ontains high speed machine language sort PIS has been demonstrated on network (( HS)
TV

I Will 1 BUDGET (Apple and Atari onl> ) Price: $34.95 Diskette

f AMII Y K( I It ■) T is a very convenient financial rec ord-keeping program You will be able to keep track of c ash and
credit expenditures as well as income on a daily basis You can record tax deductible items and charitable donations
I AMII Y HI I IX ■! T also provides a c ontinuous record of all credit transactions You can make daily cash and charge
entries to any ol 2 1 different expense ac counts as well as to 5 payroll and tax accounts. Data are easily retrieved giving
the user complete control over an otherwise complicated land unorganized') subject.

TEXT MASTER (Apple 32K. diskette only) Price: $49.95 Diskette

IT XT MASTI.K is a general purpose text editor for the Apple II computer It features powerful. F.nglish-nriented
c ommands which permit the complete manipulation of texlural information The information treated may be
I orrespondenc e. < ompuler programs, data to be used by other programs, and more Tf XT MAST t H also interfaces
with any printer connected to your Apple The minimum system requirements are 32K of RAM. Applesoft on ROM. at
least one disk, and a lower case adapter Tl- XT MASTI K c an process any length file segment by segment Thus ii is
possible to process files as large as a diskette ( omes complete with an efficient 16 page manual. TI.XT MASTI K is
equivalent in capability to many word processing systems costing 3 x or more in price The commands available in

(EXT MASTER an <oni(i USE. ixni'ii noni<m. insi ri. mi Ht»i . slop, renum. Dt LI Tl . SAVE.

COTV, I Kl I REPLACE WAIT MOVI IINt.IH I 1ST HI SAV.T < 1 I AR. AUTO. RETRY. APPEND SIT
MANUAL C HANOI St HATC tl SHOW ( ATAKM, MODIFY COMPARI NUM. DISPLAY. HELP

INTELINK (Atari onl> ) Price: $49.95 Diskette

This software package c ontains a menu-driven collection of programs for facilitating efficient two-way communications
through a full duplex modem (required for tisel In one mode of operation you may connect to a data service (e.g.. The
si >l Kc f or Mm roNet) and quic kly load data sue h as slot k quotations onto your diskette for later viewing. This greatly
reduces "e onne< t time" and thus the service charge You may also record the complete contents of a communications
session A<! dit ion a Ik programs writ ten in HASK . I ( >RTKAN. etc may be built off-line using the support text editor
and later "uploaded" to another c omputer. making the Atari a rery smart terminal. Even Atari BASIC programs may
lw uploaded I uriher. a command file may be built off-line and used later as controlling input for a time-share system
That is. you i an set up your sequence of lime-share commands and programs, and the Atari will transmit them as
needed, batch processing All this adds up to saving both connect time and your time

PAYFIVE (Apple II plus diskette, two drives required) Price: $149.95

This is an enormously flexible employee payroll system with extraordinarily good human engineering features
PAYI IVI prints e hec ks and < ompiles the required federal, state and local forms for up to 148 employees. The pay
methods may be hourly salary, c ommission or any c ombtnation 4 here are multiple options for pay periods, and they
also can be used in any combination PAYFIVI includes man)/ other features and comes extremely well documented
with a 200 page manual The manual may he purchased separately for $30. and that payment later applied to the
software purchase

SHOPPING LIST (Atari only I Price: $12.95 Cassette $16.95 Diskette

SIX IPPINd I 1ST stores information on items you purchase at the supermarket Before going shopping, it will remind
you of all the things you might need, and then display (or optionally print) your shopping list and the total c ost Adding,
deleting, c hanging and storing data is very easy Runs with I6K

TAX OPTIMIZER (Available Tor all computers! Price: $59.95 Diskette

The TAX OIMIMI/I K is an easy-to-use. menu-oriented software package which provides a convenient means for
analy/inq various me ome las strategies The program is designed to provide a quick and easy data entry Income tax is
i omputed by all tax methods (regular, income averaging, maximum and alternate minimum tax). The user may
immediately observe the tax effec i ol c ntic al financial decisions TAX OPTIMIZER has been thoroughly field tested in
CPA offices and comes complete with the current tax tablet in its data filet TAX OPTIMIZER is tax deductible'

STOCK MASTER STOCK PLOT (Apple 48K) Price: $59.95 Diskette

This is a full-featured slock portfolio management and analysis system Ten years of records on up to thirty ttocks may
be maintained You may record prices, revenue, earnings share. ROE. quarterly earnings and dividends, transactions,
lonq short term gains. P E. indexes (D.I. S & P. NASDAQ) and MORI ' You may plot (HIRES) the price history of any
sloe k against any other, lime, or the indexes Portfolio value may be evaluated al any time tomes complete with
superbly written instructions and sample files on a second diskette

TURNKEY AND MENU (Atari only) Price: $17.95 Diskette

TUHNKI Y it a utility program which allows you to create autobool autorun ditkettes easily Simply load and run
TURNKEY, load the program diskette to he modified, and answer the questions' The TURNKEY diskette alto comet
with DOS 2 and includes another program. MENU MENU lists the contents of your diskette alphabetically, and
permits the running of any HASH program on the diskette by typing a single key TURNKEY and MENU provide you
with the ability to run any program on your diskette by simply turning on the computer and pretting a tingle key

STOCKAID (Atari onl> l Price: $29.95 Diskette

SIIK KAII) providet a powerful set of tools for stock market analysts With STOCKAID you can display point and
figure rhartt. at well as bar charts with osc illators You can alto examine long term moving averages and nn-balance
volume features S I ( i( KAID allows you to input daily data with a single diskette ttorage capability of 239 dayt x 16
■Ml ks Included are sloe k dividend and tplit adjustment capabilities A very professional package'

NYINDEX (Atari onl> ) Price: $29.95 Diskette

NYINDEX it a comprehentive software package for storing, retrieving and plotting New York Stock Exchange
information The daily data treated includes the composite index, advances, declines, new highs and new lows
Graphical displays include the above plus the index oscillator, cumulative advances declines and moving averages
Data entry and editing is easy The diskette includes more than two years of daily data NYINDEX is an excellent
companion to SKM KAID

PLAYER-MISSILE GRAPHICS TABLET (Atari only) Price: $19.95 Diskette

The PEA Yl H- Ml SSI I I (.KAPHIC S TABLET was designed to take the drudgery out ol developing four color displays in
GRAPHIC S MODI 7 No longer will you have to read the locations of those tiny blocks on your graph paper and
< ale ulate HI < Hsand DHAWTOs With PMG you will be able to easily design colorful graphic displays with your joystick
and save them on diskette for later recall

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS AND DEPRECIATION (Apple diskette onl>) Price: $39.95 Diskette

This software package creates a data file of business expenses for equipment which can later be used to calculate and
display a variety of reports You may project annual costs, find the present worth, create depreciation schedules and
lusiify tax deductions The evaluation tec hniques conform to standards set by federal agencies This is an invaluable
package for any businessman who has invested in equipment LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS features an easy to use data file
creation see lion and providet formatted hardcopy reports for use in presentations or for tax record keeping purposes
When used fcir generating lax information, this package is tax deductible' Requires 48K Comes on two diskettes

MICROMAGIC (Apple diskette only) Price: $39.95 Diskette

The emphasis of this program is clearly the MAGIC MICROMAGIC offers outstanding versatility in Us ability to
function as a stand alone entertainment package or as a utility program to create stunning animated graphics for use in
other programs The sec ret lies in MX HOMAGIC's special on screen graphics editor You control a graphics cursor
directly from the keyboard, creating high resolution images using all 16 available colors When you are done with a
picture, it can be saved on disk with a single key command Up to 24 images can be saved as "frames" of a movie, and
then played back at high speed to creat short animated sequences. The effects are truly stunning
This package comet complete with demonstration programs so that even novice users can get immediate results No
programming skills are necessary to use MICROMAGIC If you have been frustrated by the effort required to create
graphics imag. with your computer MICROMAGIC will delight you

SHAPE MAGICIA. (Apple II. 48K. diskette only) Price: $29.95

At last' An utility for p. nlessly creating graphics shapes for the Apple Create, edit and save up to 30 shapes which can
then be used to develop arcade games or to simply enhance your programs Add that professional touch!

ORDERING INFORMATION

All orders are processed and shipped within 48 hours Please enclose payment with order and include the appropriate
computer information If paying by VISA or Master Card, include all numbers on card Purchase orders accepted

Shipping and Handling C barges Delivers

vsiibm North America: Add $2 (Ml All orders (excluding books) are sent First Class.

Outside North America Add 15% (Air Mail)

Ou.inlilv Discounts

Deduct 10% when ordering 3 or more programs: 20% when ordering 5 or more Dealer discount schedules available

upon request

X < P M Disks

Add $2 50 to the listed diskette price for each 8" floppy disk (IBM toft tectored CP M format) Programt run under

Microsoft MHASK or BASH -80

S'c C P M Disks

All software available on 8" t P M disks is also available on 5'/c" disks. North Star. Osborne. Superbrain and NEC

format

Ask for DV N A COM P programs at your local software dealer Write lor detailed descriptions of these and other programs
bom DYNAt (>MP.

DYNACOMP, Inc. (Dept. o

1427 Monroe Avenue
Rochester, New York 14618

24 hour message and order phone: (716) 442-8731
Toll free order phones: (800) 828-6772

(800) 828-6773
Office phone (9AM 5PM EST): (716) 442-8960

\r« York Stair rcAideim piravr add 7".. NYS \«lcs lax

EDUCATION

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HODGE PODGE (Apple 48K only) Price: $14 95 Cassette $18 95 Diskette

Let TIODGI PODGf be your child's teacher Pressing any key on your Apple will result in a different and intriguing
"happening" related to the letter or number of the c hosen key T he program's graphic s c olor and sound are adeltqhl for
e hildren from ages I VS. to 7 MODGF PODGI is a non-intimidating leac hing device whic b brings a new dimension lo i lo-
use t if c omputer s in education See the excellent reviews of this very popular program m INI i >WOHI DandSOflAlK

TEACHER'S AIDE (Atari and PETonl>) Price: $13.95 Cassette $17. 9< Diskette

TEAC HIR'S AIDI consists of three basic modules c ontained in one program The fust module provides add) lion and
subtraction exercises of varying levels of difficulty The second module c (insists of multiplication problems in whic hthe
student may be tested both on the final answer and or on the subtotal answers in the long hand proi edure Several
levels of complexity are provided here as well The third module consists of division problems, one parlic ularlv nic e
feature of the division module is that the long hand division steps c an be displayed along with the remainder in order to
clearly demonstrate the procedure by whichthe remainder isdenved losing If A< Iff K SAIDI is not merely a drill, but
rather a learning experrenc e

STATISTICS and ENGINEERING

DIGITAL FILTER (Available for all computers) Price: 119.93 < assette M3.93 Diskette

DIGITAL I 11 Tl R is a comprehensive data processing program which permits the user to design his nun filter fun< Hon
or choose from a menu of filter forms In the explicit design mode the shape of the freguenc v transfer fum linn iss»e< ifietl
hy directly entering points along the desired filter curve In the menu mode ideal Im pass high pass and bandpass
filters may he approximated to varying degrees according to the number nf points used in the < alt illation These filters
may optionally also be smoothed with a Manning function In addition, multi-stage Kutterworth filters mav bfl sete< te d
Features of DIGITAL I II Tl H include plotting of the data before and after filtering, as well as display of the « hosen filter
him lions Also included are convenient data storage, retrieval and editing procedures

DATA SMOOTHER (Not available for Atari) Price: 119.99 Cassette ttt.fl Diskette

This special data smoothing program may be used to rapidly derive usebil information bom noisy business And
engineering data which are equally spac ed The software features e hou e in deqree and range of fit as well as smoothed
first and second derivative calculation Also included is automatic plotting of the input data and smoothed results

FOURIER ANALYZER (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 C assette 123.99 Diskette

Use this program In examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals The program features auto ma in at alinq
and plotting of the input data and results Prac tic al appbc alions inc lude the analysis of c omplic aled patterns in mm h
fields as electronics, communications and business

TFA (Transfer Function Analy/erl Price: $19.95 123.93 Diskette

This is a special software package whic h may be used to evaluate the transfer func lions of systems MM b as hi-fi
amplifiers and filters by examining their response to pulsed inputs If A is a major modific anon of f OliRII H
ANALYZER and contains an engineering-oriented decibel versus log-frequency ploi as well as data editinq features
Whereas FOtlRIFR ANAI YZF.R isdesignedfor educationalandscientifu use Tl A isan enqineermq tool Available for
all computers.

HARMONIC ANALYZER (Available for all computers) Price: $24.95 (assette $28.95 Diskette

HARMONIC. ANAI. YZKR was designed for the spectrum analysis of repetitive waveforms f eatures inc hide daia hie
generation, editing and storage retrieval as well as data and spec trum plotting One parttc ularly unique far ilitv is thai
the input data need not be equally spared or in order The original data is sorted and a cubic spline interpolation is used
to create the data file required by the f t T algorithm

f Ot 'Rll R ANALYZER. TFA and HARM! INK ANAI V VI R mac he pun hased together for a c ombined pru e of $5 I 95
(three cassettes) and $63 95 (three diskettes).

REGRESSION I (Available for all computers) Price: $19 95 (assette $2.V95 Diskette

HI (»Hf SSION I is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional least squares "polynomial" curve bttinq
program Features include very high accuracy, an automatic degree determination option, an extensive internal library
of fitting functions, data editing, automatic data, curve and residual plotting, a statistical analysis |tj q standard
deviation, c orrelation. coefficient, etc ) and much more In addition, new fits may be tried without reentering the data
HI <>K! SSION I is certainly the cornerstone program in any data analysis software library

REGRESSION II (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 (assette $23.95 Diskette

PARAFTT is designed to handle those cases in which the parameters a imbedded (possibly nonlinearlyi in the fining
hint tion The user simply inserts the func licinal form, including the parameters (A( I ). A(2). eli l as one or more HASH
statement lines Data, results and residuals may be manipulated and plotted as with Hfc.Kf SSION I I s.
Kf (»Kf SSION I for polynomial fitting, and PARAf IT for those complicated func lions

ML'LTILINEARREGRESSIONlMLRKAvailablelorallccmiputersI Price: $24.95 Cassette $28 95 Diskette

MLR is a professional software package for analyzing data sets c ontaining two or more linearly independent variables
Besides performing the basic regression calculation, this program also provides easy to use data entry, storage,
retrieval and editing functions In addition, the user may interrogate the solution by supplying values for the
independent variables. The number of variables and data sue is limited only by the available memory
REGRESSION I. II and MUI Til INI AR RI (.HI SSION may be purchased together for $51 95 (three cassettes) or
Ml 95 (three diskettes).

ANOVA (Not available on Atari cassette or for PET ( BMl Price: $39.95 (assette $4.V95 Diskette

In the past the ANOVA (analysis of variance) procedure has been limited to the large mainframe computers Now
DYNACOMP has brought the powei of this method to small systems lor those conversant with ANOVA. the
DYNACOMP software package includes the l-way. 2-way and N-way proc edures Also provided are the Yates 2*
factorial designs For those unfamiliar with ANOVA. do not worry The ace ompanying documentation was written in a
tutorial fashion (by a professor in the suhjec I) and serves as an excellent introduction to the subjec I Ac < ompanying
ANOVA is a support program for building the data base Included are several convenient features inc ludinq data
editing, deleting and appending

BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES. Volumes I and 2 (Not available for Alan)

DYNACOMP is the exclusive distributor for the software keyed to the popular texts BASK Sd/MII II SI IHHl HI1INI S
Volumes I and 2 by I Ruckdeschel (see advertisements in HY 1 1 magazine) These subroutines have been assembled
according to chapter Included with each collection is a menu program which selec is and demonstrates each
subroutine.
Volume I

Collection 'I: Chapters 2 and 3 - Data and function plotting, complex variables and functions
Collection »2 Chapter 4 • txtended matrix and vector operations

C ollection «3 Chapters 5 and 6 - Random number generators (Pnisson. Gaussian etc ). senes approximations
Price per collection: $16 95 Cassette $20 95 Diskette

All three collections are available for $44 95 (three cassettes) and $53 95 (three diskettes)
Volume -

Linear, polynomial, multidimensional, parametric least squaies

Series approximation techniques (ec onomi/alion inversion reversion shiftinq etc I
I unc tional approximations by iteration and rec ursion

( « IHDIC approximations to trigonometric . hyperbolic . exponential and loqanthmic
func lions

Table interpolation, differentiation and integration (Newton I atiranqe spbnesl
Methods for finding the real roots of functions
Methods for finding the complex roots of func lions
Collection '8: Chapter 8 - Optimization by steepest des. ent
Price per collection $14 95 Cassette $18 95 Diskette
All eight collections are available for $99 95 (eighi cassettes) and $129 95 (eight diskettes)

Because the texts are a vital part of the documentation. BASIC S( II \lll l( SI IHHOI ITISIt S. volumes / and 2 are
available from DYNACOMP:

BASK StIINTIFK SDBHOI MM S Vol 1(319 pages) $19 95 ♦ 7 r .< posraqe
BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTIN! S. v„| 2 (790 pages) $23 95 + $1 50 postage
See reviews in KILOBAUD. Dr Dobbs. and Al ( I SS

SOFTNET (Apple II and TRS-80 48K diskette onlvl Price: $129 95

s< )f TNFT maybe used to create models of liquid pipeline systems to evaluate their flow performance Up to 1 Ml nodes
with up to 1 50 connecting elements may be simulated, and models may be combined to form yet larqer models If von
are involved in water distribution systems, chemical fluid flow problems, building plumbing, or similar situations this
is an ideal analysis tool.

FILTER ANALYSIS (Apple only) Price: $19.95 Cassette 123.93 Diskette

FILTER ANALYSIS is the ideal program for determining the frequency response of passive filters Any number of HI t
components may be included, and any number of poles treated FILTER ANAI YSIS leaiures Us own mini-lanquage
which makes circuit description simple Results may be printed in tabular form or plotted in MINI S graphic s (dec ibels
versus log-frequency)

ACTIVECIRCUITANALYSIS(Availableforallcomputers) Price:$i5 95 Cassette 139.93 Diskette

With AC AP you may analyze the response of an active or passive component circuit Thee ire uit may be probed at equal
steps in frequency, and the resulting complex voltages at each component iuni lure e**m>ned the Ireouern p response of
a filter or amplifier may be completely determined with respect to both amplitude and phase In addition At A P prints a
statistical analysis of the range of voltage responses which result from tolerance variations in thee omponents At A Pis
easy lo learn and use C irruit descriptions may be saved onto cassette or diskerte to be recalled al a later lime for
exec ulion or editing ACAP should be part of every cm uit designer's program library Requires 48K

LOGIC SIMULATOR (Available for all computers) Price: B33.99 t assette $t9 9? Diskette

Test your complicated digital logic design with respect to given set ol inputs to determine how well the . In uu will
operate The elements which may be simulated include multiple input AND. OR Nt IH IV)K I \N< IH and NAND
gates, as well as inverters. J-K and D flip-flops, and one-shots Inputs may be clocked in with varying < MM k > v< le
lengths displacements and delays may be introduced to probe for glitches and rac e conditions A timinq rjtararaaji ha
any given set of nodes may be plotted Save your breadboarding until the c ire uu is e hec ked by I (K.IC SIMt UAH IH
Requires 48K

BEAM DEFLECTION (Available for all computers) (disk diskette onl> I Price: $29 95 Diskette $'2 4< Disk
BEAM DEFLECTION Is the first in DYNACOMP's new series of structural analysis software atM kaqes Ii c onsists of
two programs The first program permits the development of data files which desc ribe the problem I or example the
ends of the beam may be pinned, clamped or free The beam may be uniformly supported by an elasti. bed or held up t>y
springs variously placed and having diHering spring constants The elasticity and < ross sec lion of the beam may i ,m
along its length The load may be uniformly distributed or it may inc lude disc rele tore es The beam may be pinneel at
various points along Us length And so on All this information may be easily entered and edited usinq the data input
program

I ..Mowing this the analysis program is railed The calculated results are the stress and deflec lions of ihe beam both in
numerical and graphical form since the input data is saved cases may be easily re-run wirh modifu altoa therein
permitting iterative design

the documentation which comes with BF.AM 1)1 I I 1 < HON i learlv shows how lo use the software In addition three
text problems are described and demonstrated to ensure that you understand how to use the program Also helpful
theoretical information is supplied in the appendix

STATTESTlNotavailableonAtaricassctteorforPET CBM) Pnce$l9.95( assette $2 V95 Diskette

This is a statistic al inference package which helps you make wise dec isions in ihe tac e of unc ertainiy In an mterai tive
fashion you can build and edit data files and lest the differences in means, varances and proporrions STATU SI will
also perform data analysis as well as do linear correlation and regression This menu-direc ted sialism al workhorse is
rounded out with a chi-sguare contingency test and a (uniform and normall random sample generator Ihe
documentation is written by a college professor who guides you through the various tests

I ollec tion *l :
< ollec lion »2
( ollec tion *3
( ollec lion *4:

Chapter I
Chapter 2 -
Chapter 3 '
Chapter 4 -

Collection '5 Chapter 5 -
Collection *6- ( hapter 6 ■
Collection *7: Chapter 7 .

ABOUT DYNACOMP

DYNACOMP is a leading distributor of small system sofiwate with sales spanning ihe world (currenrly in excess of 50
countries) During Ihe past three years we have greatly enlarged the DYNAt OMP prodiu t line but have maintained and
improved our high level of quality and customer support The achievement in quality is apparent from our many repeal
customers and the software reviews in sue h public alums as ( OMPI'THONK S HO Software t ritique. A N A I O d
Softalk. C reative Computing and Kilobaud DYNAt OMP software has also been chosen for demeinsrration em nerwork
television Out e ustomer support is as close as your phone It is always friendly The staff is highly trained and always w tllmej
to disc uss produc is or give advice

CIRCLE 184 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Parallel Processing, continued...

and permits some parallel processing, it
has several disadvantages. The primary
disadvantage is that it still requires the
user to wait while the computer processes
the data. At least in this version the user
has something to occupy his time— the
prompt displayed before the processing
began. But if the user can satisfy this
prompt very quickly, he may spend con-
siderable time waiting for the computer
to finish its task just as before. This
version can be improved by following
a second principle of parallel processing.

Second Principle: Interruptable pro-
cessing. Ideally, priority should be given
to the user's time, rather than the com-
puter's After all, we buy computers to
save our time, not theirs. This can be
accomplished with parallel processing by
providing a way for the user to interrupt
the computer when he completes his task
before the computer completes its task.
Once interrupted the computer could, for
example, accept user input, reply with
yet another prompt, and then return to its
processing task while it awaits the next
user response.

One technique for achieving interrupt-
able processing by the computer is illus-
trated in Listing 3. There I have taken the
iterative calculation subroutine from
Listing 2 and modified it to permit inter-
ruptable processing by adding lines 359
and 372 and changing lines 370 and 291.

This routine takes advantage of the
ability of the Apple to monitor the current
state of the keyboard by reading the
contents of decimal memory location
-16348. Whenever a key is pressed, the
value in this memory location becomes
the numeric code of the character typed
which is always greater than 128. Ref-
erencing a second memory location,
-16368 (decimal), clears the first location
until another key is pressed.

Line 359 is imbedded within the FOR...
NEXT loop and is executed with each
loop. This line examines the keyboard
memory location to determine whether a
key has been pressed, enabling the com-
puter to monitor the keyboard while
performing these calculations.

If a key has been pressed, line 359 exits
the calculation loop after setting LO equal
to the next loop index value, PMT + 1.
Line 370 checks to make sure the value
of SOURCES has not already been
entered, then prompts the user for the
value of SOURCES and resets the key-
board memory location. Line 372 returns
the program to the calculation subroutine
beginning with the next loop if the routine
has not already been completed.

The net result of this routine is that if
the user presses any key during the
execution of this subroutine, the program
will respond by halting execution and

Listing 3.

I ( < < I ♦ 1 ) a MO ) -
( X + 005 ) ) ) / 100

1 )

200 REM **********************

2 10 REM CALCULATION SUBROUTINE

220 REM **********************

225 LO ■" 1

230 I - IN / 12

240 MO ■ YEARS * 12

250 A - AMOUNT * I * < I + 1 ) a MO

260 DEF FN MR < X > » < INT (100 *

270 A c FN MR (A)

280 NL = BALANCE(O) ■ AMOUNT : TI N( ) «

2 90 FOR PMT - LO TO MO

30 II (PMT) - FN MR (I * BALANCE (PMT - 1>>

3 10 PR INC I PAL (PMT) » FN MR ( A - I 1 ( PMT ) )
32 IF PMT < > MO THEN GOTO 34

330 PRINCIPAL(PMT) - BALANCE(PMT)

340 BALANCE(PMT) ■ FN MR ( BALANC E ( PMT - 1) - PR I NC I P AL ( PMT ) )

350 TIN(PMT) - FN MR(TIN(PMT - 1) ♦ I 1 ( PMT ) )

35? ZZ « PEEK ( - 16384): IF ZZ > 128 THEN LO « PMT ♦ 1: GOTO 370

3 60 NEXT PMT

370 IF SOURCEf ■ ■■ THEN INPUT SOURCE*: POKE - 16368,0

3 72 IF PMT < MO GOTO 2 90

accepting the user response to the pre-
vious prompt, then resume execution until
the calculations are completed.

This solution, while better than non-
interruptable execution, still has prob-
lems. If, for example, the user presses
two or more keys before the program
halts execution, only the last key will be
stored in the keyboard memory location
and the user may have to backspace and
reenter the response.

Another problem, far more serious than
the first, is that the same procedures
which increase the efficiency of the
program by giving the user unequivocal
priority, may themselves introduce inef-
ficiency in other aspects of the program
by working at odds with other efficiency-
oriented procedures.

To avoid, or at least minimize, these
unanticipated conflicts, it is necessary to
coordinate these parallel processing tech-
niques with the other techniques which
also increase efficiency so they don't
defeat each other. This leads to the third
principle of parallel processing.

Third Principle: Coordinate parallel
processing with other techniques designed
to make programs more efficient. For
example, parallel processing should not
be allowed to make it necessary to do
something more than once, whether it is
reading a sector from a disk or performing
a calculation, or anything else. A basic
principle for integrating parallel proces-
sing into programs is that, with few
exceptions, it should not make it neces-
sary, to perform any task more than
once.

The primary strategy for coordinating
parallel processing design with other
strategies to produce more efficient pro-
grams is to introduce a transition phase
into programs when the computer is
handling control back over to the user
which continues to carry out the pro-
cesses performed by the central proces-
sing unit to the point where they may be

most efficiently terminated while still
permitting the simultaneous (or at least
apparently simultaneous) use of the key-
board by the user. TJiis is done by cre-
ating, for this transition phase, a time-
sharing capability for the microcomputer.
This strategy is illustrated by the fol-
lowing lines which may be substituted for
lines 359, 370, and 372 in Listing 3.

359 ZZ = PEEK (-16384): IF ZZ> 128
THEN KS = K$ + CHR$(ZZ): POKE
-16368,0: PRINT CHR$(ZZ);

370 IF K$ =""THEN INPUT
SOURCES

372 IF KS<>"" THEN INPUT "";
SOURCES: SOURCES = KS +
SOURCES

7NIC

GA/

"This one is called 'Kafka. ' It is programmed to
try to prevent the user from figuring out how to
play it. "

276

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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if

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©1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

CIRCLE 211 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping There is a $10
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beat any competitor s price provided it is not below our cost

Parallel Processing, continued...

If a key is pressed, the new line 359
stores the value of the key in string K$,
clears the memory location by referencing
decimal location -16368, and prints the
value of the key on the screen. Line 372
determines whether one or more keys
were pressed during the calculations, and
if so, permits the user to input the remain-
der of the response, then combines that
with the string K$ to reconstruct the
entire response.

Line 370 permits the user to input the
entire response if no keys were pressed
during the calculations. This method
permits the user to press more than one
key on the keyboard and have the re-
sponse registered even while the calcu-
lations are being performed without pas-
sing control completely back to the key-
board.

It should be pointed out that, when
viewed from within the machine, this is
not parallel processing because the com-
puter does not simultaneously perform
these calculations and register input data.
Instead, this is time-sharing in which both
activities are conducted within a very
short time interval to give the illusion to
the user of simultaneous processes. When
viewed from the larger perspective of the
man-machine interface, however, this is
parallel processing because it permits
both the user and the machine to carry
on processing activities at the same time.

This revised subroutine monitors the

keyboard during lengthy processes by the
computer. However, when a key is
pressed, rather than immediately return-
ing control to the user, it stores the keys
as they are entered in an array, K$, which
acts as a buffer. It also prints out the
stored keys on the monitor so the user
will know they are being registered.
Control is not returned fully to the user
until the computer is done with its internal
processing task.

This strategy has the advantage of
permitting the user response to overlap
more fully with the internal processing to
the computer, minimizing the interruption
of the internal processing while still not
requiring the user to wait needlessly.

Advantages And Limitations

Parallel processing by the microcom-
puter and the user offers the opportunity
to make running programs more efficient
and less frustrating to computer users. It
should both reduce waiting time and
decrease the overall time required to run
any program.

However, parallel processing is not a
panacea which will overcome all limi-
tations of microcomputers for all users
and for all programs. It will be of little
use where the computations or computer
activities are already so fast they are
almost unnoticed by the user. It will be
less useful where it is difficult to anticipate

A. ,*&*** I to*"' <****»•

the direction of the program and, hence,
difficult to know which prompt to display
next, and more useful where there is a
clear direction.

Keyboard monitoring routines such as
those used in these examples to facilitate
parallel processing are most effectively
used in program loops. Their use in other
time-consuming but noniterative stages
of the program may require multiple calls
to a monitoring subroutine.

Nor is this technique likely to eliminate
all waiting. Most programs are not so
balanced that neither the user nor the
computer need ever wait. One problem is
that different users may interact at very
different speeds. For someone less famil-
iar with the program, who reads slower,
or who must search through papers for
the proper data, the input time may be
considerably longer than for the exper-
ienced user who has everything at hand
and hardly even needs to read the
prompts to know what to enter next.

At first, parallel processing appears to
conflict with structured programming,
sometimes requiring prompts to be sep-
arated from related code and placed
among seemingly unrelated code. The
problem is structured programming,
which creates subroutines having only a
single function, looks only at the com-
puter part of the process and ignores the
user.

With only slight modification it is pos-
sible to reconceptualize structured pro-
gramming as the creation of separate
modules or subroutines having a single
function for the computer and a single
function (which may be very different)
for the user.

Unless carefully coordinated with other
aspects of the program, parallel proces-
sing during disk I/O might result in
additional disk accesses resulting in more
wear and tear on the disk drive and
diskettes. This may be minimized with
careful monitoring and design of the
program. However, parallel processing
should be used only where the additional
complexity of programming is outweighed
by efficiency of operation.

This type of programming may not be
for everyone. Just as there are people
who enjoy commercials on television so
they can take a breather , raid the icebox,
or answer the call of nature, some people
may like programs with similar built-in
pauses when they can do something else.

There is no reason to expect that
everyone's work habits will be enhanced
by this type of programming. But even
the most "laid-back" programmer can be
bothered by those times when he must
wait long enough to be irritated but not
long enough to be productive. Perhaps
parallel processing programming could
eliminate these awkward gaps to the
benefit of us all.

278

December 1982 e Creative Computing

ATARI

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825 Printer $579

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483 Programmer $ 55

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The Bookkeeper Kit $169

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OS/A + $ 59

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(Holds 10 Atari Computer Cartridges)

AXIOM GP-100 GRAPHICS PRINTER $299

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SYSTEM SAVER FAN $ 65

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CIRCLE 149 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE

TRS-80, COLOR COMPUTER, PET
& APPLE II

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APPLE is a trademark of APPLE
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CIRCLE 234 ON READER SERVICE CARD

FIRST and FINEST

In Systems Software for Atari and Apple

' \

MAC 65

First we delivered Atari s Assembler Editor (the
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In addition to being ideal tor writing small
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Naturally MAC 65 is upward compatible with
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MAC 65 $80.00*

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SpeedRead ■ exercises your peripheral vision,
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SpeedRead $59.95

C 65

NOW AVAILABLE!
The first native mode C compiler ever produced
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C 65 supports a very usable subset of the ex-
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/"""

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As a product of Tiny C Associates, tiny-c was
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tiny-c provides an easy-to-use. easy-to-
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tiny-c $99.95*

BASIC A+

"From the authors of Atari BASIC..."
Its a fact! OSS gave you that first and most
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But why be content with the first when you can
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BASIC A+ is the only logical upgrade available
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CIRCLE 259 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Parallel Processing, continued...

Implications For The Future

Assuming you use some merit in the
concept of parallel processing and want
to develop usable routines for your own
computer, there still may be some prac-
tical difficulties to overcome. For exam-
ple, in this program for the Apple II,
there are several awkward problems with
these routines. If keys are pressed in rapid
succession while the computer is in its
time-sharing routine the routine may not
examine the memory register often
enough, causing some keystrokes to be
missed. Such problems might be resolved
by assembly language routines which
could work more quickly. But the best
solution appears to be to rewrite the
console driver to include this capability.

In principle, there should be no reason
why one could not write console drivers
which encourage and permit such time-
sharing and parallel processing in micro-
computers, and do so more efficiently
than basic subroutines. Such drivers could
make it considerably easier for the pro-
grammer relieving him of the need to
create keyboard monitoring subroutines
in the code.

The Apple III console driver is written
with just such a feature, It is caJied a type
ahead ability. As many as 128 characters
can be entered from the keyboard while
the program is processing elsewhere. The
characters are processed in sequence
when the computer is ready for them. It
is even possible to enter several different
responses in sequence while awaiting the
computer. Each sequence which satisfies
a prompt by the computer will be
processed, and the remaining characters
in the buffer will be saved and interpreted
as the response to the next computer
prompt. Clearly, this feature makes
parallel processing much easier for the
Apple III.

However, a console driver by itself is
not sufficient to take maximum advantage
of parallel processing. It is still necessary
for the programmer to reconceptualize
the programming task and resequence the
activities to coordinate user and
computer.

To be most effective, parallel proces-
sing program design must go beyond the
mere alteration of minor parts of the
code. It must also involve a more realistic
assessment of the imbalances in the pro-
gram sequence and develop ways to
coordinate user and computer so neither
must wait any longer than necessary.
Parallel processing is a realistic goal for
microcomputing and should be expected
of good programs. Perhaps soon we will
no longer consider a program "user-
friendly" if it requires the user to wait for
long periods of time needlessly. □

December 1982 e Creative Computing

YOU NEVER HAD IT

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CIRCLE 148 ON READER SERVICE CARD

How To Find It

Searching Techniques

Part 4

Edward Mitchell

A Survey of Sorts

Steve glanced at the display screen of his computer.
"Drat!" he exclaimed, "it still isn't finished. That program
has been running over an hour, and it still isn't done."

Linda looked up from her desk. "What algorithm are
you using?" she asked.

"Just a sort routine I learned in a beginning pro-
gramming class. Why?" he answered.

"Because maybe youYe not using the right one."

"You mean there is more than one way to sort?" Steve
blurted out.

"Yeah, there are lots more than just one. Let me see
your listing."

Steve handed her a tattered piece of paper, well worn
by pencil marked changes. Linda pulled her chair over
near his computer and reached for the listing. She
recognized it as a typical Bubble Sort, easy to under-
stand, but very inefficient.

"Look," she said, as she drew some lines on a piece of
paper. "This steep curve represents your Bubble Sort,"
she said, pointing to one of the lines. "When the size of
your table gets really big, the time it takes to do the sort
is huge. But look at this curve down here."

Steve looked, rather skeptically at the other curve. It
ran across the paper near the bottom of the graph,
increasing only gradually.

"This curve represents Quicksort," said Linda. "Com-
pared to your Bubble Sort, look at how little time it
takes. And look at how little the time increases as the
table gets bigger."

"Wow!" said Steve. "For my file that would be about
50 times faster. How does Quicksort do it?"

"Looks like your program just finished," responded
Linda. "I have some other things I need to work on right
now, but maybe 1 could help you later today."

Edward Mitchell, 720-A Independence Ave., Mountain View, CA 94040.

284

Steve sighed, feeling mildly perturbed. He finally had a
chance but now he would have to postpone it 'til later.
Hopefully, they could get things sorted out.

A surprisingly large number of techniques are available
to sort data with a computer. The obvious techniques
can be very slow when used to sort a large number of
records. Better methods such as Shellsort and Quicksort
that sort at much higher speeds than the ubiquitous
Bubble Sort have been discovered.

As mentioned in the introduction to Part 1, when a
problem becomes too large for the computer, we may
choose to buy a bigger computer, or we may choose to
find a faster method of solving the problem. Several
sorting methods run very fast and are not very difficult
to program. Their approach to sorting is just not very
obvious. Before studying Shellsort and Quicksort, we
shall first look at some of the simpler sorts, such as the
Bubble, Selection, and Insertion sorts.

Measuring Sort Performance

Because there are so many sorting algorithms, it is
apparent that some techniques are better than others.
But how much better? By analyzing parameters
associated with each algorithm, such as the total number
of comparisons and exchanges expected for a list of size
n, a simple formula may be derived to indicate the speed
of a sort. For example, the Bubble Sort requires on the
order of n 2 time to sort a list of n numbers. This means
that the time is roughly equal to the size of the list,
squared. Doubling the size of n quadruples the length of
time to perform the sort (e.g. when n=5, then n 2 =25, but
when n=10, then n 2 =100, or 100/25 — four times longer).

Another way to compare sort performance is to time
the sorting algorithms as they sort different sized arrays
of data. The resulting times can be plotted against n to
give an intuitive notion of their relative speed. Figure 1
presents graphs for four of the sorting methods discussed
in this article, comparing the sorting time required by
these algorithms.

December 1982 c Creative Computing

SOFTWARE

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CIRCLE 349 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Searching, continued.

10000

NOOO

6000

4000

2000

Elapsed
Time
In
Seconds

Bubble
Sort

Figure 1. Data Points.

Selection
Sort

n =

Quicksort

Shellsort

Selection

Bubble

10

1 sec.

1

1

1

100

16

15

34

46

200

36

38

127

176

400

75

90

490

677

800

161

221

1925

2667

1600

348

530

7365*

10,130*

Shellsort
Quicksort

10

100

200 400

Si/e of Table Sorted

800

1600

Figure 1. A comparison of running time versus table
size for four sorting algorithms. Bubble Sort takes over
10,000 seconds to sort J 600 numbers, while Quicksort
takes about 350 seconds.

Keep in mind that when the data records are almost
ordered, the sort algorithms may behave much dif-
ferently than expected, running either much faster or

♦Estimated Data Point

much slower. A sorting technique called Heapsort, has
the interesting property that its average and worst case
sorting times are nearly the same. Heapsort is not
described in this article, but see references Knuth (1973)
or Standish (1980).

Of course, how fast the sorting routine operates may
be irrelevant, simply because the computer functions so
quickly as to make differences in sorting times un-
noticeable. In other cases, it may be just fine to let the
computer run overnight, in which case it does not matter
if the sort is done in one hour or eight hours. It is im-
portant to recognize that the difference in sorting per-
formance becomes a factor only as n becomes large, and
then only when the time, in human terms, becomes
significant.

Extended BASIC

TRS-80 Color Computer

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Magazine RO Box 1087 Santa Barbara, CA 93102 (805)963-1066 c

CIRCLE 138 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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Searching, continued.. .

The Selection Sort

Selection sort is the first sort to be shown in detail. To
sort the following array into ascending order,

Sl(l) Sl(2) Sl(3) Sl(4) Sl(5) Sl(6)
7 11 12 3 31 9

the selection sort algorithm starts at the left and scans the
list, looking for the lowest number. It finds the lowest
value at position Sl(4)=3. The number 3 is printed, and
SI (4) is set to some large number, giving

Sl(l) Sl(2) Sl(3) Sl(4) Sl(5) Sl(6)
7 11 12 99999 31 9

By setting SI (4) to 99999, the algorithm is sure to not
select the number at S 1(4) again. It then repeats the scan,
this time choosing 7 at Sl(l). The number 7 is printed,
and Sl(l) is set to a large number.

Sl(l) Sl(2) Sl(3) Sl(4) Sl(5) Sl(6)
99999 11 12 99999 31 9

The algorithm loops through the list repeatedly until
all the values in Sl() are set to the same large value. A
simple selection sort might be programmed as shown in
Listing 1.

Listing 1. The simple Selection Sort.

1000 FOR i = 1 TO N
1010 S ■ 999999!
1020 FOR J = 1 TO N
1030 IF SI <J>
1040 NEXT J
1050 PRINT SI (L),
1060 SI (L) - 999999!
1070 NEXT I
1080 RETURN

By making a simple change to Listing 1 , a second array
containing the sorted numbers is produced. By removing
lines 1050 and 1060, and adding the line,

1050 S2(I) = S1(J)

Listing 1 will take as input array Sl() and produce a
second array S2(), containing the sorted list. For large
values of n, two arrays will use a great deal of memory.
An improvement can be made so that the second array
is not needed. To illustrate, consider the list of numbers,

S THEN S = SI (J): L = J

7
t

(a)

11

12

3

t
(b)

31

"How do you suppose we managed to get such a good deal on these new
terminals'!"

The arrow at (a) points to the start of the scan. Moving
across the list, the algorithm chooses 3 at (b). Rather than
printing 3 and setting the corresponding element of the
list to 99999, the number is simply exchanged with the
number at the start of the list to give,

31 9

3

11

12

7

t

t

t

(a)

(c)

(b)

The number at (a) is the lowest number in the list, so the
scan now begins at (c). Since 7, at (b), is the lowest
number, (b) and (c) are exchanged to give,

31 9

3

7 1

2 11

t

t

t

(a)

(c)

(b)

The selection sort continues in that manner until the
entire list is sorted. Listing 2 shows the improved selec-
tion sort routine.

Listing 2. The improved Selection Sort.

1000 FOR I = 1 TO N

1010 S ■ 999999!

1020 FOR J = I TO N

1030 IF SI <J> < S THEN S = SI (J)

1040 NEXT J

1050 T = SI (I)

1060 SI (I) - SI <L)

1070 SI (L> ■ T

1080 NEXT I

1090 RETURN

Bubble Sort

The Bubble Sort scans the list until finding any number
that is lower than the first, not necessarily the lowest
overall. Once a number is found, the two values are
exchanged, and the algorithm continues searching.
For example, using

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

9

11

12

7

31

3

the scan begins at (1) and compares 9 to the other
numbers. As soon as 7 at (4) is found, the two numbers
are exchanged.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

7

11

12

9

31

3

Resuming at (5), the algorithm scans to (6), where 3 is
found to be less than 7. The two numbers are exchanged,
giving

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

3

11

12

9

31

7

At this point the first number in the list is the lowest
number. The algorithm begins a second pass at (2),
scanning until (4), where an exchange produces,

(1)
3

(2)
9

(3)
12

(4)
11

(5)
31

(6)

7

Finally, (2) is compared to (6) and the two values are
exchanged.

(1)

3

(2)

7

(3)
12

(4)
11

(5)
31

(6)
9

Now the first two numbers of the list are in sorted order.
Beginning at (3), the Bubble Sort continues to scan the
list until all of the numbers are in ascending order. The
name Bubble Sort comes From the appearance of the
lowest numbers as they percolate or "Bubble" to the
front of the list. A Basic program to perform a Bubble
Sort is shown in Listing 3.

288

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Listing 3. The Bubble Sort.

1000
1010

1020

1030
1 040
1050

FOR I =
FOR J =

IF SI

SI ( 1 )

NEXT J

NEXT I

RETURN

1 TO N - 1
I TO N

(J) < SI (I)

: SI (I) = T

THEN T

SI (J): SKJ) =

Insertion Sorts

The ordered table binary search from Part 1 is an
insertion sort. The ordered table keeps the names in
alphabetical order. A new name is added by finding the
position at which it should be placed, and then inserting
it into the list. To add 13 and 8 into the list,

11

31

just insert each number at the appropriate position. This
gives,

3 7 y\ 9 11 /\ 31

8 13

An insertion sort removes one number from the input
and inserts it into the sorted output list.

Algorithms 2 and 3, and Listing 2 in Part 1 , and Listing
3 in Part 3 of this series illustrate the insertion sort
technique using an array of character strings. The same
algorithms may be applied to arrays of numbers by
changing the string variables to numeric variables.

The insertion sort does not require that any particular
data structure or search technique be used. Depending
on the requirements of the data, an array, binary tree, or
linked list may be used to represent the data, and a
sequential, binary or binary tree search may find the
position at which to insert the new name.

Shellsort

The Shellsort, named for its creator, Donald Shell,
divides the list into a large number of small partitions.
The numbers within each partition are then sorted into
order. For example, if we start with the list,

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
7 11 12 3 31 9 6 13

and partition it into pairs of elements, we get the list,

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

7
i

11

1

12 3 3,1

9 6

1

► 13

1

( 1) is paired with (5), (2) with (6), (3) with (7) and (4) with
(8). For each pair, the two elements are arranged into
order. Exchanging (2) and (6), and (3) and (7) produces
the list,

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
7 9 6 3 31 11 12 13

Next, the partitions are doubled in size so that each con-
tains four elements, giving

(1)

7

i

(2)
9

t

(3)

6

_i

(4)
3

±z

(5)
31

I

(6)
11

(7)

12

i

(8)
13

_l

The four elements within each of these partitions are
sorted to give,

(1)
6

(2)
3

(3)
7

(4)
9

(5)
12

(6)
11

(7)
31

(8)
13

Finally, the partitions are doubled again, this time to
encompass the entire list. Before sorting the final
partition, note that the list is almost sorted. The first
four elements, while in the wrong positions are indeed
the first four elements of the sorted list. The final list
shown below is produced by interchanging 3 adjacent
pairs of numbers at locations (1) and (2), (5) and (6),
and (7) and (8).

*

3 6 7 9 11 12 13 31

The Shellsort is shown as a Basic program in Listing 4.
The variable D is the distance between elements within a
single partition. Statement 1050 selects the partition to
sort, while statements 1060 through 1110 sort the
elements of the partition.

Listing 4. The Shell Sort. This is essentially Algorithm
20 J "Shell Sort" from the Collected Algorithms of the
CACM.

"He can't fool me with all this generosity. He makes it all back selling his
computerized mailing list...

December 1982 c Creative Computing

1000 D=4

1010 IF D< N THEN D

1020 D = D - 1

1030 D ■ INT (D/2)

1040 IF D < 1 THEN RETURN

1050 FOR J » 1 TO N - D

1060 FOR I * J TO 1 STEP -D

1070 IF SKI + D) > SI (I)

1080 T« SKI)

1090 SKI) ■ SKI «• D)

1100 SKI + D) ■ T

1110 NEXT I

1120 NEXT J

1130 GOTO 1030

D + D:G0T0 1010

THEN GOTO 1120

Quicksort

The Bubble Sort algorithm requires n 2 time to sort a
list of n entries. If the list is split in two, the problem
becomes one of sorting two smaller lists, each taking
(l/2n) 2 time. If n = 10, then BubbJe Sort takes n 2 - )00
time to sort the list. Dividing the list into two smaller
lists of n=5 gives a sorting time of 5 2 + 5 2 =50, which is less
than the original (neglecting the problem of merging the
two sorted lists together after the sort).

The Quicksort algorithm, invented by C.A.R. Hoare,
uses a divide and conquer approach to divide the list into
successively smaller subproblems. To divide the list, a
number called the pivot value is chosen. All numbers less

289

Searching, continued...

than the pivot are placed to the left and all numbers
greater than the pivot are placed to the right. To sort the
list of six numbers,

31 11

12

we choose the first number in the list, 9, as the pivot value.
All the numbers less than 9 are arranged to the left of the
pivot value and all the numbers that are greater are
arranged to the right, giving two partitions. Using a tree
to graphically depict the operation of Quicksort, the
partitioning is easily observed,

S\

N

n

\

12

The first partitioning produces two new partitions. Each
of these partitions becomes a new subproblem to be sub-
divided further. Since there are just two numbers in the
left subbranch, they are easily sorted to give,

\

11

12

The next step is to select a pivot point for the right sub-
branch and partition it in two sections. Choosing 12 as
the pivot value, the right branch is partitioned into,

12

/ \

3 11 31

After only three partitions, the list is sorted into the tree
shown above. Traversing the tree from left to right yields
the sorted list.

Selecting the Pivot Value

Several modifications have been made to Quicksort,
particularly with respect to the selection of the pivot
value. Ideally, the pivot should be equal to the median of
the list, so that it yields two nearly equal partitions. One
simple selection is to choose the first value in the list as the
pivot point. Unfortunately, if the list is nearly sorted,
which is often the case, that choice is a poor selection
since it will probably be the lowest number in the list.
Attempting to partition on that value will have no effect
since all numbers greater than it are already to its right.

Another candidate is the last value in the list, but for
similar reasons, it may be a very poor choice when the
list is almost sorted. If the list is expected to be almost
sorted, then choosing the middle entry as a pivot would
be a good choice. Other choices include averaging the
first, last and middle elements of a partition or averaging
a random sample from the list.

Programming Quicksort

Rather than using a tree structure for Quicksort, it is
much faster and easier to use an array based version,
especially when coding in a language like Basic. Let the
numbers

be contiguous numbers in an array. To partition the
array, select 9 as the pivot value and reorder the array as,

7
<9

11
>9

12 31

The first three numbers are all less than or equal to the
pivot, 9, and the last three numbers are all greater.

To perform an array based partitioning, create two
pointers I and J, and set them as shown below.

9

I

31 11

12

3
J

Let X have the pivot value of 9. Advance I to the right
until finding a number greater than the pivot, X. This
yields,

9 31 11 7 12 3
I J

Next, decrement J to the left until finding a number less
than the pivot. In this case, 3 is less than 9, so J does not
need to move. Exchange the two numbers pointed to by
I and J, giving,

3

I

11

12

31
J

Repeat the procedure, advancing I to the right. Then
decrement J to the left until reaching a number less
than 9.

11

I

7
J

12 31

The two numbers are exchanged and the first partition is
completed, giving two new partitions,

7
I

11
J

12 31

All numbers at or to the left of I are less than or equal to 9,
and those to the right are greater. It is now up to the
Quick Sort algorithm to sort the two smaller sections.
The easiest way to do that is to have Quick Sort call
itself to partition and sort each of the two smaller
sections.

Quicksort is shown in Algorithm 1. After the first
partitioning, Quicksort will call itself recursively to sort
the two smaller sections. Unfortunately, with a Basic
program, the solution can not be quite that simple. For
example, the Quicksort subroutine sorts the numbers
between L and R, but as soon as Quicksort is called again,
the old values of L, R, I, and J will be lost when set to the
edges of the new partition. Obviously, the values need to
be saved before calling Quicksort. An initial solution

31 11

12

Algorithm 1

Quicksort (L,R)

On entry L is the lower bound of a partition and R
is an upper bound. This algorithm sorts the num-
bers in the array Sl() between L and R. The
partitioning routine is described in the text and
shown in Listing 5.

Step Action

1) Partition (L,I,J.R)

2) IF R-L=l Then

IF S1(R) S1(L) Then Exchange S1(R), Sl(6)

Else

Quicksort (L,I)
Quicksort (J,R)

290

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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1 000

REM - QUICKSORT

1010

IF L >■ R - 1 THEN GOTO 1160

1020

REM - SUBR 2000 PARTITIONS THE SEGMENT BETWEEN L AND R

1030

QOSUB 2000

1 040

IF J > R THEN GOTO 1170

1050

P « P + 2 : REM - PUSH J AND R ON TO STACK

1060

S (P) ■ J: S <P-1> = R

1070

R = I

1080

REM - CALL QUICKSORT TO SORT THE SEGMENT BETWEEN L AND I (R NOW EQUALS I)

1090

GOSUB 1000

1 1 00

L = S (P): REM - RESTORE L = J AND R FROM THE SAVED VALUES ON STACK

1110

R = S (P - 1)

1 1 20

GOSUB 1000

1130

REM - POP THE SAVED DATA FROM THE STACK

1140

P = P - 2: RETURN

1150

REM - IF ONLY 2 ELEMENTS THEN PERFORM QUICK COMPARISION SORT

1160

IF R - L - 1 THEN IF SI (R) < SI (L) THEN T = SI (L) : SI (L) = SI (R) : SI (R) =T

1170

RETURN

2000

REM

20 1

REM

2020

REM

2030

REM

2040

REM - PARTITION THE SEGMENT BETWEEN L AND R, RETURNING I AND J

2050

I = L: J = R

2060

X = (SI (I) + SI (J) + SI ((I + J)/2))/3: REM - COMPUTE PIVOT VALUE

2070

REM - INCREMENT I UNTIL FINDING AN SKI) > THAN X

2080

IF I > N THEN GOTO 2170

2090

IF SI (I) < X THEN 1=1+1: GOTO 2080

2 1 00

REM

2110

REM - DECREMENT J UNTIL FINDING AN SKJ) < THAN X

2120

IF J < M THEN GOTO 2170

2130

IF SKJ) > X THEN J = J - 1: GOTO 2120

2140

REM

2 1 50

REM - IF NEEDED, THEN EXCHANGE THE VALUES AT SKI) AND SKJ)

2 1 60

IF I < J THEN T = SKI): SKI) = SKJ): SKJ) = T: I = I + 1 : J = J - 1 : GO

TO 2080

2170

I = J: J = J + 1: REM - RETURN I AND J AT EDGES OF PARTITIONS

2 1 80

RETURN

Listing 5. Quicksort. To use Quicksort, set L-l, and
R-n (the number of elements in the table to sort) and
do a GOSUB 1000. Array S() may be defined as DIM S

(2*n), and used as a stack to store the edges of sub-
problems still to be solved.

might be to write something like,

Rl = R
Jl = J

as a way of saving the values of R and J. But what
happens if the call to Quicksort, in turn, causes another
call to Quick Sort? Ultimately, Rl and Jl will be set to
some other values.

The solution is to store R and J on a stack. Each time
Quicksort is called, R and J are pushed. For example, to
sort the original list, L and R are 1 and 6, respectively.
After calling the partitioning routines, two new partitions
are created: 1 to 3, and 4 to 6. Quicksort is called
recursively to sort each of the two subproblems. The
necessary values are placed on the stack, and Quicksort is
called. On return, the original values are restored from
the stack.

A Basic implementation of Quicksort is shown in
Listing 5. The size of the stack S() can be reduced by
calling Quicksort to sort the smaller of the two intervals
first. This trick is described further in Standish (1980).

Sorting Strings and Files

All of the examples shown so far sort arrays of
numbers, but they can also be used with arrays of
character strings and with records in disk files. By chang-
ing the appropriate variables, the Bubble Sort shown in
Listing 2 is altered to sort character strings (see Listing
6(a)).

Unfortunately, sorting character strings is very inef-
ficient because entire strings must be shifted around in
memory. Microcomputers (and most large computers,
too) do not perform that operation very well. But we

don't have to move the strings around. Instead, an array
of pointers or indexes is used to point to each name in the
array to be sorted. (See Part 2 for an explanation of
pointers). Then the pointers are exchanged, rather than
the strings. An example makes this clear. Let D$() be the
array of names,

D$(l)
LISA

D$(2) D$(3) D$(4)

ALAN GEORGE TED

Lion ALrtH UEUIVVJL 1 HU

Let P() be an array of pointers, initially set as,

Pm P(2) P(3) P(4) P(5)

2 3 4 5

D$(5)
ALICE

P(l)

1

Now, to sort the list of names, exchange the pointer
locations as shown,

P(l)

2

P(2)

5

P(3)

3

P(4)

1

P(5)
4

292

After the sort, D$() is unchanged, only the P() values
have been exchanged. Note that D$(P(1))=ALAN, which
is the first name in the sorted list and D$(P(2))=ALICE,
which is the second name. Verify for yourself that
D$(P(I)), for I equals 1 to 5, does, indeed, yield the sorted
list of names. A Bubble Sort using pointers is shown in
Listing 6(b). Not shown is the initialization of each of
the P(I) values to I, for I equals 1 to N, which is accomp-
lished with a single FOR-NEXT loop. The same tech-
nique may be applied to all of the string sorts and as a
means of improving the execution time of Algorithms
2 and 3 in Part 1 of this series.

Pointers should be used when sorting records in a
data file. Rather than reading a record from the file and
then exchanging it with another record elsewhere in the

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

N

*

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NAME

1 RULE78

2 ANNCJ1

3 DATE

4 DAYYEAR

5 LEASEINT

6 BREAKEVTS

7 DEPRSL

8 DEPRSY

9 DEPRDB

10 DEPRDDB

11 TAXDEP

12 CHECK2

13 CHECKBK1

14 MORTGAGE/A

15 MULTMON

16 SALVAGE

17 RRVARJM

18 RRCONST

19 EFFECT

20 FVAL

21 PVAL

22 LOAMPAY

23 REGW1TH

24 SIMPDISK

25 DATEVAL

26 AMNUDEF

27 MARKUP

28 SINKFCJND

29 BONDVAL

30 DEPLETE

31 BLACKSH

32 STOCVAL1

33 WARVAL

34 BONDVAL2

35 EPSEST

36 BETAALPH

37 SHARPE1

38 OPTvVRITE

39 RTVAL

40 EXPVAL

41 BAYES

42 VALPRINF

43 VALADINF

44 UTIUTY

45 SIMPLEX

46 TRANS

47 EOQ

48 QUEUE 1

49 CVP

50 COMDPROF

51 OPTLOSS

52 FQUOQ

53 FQEOWSH

54 FQEOQPB

55 QUEUECB

56 nCFANAL

57 PROFIND

58 CAP1

DESCRIPTION

Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78s

Annuity computation program

Time between dates

Day of year a particular date falls on

Interest rate on lease

Breakeven analysis

Straightline depreciation

Sum of the digits depreciation

Declining balance depreciation

Double declining balance depreciation

Cash flow vs. depreciation tables

Prints NEBS checks along with dairy register

Checkbook maintenance program

Mortgage amortization table

Computes time needed for money to double, triple

Determines salvage value of an investment

Rate of return on investment with variable inflows

Rate of return on investment with constant inflows

Effective interest rate of a loan

Future value of an investment (compound interest)

Present value of a future amount

Amount of payment on a loan

Equal withdrawals from investment to leave over

Simple discount analysis

Equivalent & nonequivalent dated values for oblig.

Present value of deferred annuities

% Markup analysis for items

Sinking fund amortization program

Value of a bond

Depletion analysis

Black Scholes options analysis

Expected return on stock via discounts dividends

Value of a wan-ant

Value of a bond

Estimate of future earnings per share for company

Computes alpha and beta variables for stock

Portfolio selection model i.e what stocks to hold

Option writing computations

Value of a right

Expected value analysis

Bayesian decisions

Value of perfect information

Value of additional information

Derives utility function

Linear programming solution by simplex method

Transportation method for linear programming

Economic order quantity inventory model

Single server queueing (waiting line) model

Cost volume-profit analysis

Conditional profit tables

Opportunity loss tables

Fixed quantity economic order quantity model

As above but with shortages permitted

As above but with quantity pnce breaks

Cost benefit waiting line analysis

Net cash flow analysis for simple investment

Profitability index of a project

Cap Asset Pr Model analysis of project

etc.

59 WACC

60 COMPBAL

61 DISCBAL

62 MERGANAL

63 FIN RAT

64 NPV

65 PR1NDLAS

66 PRINDPA

67 SEASIND

68 TIMETR

69 TIMEMOV

70 FUPRINF

71 MAILPAC

72 LETWRT

73 SORT3

74 LABEL 1

75 LABEL2

76 BUSBUD

77 TIMECLCK

78 ACCTPAY

79 INVOICE

80 INVENT2

81 TELDIR

82 TIMUSAN

83 ASSIGN

84 ACCTREC

85 TERMSPAY

86 PAYNET

87 SELLPR

88 ARBCOMP

89 DEPRSF

90 UPSZONE

91 ENVELOPE

92 AUTOEXP

93 INSFILE

94 PAYROLL2

95 DILANAL

96 LOANAFFD

97 RENTPRCH

98 SALELEAS

99 RRCONVBD
100 PORTVAL9

Weighted average cost of capital

True rate on loan with compensating bal. required

True rate on discounted loan

Merger analysis computations

Financial ratios for a firm

Net present value of project

Laspeyres price index

Paasche price index

Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company

Time series analysis linear trend

Time series analysis moving average trend

Future price estimation with inflation

Mailing list system

Letter writing system-links with MAILPAC

Sorts list of names

Shipping label maker

Name label maker

DOME business bookkeeping system

Computes weeks total hours from timeclock info.

In memory accounts payable system storage permitted

Generate invoice on screen and print on printer

In memory inventory control system

Computerized telephone directory

Time use analysis

Use of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.

In memory accounts receivable system storage ok

Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans

Computes gross pay required for given net

Computes selling price for given after tax amount

Arbitrage computations

Sinking fund depreciation

Finds UPS zones from zip code

Types envelope including return address

Automobile expense analysis

Insurance policy file

In memory payroll system

Dilution analysis

Loan amount a borrower can afford

Purchase pnce for rental property

Sale leaseback analysis

Investor s rate of return on convertable bond

Stock market portfolio storage-valuation program

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Searching, continued...

file, simply rearrange the pointers. Listing 6(c) shows
another version of Bubble Sort set up to sort a disk file.
The program in 6(c) was written and run on an Osborne
1 personal computer.

Listing 6(a). A simple change may be made to any of the
sort routines to sort character strings. Shown in (a) is a
modified Bubble Sort. In (b) pointers (described in the
text) are used to make the implementation somewhat
faster.

1000 FOR I = 1 TO N -
1010 FOR J = I TO N

1020 IF S* (J) < S*

S* (I): S* (I)

1030 NEXT J

1040 NEXT I

1050 RETURN

(I) THEN T*

- T*

= S* (J) : S*<J)

Name

Address

City

Zip Code

Figure 2. Typical Customer Record.

R$=

32 bytes 24 bytes 16 bytes 5 bytes

Sorting on fields. When the records to be sorted have
more than a single name, the sort may be made on an
individual field within the record. In some cases, the sort
may be made on several fields. For example, a business
may wish to sort by zip code and then by name within
each zip code area.

Three comparisons must be made for each record. First
the city field, then the zip code field, and finally the
name field.

Listing 6(b).

<P<I>> THEN T = P (J): P(J)

1000 FOR I = 1 TO N - 1
1010 FOR J - I TO N
1020 IF S* (P(J) ) < S*

= P (I) : P (I) =
1030 NEXT J
1040 NEXT I
1050 RETURN

Listing 6(c).

10 N=25

20 DIM P(N)

30 OPEN "R", #1, "S0RTFILE",8

40 FIELD #1, 8 AS R*

50 ' CREATE RANDOM DATA IN THE FILE

60 FOR 1=1 TO N

70 RSET R*=STR*<INT<RND*1000) )

80 PUT #1, I

90 NEXT I

100 ' SET UP THE POINTERS

110 FOR 1=1 TO N

1 20 P ( I ) = I

130 NEXT I

140 ' GO DO THE SORT

150 GOSUB 1010

160 ' PRINT OUT THE SORTED TABLE

170 FOR 1=1 TO N

180 GET #1, P<I)

190 PRINT R*

200 NEXT I

210 STOP

1000 ' DO BUBBLE SORT ON THE RECORDS, EXCHANGING

POINTERS
1010 FOR 1=1 TO N
1020 GET #1, P(I)
1030 R1*=R*
1040 FOR J=I TO N
1050 GET #1, P(J)
1060 IF R* < Rl* THEN T=P(J): P(J)=P(I): p ( I ) =T

GET #1, P(I) : R1*=R*
1070 NEXT J
1080 NEXT I
1090 RETURN

Sorting on Fields

Normally, sorting is not performed on simple data
objects such as single names or arrays of numbers, but on
complex groups of data called records. A typical record
might have the layout shown in Figure 2. If a data file
having records such as R$ is sorted using the string sorts
described so far, an alphabetic ordering, based on the last
name and then the first name is produced.

Suppose that the file should be sorted by zip code,
instead of name. Then, all comparisons are made using
just the 5-byte field containing the zip code. A more
complicated sort might be based on several fields. For
example, suppose a business needed to sort its customer
records by city, and then by zip code within each city, and
then by customer name within each of the zip code areas.

Summary

Numerous sorting techniques are available to organize
tables or files of data records. Shellsort is generally the
easiest to implement in the Basic language, and provides
sufficient speed to sort fairly large tables. Quicksort is
slightly more difficult to program in Basic because it
must maintain its own stack to manage the partitioning.
Yet it is easily programmed in languages like Pascal, Ada,
and Algol.

Nevertheless, the slow and less efficient sorts, such as
Bubble Sort and Selection Sort, can be very useful for
small tables. The Insertion Sorts, especially the Binary
Ordered Table algorithms, provide efficient methods of
table searching, while simultaneously sorting the data
into alphabetic or numeric order. Although not shown
in the examples, the algorithms are easily altered to sort
tables into descending order, usually by changing a less
than symbol to a greater than symbol, or vice versa.

This four-part series has covered searching, sorting,
and data structures. Several techniques have been pre-
sented to manipulate data using inobvious but fast
methods of processing. I hope these techniques will
prove useful in solving your programming problems.
Data structures are the foundation of much of the work
in computer science. Knowing about data structures and
how to use them makes learning about other areas of
computering much easier.

The references shown at the end of each section pro-
vide a ready source of additional information for the
curious reader.

References

Algorithms 63, 64, 65, and 201. Collected Algorithms
From CACM.

Hines, Theodore C, and Lois Winkel, "Sorting and
Filing Complex Alphanumeric Entries," Creative
Computing, July 1981, Vol. 7, No. 7, pp. 128-129.

Knuth, Donald E., The Art of Computer Pro-
gramming: Searching and Sorting, Vol. 3, Addison-
Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA, 1973.

Lorin, Harold, Sorting and Sort Systems, Addison-
Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA, 1975.

Nijenhuis, Albert N., "How Not To Be Out of Sorts,
Part 1: Insertion Sort," Creative Computing, Aug. \%ft,
Vol. 6, No. 8.

"Part II: Heapsort," Sept. 1980, Vol. 6, No. 9,

p. 136-137.

"Part III: Linked Merge Sort," Oct. 1980, Vol.

6, No. 10.

Standish, Thomas A., Data Structure Techniques,
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA 1980.

Walker, Bill, "Sorting with Binary Trees," Byte,
Oct. 1980, Vol. 5, No. 10, p. 96. □

294

December 1982 c Creative Computing

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V

The Monkey and The Hunter

Steve Rogowski

One of the classic problems posed to students of physics is
the quandary of the monkey and the hunter. It is a study in the
mechanics of projectile motion. Embodied in the solution are
elements of geometry, trigonometry, ballistics, projectile
mechanics, vector analysis and in this case, a new twist, some
elementary computer graphics.

The problem goes something like this. A hunter is deep in
the darkest woods in search of a rare breed of monkey. He is
armed with bullets which do not kill. They merely subdue
monkeys temporarily so they can be packed and shipped to
game farms and zoos. These monkeys have extremely keen vi-
sion and extraordinary reflexes. They can actually see a bullet
leave the end of a rifle barrel. The monkeys can usually be
found hanging leisurely from the branches of the tallest trees.
When they catch sight of the hunter's bullet— long before the
sound of the exploding gunpowder has reached their
ears— they release their grip on the branch and fall to earth.
Where, then, should the hunter aim to assure that the bullet
will strike the monkey?

Physics Apparatus

I offer this problem in a computer magazine because a small
micro-computer is an excellent tool for the analysis of the mo-
tion of both bullet and monkey. Physics teachers have posed
this problem— much to the delight of their students— for
years. They have continually devised methods for illustrating
the mechanics of this problem. The closer the experiment to
the real thing, the more the students like it. I have built laun-
chers from scrap lumber, laboratory tubing, blow guns,
straws, photocells, wire, batteries and electromagnets. I have
seen monkeys made from styrofoam, balsa wood, rubber,
plastic, steel and even an old sock. I have used chalk, pencils,
rubber darts, real darts, pins, nails, corks and other material
for projectiles. With these devices the action is realistic but
over very quickly. Oh, not as quickly as if I rented a real
monkey and used real bullets in the real deep dark woods.
Even a blow gun projectile moves too fast for the human eye
to study. You can follow the motion but you can't study it. But
the results are the same. Students learn quickly that the only
way to hit the monkey is to aim straight at him. Seems logical!

Steve Rogowski, Computing Center, State University of New York at Albany,
Albany, N.Y. 12222

But many students think you should aim under the monkey.
They think monkeys fall faster than bullets. Sometimes the
chalk will bounce off the monkey and evidence of a direct hit
is circumstantial. That's where the old sock comes in. If you
make the monkey from an old sock around a steel embroidery
ring, the sock can be used to catch the projectile. The metal
ring is suspendable from an electromagnet. There's no deny-
ing a direct hit then. Back issues of The Physics Teacher
abound with new ideas for demonstrating this delightful
problem.

Despite all this apparatus I always felt that much could be
learned from a detailed analysis of the motion of both bullet
and monkey as they came under the influence of gravity. I've
even tried photographing the whole scheme as a time ex-
posure. That was cumbersome and never seemed to be worth
the effort for the pictures I got.

With the advent of the inexpensive micro, with decent
graphics resolution, it is possible to take a new look at this old
problem in a straightforward but novel way.

The Plan

So, I should like to describe below my analysis of the situa-
tion. First, I shall prove, with some mathematical rigor, that
the only way to hit the monkey is to aim directly at him. Then,
I shall offer some empirical proof that this mathematical con-
tention is borne out by the facts. I include several computer
programs to look at the motion tabularly. Finally, I offer two
programs which allow the entire motion of the projectile and
the monkey to be displayed in real time on your micro. These
programs can be used on any computer system with even a
moderate graphics capability. However, I ran and debugged
these particular programs only on the TRS-80 Color Com-
puter with Extended Color Basic and on the Atari 800.

The lessons learned here can be extended far beyond this
particular problem. If you want to add realism to any games
you are writing, you may wish to include the influence which
gravity exerts on bodies in motion. The equations developed
below actually describe the real motion of projectiles and
other falling objects. In fact, the key to understanding the
solution to this problem is embodied in that very thought.
Projectiles, like monkeys who've released their grip, are ac-
tually falling bodies, even as they speed away from the
ground.

298

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 348 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Monkey & Hunter, continued...

The program allows the user to select the initial velocity of
the bullet, the aiming angle and the time window. It is possible
to select parameters which will not result in a successful hit
even when aiming at the monkey. That's what makes this
problem so interesting. The bullet must have enough initial
velocity to reach the target. It must also hit the monkey before
the monkey hits the ground. Although an interesting question
can be posed here. Can the monkey hit the ground and be
struck later by the bullet if he doesn't flee?

Try using 200 feet per second as a starting point for muzzle
velocity. This works well with the 300 foot range and 150 foot
elevation. Extremely fast initial velocities cause the bullet to
make contact with the monkey even as he lets go of the
branch.

The program will compute the correct aiming angle for you,
in case you wish to vary x and y in lines 130 and 140. It is just a
recommendation though. You may use any aiming angle you
choose. The value recommended is stored in T2 and is in
degrees. You may aim anywhere you like as the INPUT state-
ment in line 210 suggests. Line 220 converts your angle of fire
from degrees to radians. Line 250 allows you to look at
whatever slice of time you choose. Be careful to select a small
enough increment. This will ensure that the time of impact is
covered by the time scan and not simply bypassed. You see it's
possible to look at such large increments of time that bullet
and monkey meet at some time in between the ones you've
printed.

In program lines 300-330, (XI, Yl) represent (x^yj and
{X2, Y2) stand for (x m ,y m ). The value of g = 32 ft/ sec 2 is set in
line 150.

Testing on lines 350-390 stops the printing when either the
bullet or the monkey strikes the ground. A much more refined
set of tests is left as an exercise for the reader.

The most important test comes in lines 400-410. Here the
bullet and the monkey are required to be within 1.1 feet of
each other both vertically and horizontally. The constant 1.1
can be adjusted to reflect the size of the monkey and your
tolerance for error. A bigger value will be more forgiving.
Don't just test to see if XI = X2 and Yl = Y2. Basic will not
consider them equal if they differ in the fifth decimal place.
That kind of accuracy is the difference between hitting the
monkey in the nose or on the lip.

PROGRAM 1

100 PRINT

110 PRINT INPUT MUZZLE VELOCITY OF BULLET (TRY 200 TO

START)';
120 INPUT V

130 X = 300 ©DISTANCE FROM TREE TO HUNTER

140 Y = 150 ©HEIGHT OF MONKEY ABOVE GROUND

T

150 G = 32 ©ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY OF 32

FT/SECt2
160 T2 = ATN(Y/X)*57.29578 ©ANGLE OF ELEVATION OF MONKEY

IN DEGREES
170 PRINT
180 PRINT MONKEY IS ELEVATED AT AN ANGLE OF ;T2;' DEGREES

FROM HUNTER'
190 PRINT

200 PRINT INPUT ANGLE OF ELEVATION FOR FIRING ';
210 INPUT A

220 A1 =A/57.29578 ©CONVERT TO RADIANS
230 PRINT

240 PRINT SPECIFY START TIME, END TIME, INCREMENT'
250 INPUT B.L.N
260 PRINT
270 PRINT TIME/BULLET (X), BULLET (Y), MONKEY (X), MONKEY

(Y)'
280 PRINT

290 FOR T= B TO L STEP N

300 X2 = X ©MONKEY'S X-POSITION AT TIME T

310 Y2 = Y-(.5*G*TI2) ©MONKEY'S Y-POSITION AT TIME T
320 X1 =V*COS(A1)*T ©BULLET'S X-POSITION AT TIME T
330 Y1 =V*SIN(A1)*T-(.5*G*Tt2) ©BULLET'S Y-POSITION AT TIME

T
340 PRINT T,X1,Y1,X2,Y2
350 IF Y2<0 THEN PRINT MONKEY LANDED SAFELY (TRY FASTER

BULLET)'
360 IF Y2<0 THEN PRINT (OR AIM MORE ACCURATELY!)'
370 IF Y2<0 AND Y1 > =0 THEN 440
380 IF Y2>0 AND Y1 <0 THEN PRINT BULLET HIT GROUND

;X-X1;'FT SHORT
390 IF Y2>0 AND Y1 <0 THEN 440
400 IF ABS(X1-X2)<1.1 AND ABS(Y1 -Y2)<1.1 THEN PRINT YOU

GOT HIM!'
410 IF ABS(X1-X2)<1.1 AND ABS(Y1 - Y2)<1.1 THEN 440
420 NEXTT
430 PRINT YOU DID NOT HIT THE MONKEY IN THE TIME FRAME

SCANNED!'
440 PRINT
450 PRINT DO YOU WANT TO TRY ANOTHER SET OF INPUTS

(YES = 0, NO = 1)'
460 INPUT W
470 IF W = THEN 100
480 END

Below is a table generated by the program above from the in-
put which follows:

INPUT MUZZLE VELOCITY OF BULLET
(TRY 200 TO START)? 200

MONKEY IS ELEVATED AT AN ANGLE OF
26.565052 DEGREES FROM HUNTER

INPUT ANGLE OF ELEVATION FOR FIRING? 26.565052

SPECIFY START TIME, END TIME, INCREMENT
? 1.6.1.8..01

TABLE 1
MUTUAL POSITION OF BULLET AND MONKEY (Case 1)

DIRECT AIM

cBjj^M

"Why do I have to write to Santa? Why can't I just enter my requests into
his computer?"

TIME

BULLET (X)

BULLET (Y)

MONKEY (X)

MONKEY (Y)

1.60

286.21670

102.14835

300

109.0400

1.61

288.00555

102.52918

300

108.5264

1.62

289.79440

102.90680

300

108.0096

1.63

291 .58326

103.28123

300

107.4896

1.64

293.37211

103.65246

300

106.9664

1.65

295.16096

104.02048

300

106.4400

1.66

296.94981

104.38531

300

105.9104

1.67

298.73867

104.74694

300

105.3776

1.68
YOU

300.52752
GOT HIM!

105.10537

300

104.8416

300

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 342 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Monkey & Hunter, continued. . .

In this example, the position of the bullet and monkey are
the same sometime between 1.67 and 1.68 seconds. The exact
time of impact can be calculated from t = x/(v »cos b ). In this
case, t = 300/(200«cos (26.565°)) = 1.677 seconds. A display
of time broken into thousandths of a second would reveal that
we had matched position coordinates. Our test allowing a
margin of 1 . 1 feet caused the program to recognize a hit even
though we didn't slice the time as thin as we could have.

Notice that the bullet was still rising when it struck the
monkey some 45 feet below the tree branch. A slower initial
velocity will produce a more dramatic effect when plotted. Be
careful not to reduce the muzzle velocity too much or the
bullet won't reach the monkey. Using the values for x and v
here, a bullet will go 300 feet only if its muzzle velocity exceeds
109.54 feet/ sec.

The range of a projectile can be computed from:

r = (2.v o 2 .cos0 b .sin0 b )/g = (v o 2 *sin20 b )/g

The total flight time t = (2»sin0 b »v o )/g is the time the bullet
would stay in flight if it didn't strike anything. This is not the
same as the value for t offered earlier which is time to reach a
certain horizontal distance from start. The latter is total flight
time without collision, or time to reach maximum range, the
former represents time to strike the monkey.

The reader is encouraged to refine the tests given on lines
350-390 so that printing and later plotting does not continue
after all chance of striking the monkey has passed.

Aiming Low

The table below gives the results of running Program 1
while aiming under the monkey, in this case at an angle of only
20 degrees. Many students believe this is the proper strategy
for hitting the monkey.

INPUT MUZZLE VELOCITY OF BULLET
(TRY 200 TO START)? 200

MONKEY IS ELEVATED AT AN ANGLE OF
26.565052 DEGREES FROM HUNTER

INPUT ANGLE OF ELEVATION FOR FIRING? 20

SPECIFY START TIME, END TIME, INCREMENT
? 1Ji.1J4.J1

TABLE 2
AIMING BELOW THE MONKEY (Case 1)

TIME BULLET (X) BULLET (Y) MONKEY (X) MONKEY (Y)

1 .59 298.82225

68.312802

300

109.5504

1.60 300.70163

68.486444

300

109.0400

1.61 302.58102

68.656883

300

108.5264

1.62 304.46040

68.824123

300

108.0096

1 .63 306.33978

68.988163

300

107.4896

1.64 308.21917

69.149004

300

106.9664

YOU DID NOT HIT THE MONKEY

IN THE TIME FRAME SCANNED!

Clearly the bullet comes within range of the monkey bet-
ween 1.59 and 1.60 seconds. However, when it does it is 68.4
feet above the ground and climbing at a time when the monkey
is 109.3 feet above the ground and falling. This angle of fire
results in the bullet passing 41 feet below the monkey. The
results are even more striking when plotted. The trajectories
are clearly visible on the screen. I'll show you how to modify
the programs to plot points instead of printing tables towards
the end of the article.

Aiming High

To completely exhaust case 1 the situation where aim is
taken above the monkey must be considered.

INPUT MUZZLE VELOCITY OF BULLET
(TRY 200 TO START)? 200

MONKEY IS ELEVATED AT AN ANGLE OF
26.565052 DEGREES FROM HUNTER

INPUT ANGLE OF ELEVATION FOR FIRING? 30

SPECIFY START TIME, END TIME, INCREMENT
? 1.71, 1.77, .01

TABLE 3

AIMING ABOVE THE MONKEY (Case

D

TIME

BULLET (X)

BULLET (Y)

MONKEY (X)

MONKEY (Y)

1.71

296.18066

124.21439

300

103.21441

1.72

297.91272

124.66559

300

102.66561

1.73

299.64476

125.11359

300

102.11361

1.74

301 .37681

125.55839

300

101.55841

1.75

303.10886

125.99999

300

101 .00001

1.76

304.84091

126.43839

300

100.43841

1.77

306.57296

126.87359

300

99.87361

YOU DID NOT HIT THE MONKEY

IN THE TIME FRAME SCANNED!

"Now / know why he has all the bananas!"

Here the angle of fire is 30 degrees — well over the monkey's
head. As the bullet reaches a range of 300 feet, between 1.73
and 1 .74 seconds, it is some 125 feet off the ground and rising
but the monkey is only 102 feet off the ground. The bullet is a
good 23 feet high!

Case 2

That exhausts case 1 . Now let's look at case 2. This is where
the hunter and the monkey are the same height above the
ground. The hunter is either on a hill some distance, 300 feet
here, from the tree or he has climbed a tree of his own.

Here we will consider what happens only for the scenario
where we aim directly at the monkey. The equations were
developed earlier and are reflected on lines 300-330 of pro-
gram 2. I've also removed the firing angle inputs for this pro-
gram. The reader may wish to reinsert them to verify that the
aiming situation is the same: to hit the monkey, you must aim
at him.

302

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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Monkey & Hunter, continued...

Mathematical Analysis

A complete analysis of the problem requires consideration
of three separate cases. They involve the alternate positions of
the hunter relative to the monkey. The hunter can be on the
ground below the monkey (case 1); at the same height above
the ground as the monkey (case 2); or above the monkey (case
3).

Figure 1

Consider first the case where the hunter stands below and
facing the tree from which the monkey hangs. Let the height
of the monkey above the ground be v, and the horizontal
distance from the monkey to the hunter be x. The angle
m — the m represents the monkey— is the angle which the gun
barrel must make with the ground in order to take direct aim
at the monkey. Some simple geometry tells us that
tan0 m = v/x. The angle m is just one of many possible aiming
angles that the gun barrel could assume. However, it is the on-
ly angle which aims directly at the monkey.

A closer look at the projectile motion at the vertex of the
triangle occupied by the hunter and his gun shows that the gun
and therefore the bullet could start out at any aiming angle.
Call that aiming angle b — here b is for bullet. In the vector
diagram of Figure 2, the bold arrows represent vector quan-
tities, possessed of both magnitude (their length) and direction
(the way they're pointing). The vector v represents the initial
velocity vector for a bullet aimed at an angle b . I should like
to prove that only when b = m can the bullet and the monkey
meet.

(Case I)

Hunter below Monkey

?

M

H

Figure 3

Imagine that the hunter and the monkey are confined to the
first quadrant of a cartesian coordinate system. The hunter,
located at H, is at the origin (0,0), while the monkey, at M, is
at (x,y). Let (x b ,.y b ) be the position of the bullet after t seconds
and (x m ,y m ) the position of the monkey. The bullet and the
monkey meet when (x b ,v b ) = (x m ,v m ) at the same time t. The
contention then is that this can only happen when b = m .

Now, x m = x, since the monkey does not move horizontally.
He is always the same horizontal distance, x, from the hunter.
Vertically the monkey starts out v feet above the ground. An
object which undergoes an acceleration a for a time t moves
through a distance s = .5 at 2 . Here a is the acceleration due to
gravity. Physicists usually use the variable g to represent the
acceleration due to gravity. In the English system of measure-
ment g has a value of 32 feet/sec 2 . In the metric system it's
value is 9.8 meters/sec 2 . We will use the value 32 here. So
s = .5 gt 2 . That's how far the monkey will fall in t seconds. So
the altitude y must be reduced by the distance s to get the
height of the monkey above the ground at any time t. This
means that y m = v — .5 gt 2 .

For the monkey then:

x m = x

y m = y- .5gr

The Bullet

Figure 2

Now for the bullet. In Figure 2 the initial velocity of the
bullet can be broken down into two components. One, v x ,
moves the bullet horizontally. The other, v , moves the projec-
tile only vertically. These motions are independent. The ver-
tical speed of the bullet does not impact the horizontal motion
one iota. Furthermore, the horizontal motion of the bullet
does not reduce or increase its rate of rise and fall. Remember
we are neglecting the friction of the air. So we can say from
Figure 2 that tan0 b = (v /v x ). The bullet will move at a veloci-
ty of v x in the horizontal direction. In doing so for t seconds it
will travel a distance of v x r. A simple rate x time relationship.
The value of x. , the abscissa of the bullet, is x. = vt.

304

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 274 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Monkey & Hunter, continued...

In the vertical plane gravity has the same influence on the
bullet as the monkey. The bullet will fall through a distance
s = .5 gf 2 in the time t. But here the initial effects of the ver-
tical motion of the bullet must be overcome. After all the
bullet is moving upward and gravity cannot slow it down in-
stantly. Vertically the bullet would move through a distance v t
were it not confined by gravity. Its vertical position then is the
latter distance, v y f, reduced by the effects of gravity, .5 gr 2 ,
giving a value for v b = v y r — .5 gt 2 .

So, in summary, monkey and bullet have:

*b = V

v m = v-.5gf 2
y b = \t-.5gt :

When will

X m ™ X b

and v m = v b , i.e., when will the bullet
and monkey share the same cartesian position? Clearly from
the set of equations above, when x = v x t and v = v y f. But this
means that (y/x) = (v y f/v x f) = (v y /v x ). It is equally clear that
tan0 m = Cy/x), and that tan0 b = (v y /v x ) and that, therefore,
tan0 m = tan0 b . This can only happen when m = b . Thus pro-
ving the only way to hit the monkey is for the angle of aim, b ,
to match the angle of elevation of the monkey, m .

Case 2

For the second and third case I will give only a diagram and
a derivation of the equations of position. The actual
mathematical proof follows from case 1 very easily, so I will
omit it.

( Case 2)

Hunter same altitude as Monkey

o

M

N

\

\

\

\

\

\

\

v\

w

y

Figure 4

Here v = v x and v y = 0. The bullet and monkey fall at the
same rate. They start from the same elevation and fall in
unison. The fact that the bullet is moving horizontally and the
monkey is not, has absolutely no bearing on the rate of
descent of either.

So, for this case, the coordinates of position for both
monkey and bullet are:

v m = v-.5gf 2
v b = v - .5 gt 2

x m = x

m

*b =

V

Case 3

The third case is a bit more complicated. Here the hunter is
located z feet above the monkey who is v feet above the
ground himself. So the hunter is z + v feet above the ground.

(Case 3)

Hunter above Monkey

y

Figure 5

The angle C is the aiming angle or the angle of depression.
The vector diagram contains the original angle b , which is the
complement of C . Thus, b = 90° — C . Further,
tan0 c = (z/x), so C = tan " l (z/x). Also, sin0 b = (v x /v ), and
cos0 b = (v y /v ). This reverses the roll of sine and cosine from
the vector diagram for case 1, where sin0 b = (v y /v ) and
cos0 b = (v x /v ). These relationships will be used in the pro-
grams below to actually plot the motion of the bullet and the
monkey.

In summary, the equations of position for case 3 are as
follows:

x m = x

m

v m = v-.5gr

* b = V

v h = (y + z) - v v r - .5 gt

Substituting, v x = v o «sin0 b and v = v o »cos0 b gives:

x m = x

m

y m = y- -5gr

m

x b = v o «sin0 b W v b = (v + z) - v o .cos0 b ^ - .5gt 2

The position equations from all three cases can be used to
develop tabular evidence to support our contention. Finally
slight modifications to each of the three programs, one for
each case, allow plotting of the results. This provides more
graphic empirical evidence that our mathematical proof is cor-
rect.

Tabular Approach

For case 1 , I will show the results, not only of aiming direct-
ly at the monkey, but also of aiming above and below him. In
all three instances it is useful to know how much time it takes
for the bullet to reach the monkey. This allows a narrower slice
of time to be examined. The analysis of the motion is then that
much more detailed.

For case 1, x b = v x f = v o »cos0 b «f and so t = x b /(v o »cos0 b ).
The value for t that we wish to find is when the variable
x b = x m , or when the bullet has reached the monkey. I have
chosen values of 300 feet for x and 150 feet for v since these
values fit nicely into the high resolution mode for the Atari
800 computer and with minor modification the TRS-80 Color
Computer. Using the formula for time above, then, it is possi-
ble to compute the time in flight given the initial velocity, v ,
the angle of aim, b , and the distance to the monkey, x. So use
x for x b if you want the total flight time, use x b for itself if you
want the time to reach the horizontal distance x b from start.

306

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 277 ON READER SERVICE CARD

©DISTANCE FROM TREE TO HUNTER
©HEIGHT OF MONKEY ABOVE GROUND
©ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY OF 32

Monkey & Hunter, continued...

PROGRAM 2

100 PRINT

110 PRINT INPUT MUZZLE VELOCITY OF BULLET (TRY 200 TO

START)';
120 INPUT V
130X = 300
140 Y = 150
150G = 32

FT/SEC12
230 PRINT

240 PRINT SPECIFY START TIME, END TIME, INCREMENT
250 INPUT B,L,N
260 PRINT
270 PRINT TIME/BULLET (X), BULLET (Y), MONKEY (X), 'MONKEY

(Y)'
280 PRINT

290 FOR T= B TO L STEP N

300 X2 = X ©MONKEY'S X- POSITION AT TIME T

310 Y2 = Y-(.5*G*Tt2) ©MONKEY'S Y-POSITION AT TIME T
320 X1 =V*T ©BULLET'S X- POSITION AT TIME T
330 Y1 =Y2 ©BULLET'S Y-POSITION AT TIME T
340 PRINT T,X1,Y1,X2,Y2
350 IF Y2<0 THEN PRINT MONKEY LANDED SAFELY (TRY FASTER

BULLET)'
360 IF Y2<0 THEN PRINT (OR AIM MORE ACCURATELY!)'
370 IF Y2<0 AND Y1 > =0 THEN 440
380 IF Y2>0 AND Y1 <0 THEN PRINT BULLET HIT GROUND

;X-X1;'FT SHORT
390IF Y2>0 AND Y1<0 THEN 440
400 IF ABS(X1-X2)<1.1 AND ABS(Y1 -Y2)<1.1 THEN PRINT YOU

GOT HIM!'
410 IF ABS(X1-X2)<1.1 AND ABS(Y1 - Y2)<1.1 THEN 440
420 NEXT T
430 PRINT YOU DID NOT HIT THE MONKEY IN THE TIME FRAME

SCANNED!'
440 PRINT
450 PRINT DO YOU WANT TO TRY ANOTHER SET OF INPUTS

(YES = 0, NO = 1)'
460 INPUT W
470 IF W = THEN 100
480 END

The table below shows a hit at 1.5 seconds, fully 114 feet off
the ground.

INPUT MUZZLE VELOCITY OF BULLET
(TRY 200 TO START)? 200

SPECIFY START TIME, END TIME, INCREMENT
?1.4,1.6,.01

TABLE 4

AIMING AT THE MONKEY (Case 2)

TIME

BULLET (X)

BULLET (Y)

MONKEY (X)

MONKEY (Y)

1.40

280

118.6400

300

118.6400

1.41

282

118.1904

300

118.1904

1.42

284

117.7376

300

117.7376

1.43

286

117.2816

300

117.2816

1.44

288

116.8224

300

116.8224

1.45

290

116.3600

300

116.3600

1.46

292

115.8944

300

115.8944

1.47

294

115.4256

300

115.4256

1.48

296

114.9536

300

114.9536

1.49

298

114.4784

300

114.4784

1.50

300

114.0000

300

114.0000

YOU GOT HIM!

Notice that monkey and bullet are always at the same
altitude. They fall at the same rate. Remember the bullet was
fired from a barrel which was perfectly parallel with the

ground. The vertical component of the initial velocity is zero.
All the power from the shell propels the bullet horizontally.
Gravity alone influences the bullet in the vertical plane.

The situation will develop more slowly if a muzzle velocity
below 200 feet/sec is used. However, something must happen
before the monkey hits the ground, actually the bullet must be
able to travel 300 horizontal feet. In this case both bullet and
monkey fall 150 feet in 3.06 second s. Sinc e 150 = .5gf 2 , this
means that t 2 = (150/16) and t = V(9.375); in that time the
bullet must go 300 feet or more. With a muzzle velocity of 200
feet/sec it can go 200 x 3.06 = 612 feet. So a muzzle velocity
as slow as (300/3.06) = 98.05 feet/sec would be enough to
reach the monkey. Of course all these numbers change if the
monkey is not 150 feet above the ground and/or 300 feet away.

Case 3

Program 3 below is used for the case when the hunter is
above the monkey. An earlier diagram, Figure 5, gave the ver-
tical distance between hunter and monkey as z.

PROGRAM 3

100 PRINT

110 PRINT INPUT MUZZLE VELOCITY OF BULLET (TRY 200 TO

START)';
120 INPUT V

130 X = 3O0 ©DISTANCE FROM TREE TO HUNTER

140 Y = 1O0 ©HEIGHT OF MONKEY ABOVE GROUND

145 Z = 50 ©HEIGHT OF HUNTER ABOVE MONKEY

150 G = 32 ©ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY OF 32

FT/SECI2
160 T2 = ATN(Z/X)*57.29578 ©ANGLE OF DEPRESSION OF

MONKEY IN DEGREES
170 PRINT
180 PRINT MONKEY IS BELOW AT AN ANGLE OF ';T2;' DEGREES

FROM HUNTER'
190 PRINT

200 PRINT INPUT ANGLE OF DEPRESSION FOR FIRING ';
210 INPUT A

215 A = 90-A ©FIND COMPLEMENT FOR ANGLE
220 A1 = A/57.29578 ©CONVERT TO RADIANS
230 PRINT

240 PRINT SPECIFY START TIME, END TIME, INCREMENT
250 INPUT B.L.N
260 PRINT
270 PRINT TIME'.'BULLET (X), BULLET (Y)'.'MONKEY (X), MONKEY

(Y)'
280 PRINT

290 FOR T= B TO L STEP N

300 X2 = X ©MONKEY'S X- POSITION AT TIME T

310 Y2 = Y-(.5 # G*TI2) ©MONKEY'S Y-POSITION AT TIME T
320X1=V*SIN(A1)*T ©BULLET'S X- POSITION AT TIME T
330 Y1 =(Y + Z)-(V*COS(A1)*T)-(.5'G*Tt2) ©BULLET'S Y- VALUE

ATT
340 PRINT T,X1,Y1,X2,Y2
350 IF Y2<0 THEN PRINT MONKEY LANDED SAFELY (TRY FASTER

BULLET)'
360 IF Y2<0 THEN PRINT (OR AIM MORE ACCURATELY!)'
370 IF Y2<0 AND Y1 > =0 THEN 440
380 IF Y2>0 AND Y1 <0 THEN PRINT BULLET HIT GROUND

;X-X1;'FT SHORT'
390 IF Y2>0 AND Y1 <0 THEN 440
400 IF ABS(X1 - X2) < 1 .1 AND ABS(Y1 - Y2) < 1 .1 THEN PRINT YOU

GOT HIM!'
410 IF ABS(X1-X2)<1.1 AND ABS(Y1 -Y2)<1.1 THEN 440
420 NEXT T
430 PRINT YOU DID NOT HIT THE MONKEY IN THE TIME FRAME

SCANNED!'
440 PRINT
450 PRINT 'DO YOU WANT TO TRY ANOTHER SET OF INPUTS

(YES = 0, NO = 1)'
460 INPUT W
470 IF W = 0THEN 100
480 END

308

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Ti

Ti

Ti

Ti

Ti

Ti

Ti

IS

Ti

IS

Ti

IS

IS

Ti

ft

IS

IH U N T II N GTC N C C M IP U T II N G

APPLE

We stock almost 2.000 different products for the Apple, plus we
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By Fred Huntington

Holiday Greetings to all of you from the
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Much, much more Atari in Stock

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B

CIRCLE 205 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Monkey & Hunter, continued...

In the program I've changed the value of Y to 100, and
allowed Z to be 50, so that the entire scene will fit into a
160 x 300 pixel graphics layout. This is sufficient for the Atari
800 using graphics mode 8. The TRS-80 Color Computer will
require a horizontal reduction to about 250 pixels.

Line 160 reflects the revised formula for computing the aim-
ing angle in degrees. We use Z instead of Y. Line 215 takes the
complement of the aiming angle because the vector diagram
given in Figure 5 clearly shows that A = c is not within the
vector triangle. Al represents b in radians in all subsequent
calculations in the program. Lines 300-330 contain the for-
mulas for case 3 developed earlier.

INPUT MUZZLE VELOCITY OF BULLET
(TRY 200 TO START)? 200

MONKEY IS ELEVATED AT AN ANGLE OF
9.4623222 DEGREES FROM HUNTER

INPUT ANGLE OF ELEVATION FOR FIRING? 9.462

SPECIFY START TIME, END TIME, INCREMENT
? 1.5,1.6,.01

TABLE 5

AIMING AT MONKEY (Case 3)

TIME BULLET (X)

BULLET (Y)

MONKEY (X)

MONKEY (Y)

1.50 295.91817

64.680298

300

64

1.51 297.89096

63.869901

300

63.5184

1.52 299.86374

63.056303

300

63.0336

YOU GOT HIM!

The run above shows only the case where we take aim
directly at the monkey. The monkey is hit 1 .52 seconds or so
after firing.

Graphics Modifications

If you have a TRS-80 Color Computer with Extended Color
Basic add the following commands to any of the three
previous programs. The trajectories of both monkey and
bullet will then be visible.

130 X = 250

140 Y = 150

252 PMODE4,1

253 PCLS

254 SCREEN 1,1

255 COLOR 5,7

335 Y1 = ABS(Y1 - 150)

337 Y2 = ABS(150 - Y2)

340 PSET (X1 ,Y1 ):PSET (X2.Y2)

350 IFABS(X1 -X2)<1 ANDABS(Y1 - Y2)<1

THEN SOUND 100,3
425 FOR U = 1 TO 5000:NEXT U

Delete lines 360, 370, 380, 390, 400 and 410. Add your own
tests for a hit using the graphics features available on your
machine.

Line 130 changes the horizontal distance to 250 feet since
the TRS-80 has only 256 x 192 pixels in high resolution
graphics mode. Line 252 selects graphics mode 4— highest
resolution — and starts on memory page 1. Line 253 clears the
screen in graphics mode. Line 254 activates the graphics mode
and cancels the text mode. It also selects color set 1. Line 255
establishes the colors.

Lines 335 and 337 are needed because of a quirk in the way

most micros label screen locations. The origin, (0,0), is located
in the upper left corner of the screen because of the order in
which the TV raster lines are scanned. To move the origin to
the lower left and still retain positive coordinate values— as we
expect in a first quadrant graph— we must compute the
difference between 150 and the point to be plotted. The ab-
solute value is taken to ensure that only positive values are
plotted.

Line 340 actually plots the points. Be sure to include the
parentheses. Line 350 produces a short beep when the objects
collide. Line 425 keeps the graph on the screen for 20 seconds
or so.

Atari 800

If you have an Atari 800 the modifications to the first three
programs would then go something like this:

130 X = 300

254 GRAPHICS 8:COLOR 1

256 SETCOLOR 2,1,14

335 Y1 = ABS(Y1 - 150)

337 Y2 = ABS(150 - Y2)

340 PLOT X1 ,Y1 :PLOT X2,Y2

The Atari resolution is 320 x 160 in graphics mode 8, so we
set X back to 300 in line 130. Lines 254 and 256 establish the
color set and call the high resolution graphics mode with a
four line text window at the bottom of the screen. If you
establish your own test for a hit delete lines 360-410. Then add
some sound effects as I did for the TRS-80. The Atari sound
command is a little different. Note that the commands to plot
the points, line 340, have no parentheses.

The points may appear faint on your color TV so be
prepared to adjust color, tint and/or brightness. The graph
appears clearly on a black and white set.

In both micro modifications I have given only the barest
essentials required to see the points and experiment with
various trajectories and muzzle velocities. Readers are en-
couraged to embellish these graphs. Here the monkey is just a
series of points. He could be made more real, in a lower
resolution mode. The time and location parameters could be
displayed on the screen or in the text window as the action
develops. Maximum height, range and time in flight can easily
be computed from the formulas which I have given earlier.

Make Your Own Game

If a friend is allowed to control the monkey's drop, a two
player game can be developed. Joystick or paddle could be
used to establish aiming points and firing angles. Soon it
becomes apparent that if you root for the monkey, you might
advise him to stay put. If you assume a smart hunter is always
aiming at the monkey, the bullet will drop below the monkey,
if he doesn't let go as the bullet is fired. Unless of course, the
muzzle velocity is extremely fast. In that case the monkey
would be struck only inches from the branch. In fact, the
monkey would be struck even if he didn't let go at very high
muzzle velocities. Aiming at his chest, for example, might
result in a direct hit on his belly-button. The bullet will drop
only slightly at high muzzle velocities.

Summary

In short, this can be a useful starting point for user written
games and programs where missiles and other projectiles are
part of the action. The realism of gravitational influences are
easy to build, when you understand a little of the physics at
work.

Happy Hunting! □

310

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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Creating A Hole In Applesoft Basic

From time to time it can be useful to
leave a space within a Basic program to
incorporate perhaps a machine code
program or a data space. This is also true
for a special reason on the Apple II when
one wishes to protect the hi-res pages
from program text.

The usual way around this particular
problem is to load the Basic text above
the hi-res pages either by changing the
beginning of program pointer ($67,68)
before loading it (usually in an EXEC
file) or by letting the program relocate
itself to above the hi-res page when it
RUNs by using a utility such as the
&LOMEM: developed by Neil Konzen
(Apple Orchard, March 1980, p. 21).

The drawback with loading a program
above the hi-res pages is that approx-
imately 6K of memory is left fallow; it
can only be used for machine code rou-
tines or shape tables. Also the &LOMEN:
utility does not work for very long pro-
grams because of the way in which it
calculates the new link addresses of the
relocated text.

It is desirable therefore to be able to
load a program at the normal starting
location ($801), to continue up to the
area of memory to be protected (this is
$2000 to $4000 for hi-res page 1 and $2000
to $6000 for hi-res pages 1 and 2 together),
to jump over this area of memory and to
continue up to the end of program text.

This is actually quite easy to do, and

M. J. Parrott

M. J. Parrott, 23 Brackley Road, Heaton Chapel,
Stockport, Cheshire SK4 2QT, England.

the program listed will allow you to do it
without problem. In essence the only
work required is to move the latter part
of the program and to change the link
addresses where required. There are,
however, a couple of provisos, but before
pointing these out it is probably best to
discuss the general construction of an
Applesoft Basic program.

When you type a Basic program it is
constructed from memory location $801
(2049) upwards. Memory location $800
will contain a zero value. The actual line
of Basic you type in is not stored exactly
as you type it. If you call the monitor
(CALL-155) and type 800L you can exam-
ine the start of any program you have
previously typed in or LOADed. The first
two bytes of the line are the link address.
In reverse order, these point to the start
of the next line of Basic. Perhaps the best
way of demonstrating this is with an
example such as the short program:

10 PRINT "HELLO"
20 GO TO 10

If you type this in, call the monitor and
type 800.817, and press RETURN you
will see the following:

0800- 00 0E 08 0A 00 BA 22 48
0808-45 4C 4C 4F 22 00 16 08
0810- 14 00 AB 31 30 00 00 00

312

The values 0E,08 are the link addresses
for line 10. They point to location $80E
where line 20 starts. At this location
appear the link addresses for this line,
they point to $816 where you will find the
values 00,00. This is how Applesoft knows
it has reached the end of a program.

Going back to the first line, the next
two locations contain the line number
expressed as a hexadecimal number
stored in two bytes in reverse order, i.e.
0A 00 for the decimal value 10. Next
follows the text of the line. The command
PRINT appears as a single byte in the
tokenized form BA. There then follow
seven bytes which spell out HELLO in
standard ASCII (with the high bit set low).
Next is the end of line token, a zero byte.

The next line has its link addresses, its
line number, and the tokenized form of
GO TO which is AB, followed by the
number of the object line stored as ASCII
values. Then come the end of line token
(O) and the two zero value link addresses
which signify the end of the program.

In general then, any line of Basic is
sandwiched between two zero bytes. This
is the first proviso on relocating part of
the program: the second part must start
with a zero byte so that it looks like a
normal line of Basic to Applesoft.

The second proviso is that the last line
of the first part of a split program must be

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Hole in Applesoft, continued...

one that does not simply move on to the
next line (because it isn't there). In other
words, this last line must be either a GO
TO or a RETURN.

If these two conditions are met, and
the link addresses are adjusted after
splitting, then a program will run quite
normally as long as the end of program
pointer (SAF30) is adjusted and from it
the pointers to variables, arrays, and
strings are also reset.

If the program is SAVEd, however, in
its split form, everything will be there on
a subsequent LOADing, but the program
will only LIST up to the end of the first
part, and it will not RUN correctly. The
reason is not hard to find. All the link
addresses are correct except for those in
this last line. Therefore a split program
must POKE in the two "wrong" link
addresses when it begins to execute.

There is another annoying thing about
a split program saved to disk: there is a
waste of disk space. In the case of a
program split around one hi-res page, 34
sectors are lost, and a massive 68 are lost
for two hi-res pages. It is true that this
space can be used to keep a hi-res picture
for either introducing the program or
starting it off, but generally I would rather
save the disk space.

Now for some time, because I use many

longish programs with big arrays and
graphical output, I have been splitting
Basic programs around the hi-res pages
using two small machine code programs.
The first of these two programs listed the
link addresses of a Basic program in
memory and on choosing a convenient
location at which to sUi the split it gave
me the decimal equivalent (for POKEing
purposes) and the corresponding line
number (so I could change this line to a
GOTO the next if necessary).

The second program then actually split
the Basic program for me using data that
I passed to it so it knew to where to split
and from where. I was quite happy with
this system although it was a little clumsy
to use until I began to worry about the
lost disk space, and until friends who were
also interested in splitting programs com-
plained about the complicated procedure
required.

It suddenly occurred to me one night
that Neil Konzen had the right idea when
he incorporated his relocating routine
within the body of the program itself.
Clearly it would be better to let the Basic
program be split after LOADing and
RUNning, and also it should all be as
automatic as possible. Thus was born the
&CLEAR...TO... utility.

There are two ways of using the utility.

/

!j**! seep' smi zotI ffin'i'&r!

One is to let the Applesoft program listed
assemble the machine code program for
you in memory and then save it to disk.
Then, when used, the machine code
program is merely BRUNned from within
the Basic program. The second is to
incorporate the listed Applesoft program
within your own program and CALL the
machine code routine after it has been
POKEd in.

After the routine is BRUNned or
CALLed, the area of memory to be kept
clear is merely passed to it as two decimal
values. These need not be simple num-
bers; they can be expressions. For exam-
ple to clear the area of memory required
for two hi-res pages a line of Basic such as

1 PRINT CHR$(13)+CHR$(4rBRUN
CLEARSPLIT":&CLEAR 2*16*256 TO
6*16*256

will accomplish the split as long as the
binary file CLEARSPLIT is on the disk.

As long as the lower area is cleared
first, a second or third area can also be
cleared merely by invoking the appro-
priate &CLEAR..TO.. line. The utility can
also be used in the immediate mode as
long as it is BRUNned first. Thus, a
program can be split and saved in the
split form as long as a line of Basic is
incorporated to POKE in the two link
addresses as explained above. (You will
have to determine the exact values after
incorporating the line by either going
through the memory following the link
addresses yourself or by using a small
program as described above).

The utility can also be used to relocate
completely a program above the hi-res
page as in Neil Konzen's &LOMEM:
utility but without the worry of losing
part of a long program. This is accom-
plished by using the lines

1 PRINT CHR$(13)+CHR$(4rBRUN
CLEARSPLIT": &CLEAR 1024 TO
16384

2 POKE 104,64 :REM for page one

Five points are worth noting when using
the &CLEAR..TO.. utility. The first is
that it must be used early in a program
before any of your variables or strings are
defined since it does a CLEAR before
returning to the Basic. The second is that
it does not protect itself by resetting
HIMEM: so it will be overwritten by any
string activity. The third is that the line
number corresponding to the first line in
the latter part will be displayed on the
screen. The fourth is that an attempt to
set an initial value not within the program
will result in an error message, as will the
wrong syntax in the line. The fifth is that
after splitting, a program cannot be
edited.

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

313

* UI.O * / T W

2 ADDRS EQU $50

3 TEHP EQU $5E

4 AMPSND EQU $3F5

5 SYNCHK EQU $DEC0

6 FRMNUM EQU $DD67

7 GETADR EQU $E752

8 STRING EQU $ED20

9 PRGBEG EQU $67

10 VARPNT EQU $69

11 CURL IN EQU $75

12 HIGHUS EQU $94

13 HIGHTR EQU $96

14 LOUTR EQU $9B

15 PRGEND EQU $AF

16 FBUFFR EQU $100

17 BLTU EQU $D393

Hole in Applesoft, continued..,

Listing 1. Source code for CLEAR-
SPLIT, the program that breaks a
Basic program into two pieces.

EQU $D66C
.EQU $11412

18 CLEAR

19 ERROR

20 *t***m**mm*m

21 *

22 * &CLEAR...T0...

23 *

24 *

25 %%%%*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

26 LDA *$4C

27 STA AMPSND

28 LDA #>L0MEM

29 STA AMPSND+1

30 LDA *<L0MEM

31 STA AMPSND+2

32 RTS

33 %%%*%**%*%%%*%*%%%%%

34 FROM DS 2
DS 2
LDA #$BD
JSR SYNCHK
JSR FRMNUM
JSR GETADR
LDA ADDRS
STA FROM
LDA ADDRS+1
STA FROM+1
LDA #$C1
JSR SYNCHK
JSR FRMNUM
JSR GETADR
LDA ADDRS
STA TO
LDA ADDRS* 1
STA TO+1
CLD

LDY #$01

LDA ( PRGBEG )i

BNE OKAY

JMP ERROR
SEC

LDA FROM

SBC #$B

STA FROM

BCS ADDED

DEC FROM+1

LDA PRGBEG

STA ADDRS

STA TEMP

LDA PRGBEG+1

STA ADDRS+1

STA TEMP+1

LDY #$01

LDA ( ADDRS )»Y

BEG ERR

CMP FROM+1

BEQ HIFND

BCS CONT

STA TEMP+1
DEY

LDA ( ADDRS )»Y

J SET UP &-UECTOR

35 TO

36 LOMEM
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

56 ERR

57 OKAY
58
59
60
61
62

63 ADDED
64
65
66
67
68

69 LOOP
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

J THE CLEAR TOKEN

J IS NEXT CHAR CLEAR?

JGET ADDRESS FROM UHICH TO SPLIT

J PUT IT IN ADDRS

J TRANSFER IT TO TEMP STORAGE

J THE TO TOKEN

J IS NEXT CHAR TO

JGET ADDRESS TO UHICH TO GO

J PUT IT IN ADDRS

78 NOTYET STA ADDRS

79

80

81

82

83 HIFND

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93 CONT

94

95

96

97

98

STA TEMP

LDA TEMP+1

STA ADDRS+1

BCC LOOP

STA LOUTR

DEY

LDA ( ADDRS )»Y

CMP FROM

BCS CONT

TAX

LDA LOUTR

STA TEMP+1

TXA

BCC NOTYET

SEC

LDA TEMP

SBC #$01

STA LOUTR

LDA TEMP+1

SBC #$00

J CHECK THERE IS A PROGRAM
Y JIN MEMORY

JUE HAVE TO KEEP AT LEAST
J 11 BYTES FOR THE NEU LINE
J TO BE CREATED

J SET POINTER TO LINK
J ADDRESSES AND
JTEMP STORAGE

jtemp storage
j search through basic
» checking link addresses
j zero byte is end of prog
j up to from yet?
jgo check lo byte
jdont change hi byte
jtemp storage

jget lo byte of link

jtemp storage

j reset link pointer

jtemp storage for hi byte

jget lo byte

j bigger? then go on

jtemp storage for lo byte
jget hi byte
jtemp storage

jreget lo byte

JGET OLD LO BYTE OF LINK

J SET POINTER TO BYTE BEFORE THE LINE

J SET UP BLTU POINTER

99

STA

LOUTR+1

100

CLC

101

LDA

PRGEND

102

ADC

#$01

J BLTU WANTS NEXT LOC

103

STA

HIGHTR

104

BCC

C0NT2

105

INC

PRGEND+1

106 C0NT2

SEC

JCALCNO OF BYTES

107

SBC

LOUTR

J TO MOVE

108

STA

FROM

J AND STORE IT IN FROM

109

LDA

PRGEND+1

J AND FROM+1

110

STA

HIGHTR+1

111

SBC

LOUTR+1

112

STA

FROM+1

113

CLC

114

LDA

FROM

JCALC NEW PRGEND

115

ADC

TO

J AND VECTORS

116

STA

HIGHDS

J FOR BLTU

117

STA

PRGEND

118

STA

VARPNT

119

TAX

120

LDA

FROM+1

121

ADC

TO+1

122

STA

HIGHDS+1

123

STA

PRGEND+1

124

STA

VARPNT+1

125

TAY

J FOR BLTU

126

TXA

J FOR BLTU

127

JSR

BLTU

J MOVE THE LATTER HALF

128

LDA

CURL IN

JTEMP STORAGE FOR CURRENT

129

PHA

J LINE NUMBER

130

LDA

CURLIN+1

131

PHA

132

LDY

#$03

133

LDA

( LOUTR )»Y

JGET LINUM TO

134

STA

CURL IN

J CHANGE IT TO A

135

I NY

J STRING

136

LDA

( LOUTR )fY

137

STA

CURLIN+1

138

JSR

STRING

139

PLA

J RESTORE CURRENT LINE

140

STA

CURLIN+1

J NUMBER

141

PLA

142

STA

CURL IN

143

LDY

#$03

JNOU DECREASE LNUM

144

LDA

( LOUTR )»Y

J BY 1 FOR NEU LINE

145

SEC

146

SBC

#$01

147

STA

( LOUTR )»Y

148

INY

149

LDA

( LOUTR )»Y

150

SBC

#$00

151

STA

( LOUTR )»Y

152

LDY

♦$05

153

LDA

#$AB

J THE GOTO TOKEN

154

STA

( LOUTR )»Y

155

LDX

♦$FF

156 LINE

I NX

157

LDA

FBUFFR»X

158

INY

159

STA

( LOUTR )»Y

a

160

CMP

#$00

161

BNE

LINE

162

CLC

163

LDA

LOUTR

164

ADC

#$01

J ADJUST POINTER TO LINK AI

165

STA

LOUTR

166

BCC

LINK

167

INC

LOUTR+1

168 LINK

CLC

169

LDA

#$01

JNOU CHANGE LINK ADDRESSEE

170 L00P2

ADC

TO

171

LDY

♦$00

172

STA

( LOUTR )iY

173

STA

TO

174

PHA

JTEMP STORAGE

175

BCC

C0NT5

176

INC

TO+1

177 C0NT5

LDA

TO+1

178

INY

179

STA

( LOUTR )tY

180

STA

LOUTR+1

181

PLA

J RESET LOUTR TO NEXT

182

STA

LOUTR

183

LDA

( LOUTR >fY

184

BEQ

DONE

J ZERO BYTE IS END OF PROG

185

LDY

♦ $04

J SKIP LNUMS

186 L00P1

INY

187

LDA

( LOUTR )»Y

188

CMP

♦ $00

J LOOK FOR EOL

189

BNE

L00P1

190

INY

191

TYA

192

CLC

193

BCC

L00P2

194 DONE

JMP

CLEAR

JLET APPLESOFT DO THE REST

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CIRCLE 127 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Hole in Applesoft, continued...

Listing 3. These Hexadecimal codes can
be entered into memory from the system
monitor. The CLEARSPLIT object code
is shown.

Listing 2. Basic program that pokes the object code of CLEAR
SPLIT into the highest available RAM locations.

REM

'CLEARSPLIT' IS ASSEMBLED BY
THIS APPLESOFT PROGRAM

10 TEXT J HOME

20 PRINT "THE MACHINE CODE PROGRAM 'CLEARSPLIT'"

30 PRINT "IS NOW BEING ASSEMBLED UNDER HIMEM:"

40 REM

LOOK AT MACHINE'S HIMEM AND

CALCULATE STARTING LOCATION FOR 'CLEARSPLIT'

(I.E. $200 BELOW HIMEM)

50 P = PEEK (116) - 2

60 HI = PEEK (115) + 256 * P
70 FOR I = HI TO HI + 336
80 READ V: POKE I»VJ NEXT
90 REM

NOW DATA HAS BEEN ASSEMBLED FOR
A 48K MACHINE* IF YOURS IS
ALSO 48K, LINES 100 TO 140
INCLUSIVELY MAY BE DELETED

10O
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190

IF P = 148 THEN GOTO 150

FOR I = HI TO HI + 336

IF PEEK ( I ) < > 148 THEN GOTO 140

POKE I,P

NEXT

PRINT t PRINT t PRINT : PRINT "INSERT YOUR DESTINATION DISC"

PRINT "AND PRESS RETURN TO SAVE IT"

GET T$: IF ASC ( T$ ) < > 13 THEN 170

PRINT CHR$ (13) + CHR$ (4)"BSAVE CLEARSPLIT, A"HI" ,L337 H

REM

THE DATA FOLLOWS

♦9400

.9550

9400-

A9

4C

8D

F5

03 A9

14

8D

9408-

F6

03

A9

94

8D F7

03

60

9410-

00

00

00

00

A9 BD

20

CO

9418-

DE

20

67

DD

20 52

E7

A5

9420-

50

8D

10

94

A5 51

8D

11

9428-

94

A9

CI

20

CO DE

20

67

9430-

DD

20

52

E7

A5 50

8D

12

9438-

94

A5

51

8D

13 94

D8

AO

9440-

01

Bl

67

DO

03 4C

12

D4

9448-

38

AD

10

94

E9 OB

8D

10

9450-

94

BO

03

CE

11 94

A5

67

9458-

85

50

85

5E

A5 68

85

51

9460-

85

5F

AO

01

Bl 50

FO

DD

9468-

CD

11

94

FO

11 BO

21

85

9470-

5F

88

Bl

50

85 50

85

5E

9478-

A5

5F

85

51

90 E4

85

9B

9480-

88

Bl

50

CD

10 94

BO

08

9488-

AA

A5

9B

85

5F 8A

90

E4

9490-

38

A5

5E

E9

01 85

9B

A5

9498-

5F

E9

00

85

9C 18

A5

AF

94A0-

69

01

85

96

90 02

E6

BO

94A8-

38

E5

9B

8D

10 94

A5

BO

94B0-

85

97

E5

9C

8D 11

94

13

94B8-

AD

10

94

6D

12 94

85

94

94CO-

85

AF

85

69

AA AD

11

94

94C8-

6D

13

94

85

95 85

BO

85

94DO-

6A

A8

8A

20

93 D3

A5

75

94D8-

48

A5

76

48

AO 03

Bl

9B

94EO-

85

75

C8

Bl

9B 85

7t

20

94E8-

20

ED

68

85

76 68

85

75

94FO-

AO

03

Bl

9B

38 E9

01

91

94F8-

9B

C8

Bl

9B

E9 00

91

9B

9500-

AO

05

A9

AB

91 9B

A2

FF

9508-

E8

DD

00

01

C8 91

9B

C9

9510-

00

DO

F5

18

A5 9B

69

01

9518-

85

9B

90

02

E6 9C

18

A9

9520-

01

6D

12

94

AO 00

91

9B

9528-

8D

12

94

48

90 03

EE

13

9530-

94

AD

13

94

C8 91

9B

85

9538-

9C

68

85

9B

Bl 9B

FO

OE

9540-

AO

04

C8

Bl

9B C9

00

DO

9548-

F9

C8

98

18

90 D3

4C

6C

9550-

D6

200 DATA 169,76,141,245,3,169,20,141,246,3,169,143,141,247,3,96,0,0,0,0,169,
21,32,82,231,165,80,141,16,143, 165f81 » 141 ,17,148, 169, 193,32,192,222,32,103,22
210 DATA 231,165,80,141,13,143,165,81,141,19,143,216,160,1,177,103,203,3,76,
3,11,141, 16, 148, 176, 3, 206, 17, 143, 165, 103, 133, 80, 133, 94, 165, 104, 133, 81, 133, 95,
DATA 80,240,221,205,17,148,240,17,176,33,133,95,136,177,80,133,30,133,94

250 DATA 155,233,0,145,155,160,5,169,171,145,155,162,255,232,139,0,1,200,145
65,155,105,1,133,155,144,2,230,156,24,169,1,109,18,148,160,0,145.155,141,13,1
260 DATA 3, 238, 19, 148, 173, 19, 148, 200, 145, 155,133, 156, 104, 133, 155, 17/, 155, 240
01,0,208,249,200,152,24,144,211,76,108,214

189,32,192,222,32,103,2

1,32,82

18,212,56,173,16,148,23

160,1,177

,165,95,133,81,144,228,

233,1,133,155

155,141,16,148,165,176,

70,173,17,148,109

3,72,160,3,177,155,133,

3,1,145,155,200,177

,155,201,0,208,245,24,1

48,72,144

,14,160,4,200,177,155,2

There are three ways around this last
problem. In the first you must develop
the program exclusively above the hi-res
pages by changing the start of program
pointers and using smaller arrays until
you are convinced it is perfect. Then add
the &CLEAR..TO.. line.

In the second you must keep on disk a
version of the program which incor-
porates any changes you make but which
is SAVEd before RUNning. It is this
version which is edited. In the third you
must use another program which will
close up a split program. This is also listed
and is called CLOSESPLIT. It is very
simple to use. To edit a split program
either BRUN CLOSESPLIT or if it is

already in memory just CALL 768.

If after splitting a program you LIST it
you will notice that CLEARSPLIT has
introduced a line of Basic which is a GO
TO. CLOSESPLIT will remove this,
recombine the program, reset the end of
program pointer, and do a CLEAR before
returning you to Basic.

I have presented both programs both
as Applesoft programs and as original
source listings. Both of the Applesoft
programs will assemble the appropriate
machine code programs in RAM and will
then save them to the required destination
disk. CLOSESPLIT resides at $300, so
the relevant Applesoft program will
merely form it and SAVE it.

CLEARSPLIT, however, was originally
assembled at $9400 for a 48K machine
with DOS. So the relevant Applesoft
program has been written so that it will
determine the size of memory available
(from the HIMEM: pointer at $73,74) for
any machine and then assemble the pro-
gram as appropriate.

Tape users can easily modify these two
to their advantage and use CLEARSPLIT
in the immediate mode. By incorporating
the program within their own programs
they can use it in the deferred mode. If
you have difficulties with these programs
I would very much like details of the
problem so I can try to improve both of
them. □

316

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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CIRCLE 114 ON READER SERVICE CARD

1

Hole in Applesoft, continued...

1 ORG $300

51

STA TEMP

J STORE LO BYTE

2 CLS EQU $FC58

52

LDA PRGEND+1

3 ERR EQU $D412

53

INY

4 CLEAR EQU ID66C

54

SBC ( INDEX ),Y

5 DOS EQU $3D0

55

TAX

;hi byte into x

6 TO EQU $00

56

LDY #$00

7 TEMP EQU $50

57 L0OP2

LDA ( ADDRS ),Y

JMOVE TOP HALF

8 INDEX EQU $5E

58

STA ( INDEX )tt

9 PRGBEG EQU $67

59

DEY

10 ADDRS EQU $9B

60

BNE L00P2

11 PRGEND EQU $AF

61

INC INDEX+1

i UPDATE POINTERS

12 tmimutwrow

62

INC ADDRS+1

13 *

63

HEX

14 * CLOSE SPLIT

64

BMI L00P4

15 *

65

BNE L00P2

?G0 BACK FOR MORE

16 tttttttmmtmtu

66

LDY TEMP

17 JSR CLS J HOME

67

BNE LOOP 2

18 LDA PRGBEG »ST INDEX TO POINT AT PROGRAM

68 L0OP4

INY

J RESET IT TO 1

19 STA INDEX

69

LDA (TO),Y

i CHANGE LINK ADDRESSES

20 LDA PRGPEG+1

70

BEQ" END

J IF ZERO FOUND IT IS END OF PROG

21 STA INDEX+1

71

INY

I

22 SEC

72

INY

23 LOOPl LDY #$01 J GET HI BYTE OF LINK ADDRESS

73 LOOP 3

INY

J SKIP THE LINE NUMBERS

24 LDA ( INDEX )tY

74

LDA <TO),Y

J FIND END OF LINE TOKEN

25 BEQ ERROR IZERO BYTE IS END OF PROG

75

BNE LOOP 3

26 STA TEMP-il 5 TEMP STORAGE

76

INY

27 SBC INDEX+1 J WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE

77

CLC

28 CMP #$01

78

TYA

29 BEQ CONT »IF OR 1 THEN NOT YET SPLIT

79

ADC TO

J COMPUTE NEW LINN ADDRESS

30 BCS FOUND IIF >1 THEN FOUND SPLIT

80

LDY #$00

31 CONT DEY (LOOK AT LOU BYTE

81

STA (TO),Y

J AND UPDATE POINTER

32 LDA ( INDEX ),Y tGET LO BYTE OF LINK

33 STA INDEX It UPDATE INDEX

34 LDA TEMP+1 ,'REGET HI BYTE

35 STA INDEX+1

36 SEC J ALWAYS GO BACK ft SET FOR SBC

37 BCS LOOPl it GO BACK

38 ERROR JMP ERR

39 FOUND LDA INDEX JEND OF THE FIRST HALF

40 STA TO

41 LDA INDEX+1

42 STA TO+1

43 LDA ( INDEX ),Y JGET START OF 2ND HALF

44 STA ADDRS+1

45 DEY

46 LDA < INDEX ),Y

47 STA ADDRS

48 SEC JCALC LENGTH OF PART TO MOVE

49 LDA PRGEND

50 SBC < INDEX ),Y

82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91

92 END
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

STA TEMP

LDA TO+1

ADC #$00

INY

STA (TO)tY

STA TO+1

LDA TEMP

STA TO

SEC

BCS LOOP 4

CLC

LDA TO

ADC #$03

STA PRGEND

LDA TO+1

ADC #$00

STA PRGEND+1

JSR CLEAR

JMP DOS

,'TEMP STORAGE

J TO NOW POINTS TO END OF PROG
J SO UPDATE PRGEND

J LET APPLESOFT DO THE REST

Listing 4. Source code of CLOSESPLIT, the program that re-

unites the two sections of a split Basic program.

Listing

5. Basic program that installs CLOSESPLIT

object

code into RAM.

9 REH

DATA FOR THE MACHINE CODE PROGRAM 'CLOSESPLIT'

10 DATA 32,88,252,165,103,133,94,165,104,133,95,56,160,1

r!77, 94, 240,22, 13

3, 31*229, 95, 201*1, 240,2, 17

6»lf*, 136, 177, 94, 133, 94, 165, 81*133,95, 56, 176, 223,

76,18,212.

165,94,133,0,165,95,133,1

20 DATA 177, 94, 133, 156, 136, 177, 94, 133, 155, 56, \t

>5, 175, 241.

r94, 133,80,165, 17

6, 200, 241 ,94, 170, 160, 0,177

,15r-, 145, 94, 136, 208, 249, 230, 95, 230, 156, 202, 48, 6,

203,240,164,80,203,236,200

,177,0,240,34,200

30 DATA 200,200,177,0,208,251,200,24,152,101,0,

160,0,145.

0,133»80»165»1»105, 0,200, 145, 0,133, 1,165, 8

0,133,0,56,176,217,24,165,0,105,3,133,175,165,1,

105,0, 133.

-176,32,103.214,7

6

3? REM

THE PROGRAM BEGINS HERE

•

BY BEING POKED IN

40 DATA 208,3

50 TEXT t HOME

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H

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it

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NOW SAVE IT TO DISC

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110 GET T$: IF ASC ( T$ ) < > 13 THEN 110

120 PRINT CHR$ (13) + CHR$ (4VBSAVE CLOSESPLIT, A763, LI

53"

318

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Keeping Track of Variable Names
in an Applesoft Program

Lawrence G. McMillan

When writing a large program in Apple-
soft, it often becomes difficult to keep
track of the variable names used. This is
true mostly because Applesoft only rec-
ognizes the first two characters of each
variable name. While names of any length
are allowable, only the first two characters
determine uniqueness.

This means you can't, for example, use
MAXO and MAX1 for two variables repre-
senting the maxima of two sequences of
numbers. You might therefore use MO
and Ml, but then what do you use when
you want to represent two minima for the
same sequences? MINO and MINI are
out, and you've already used MO and Ml,
so you make up something else. After
several hundred lines of code (especially
if you don't own a printer), it can be
confusing trying to remember what you
have used and what you haven't.

Fortunately, the Applesoft Manual pro-
vides the addresses to the variable names
in the variable table. The accompanying
Applesoft utility routine accesses those
locations and prints the variable names,
also indicating whether the variable type
is a real, integer, or string variable.

Simple Variables

Simple variables in Applesoft are stored
consecutively, beginning at the address
stored in locations 105 and 106 in memory.
This is true for both ROM and cassette
Applesoft. The actual location is deter-
mined as LOC = 256 * PEEK(106) +

Lawrence G. McMillan, 39 Meadowbrook Road,
Randolph, NJ 07869.

PEEK(105). This location also happens
to be LOMEM for an Applesoft program.
Each simple variable takes up seven
bytes of storage. The first two bytes are
the character name, and the other five
bytes represent the value of the variable.
With only two bytes reserved for the
variable name, you can see why Applesoft
only recognizes the first two characters
of a variable name when determining
uniqueness.

The variable type
(floating point, integer,
or string) is determined
by the manner in which

the two-character
name is stored.

The variable type (floating point, integer,
or string) is determined by the manner in
which the two-character name is stored.
Most ASCII characters can be represented
internally by the Apple in two ways— as a
decimal number less than 128 or as a
decimal number greater than 127. The
"positive" representation is one that is
less than 128 (the high-order bit is off).
The "negative" representation is the one
that is greater than 127 (the high-order
bit is on). If the decimal representations
of both characters in the variable name

320

are "positive" (less than 128), then the
variable is a real, or floating point, value.
If both decimal representations are "neg-
ative" (greater than 127), then the variable
is an integer. Otherwise, it is a string vari-
able.

As an example, the integer variable name
11% would be stored as 201,201 in the two
bytes representing the character name.
The % sign is not actually a part of the
variable name, but is used by Applesoft
as a special symbol to indicate that the
value stored in the variable II is to be
treated as an integer value. In this ease,
the character "I" is represented as 201— its
negative representation. However, the
character "I" may also be represented as
decimal 73. This would be its positive
representation. Hence, the real variable
name, II, would be represented as 73,73.
That is, both representations being positive
indicate a real value.

Finally, II could also be a string variable
(11$). If this were the case, then it would
have a decimal representation of 73,201 —
the first representation is positive and the
second is negative. Appendix K in the
Applesoft Manual shows the various repre-
sentations of each ASCII character, both
positive and negative.

Since each simple variable takes exactly
seven bytes of storage, it is a relatively
easy matter to step through the variable
table extracting the names and identifying
the variable types. In the accompanying
listing, the starting address of the variable
table is obtained in line 10. Lines 40 to SO
do the work of identifying the variable
type and then incrementing the address

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Variable Names, continued...

by 7 to get to the next name. In this utility
routine, only five names are printed at a
time. To continue, the program must type
"C" to continue the listing. The programmer
will recognize the end of his simple variable
table when strange characters or blanks
begin appearing as variable names. Once
this happens, he may then type an "A" to
begin scanning the array variables. Lines
120 to 140 in the listing handle these
things.

Array Variables

The pointer to the beginning of the
array variables is stored by Applesoft in
locations 107 and 108. Again, the address
where these variables begin is determined
as LOC = 256 * PEEKU08) -I- PEEKU07).
The routine determines this at line 150
and sets a flag at line 160. This flag indicates
to the utility that array variables, not simple
variables, are now being scanned.

As was the case with simple variables,
the first two bytes of storage of an array
variable are the decimal representations
of characters in the variable name. The
same recognition rules apply— a real has
two positive representations, an integer
has two negatives, and a string has one of
each. However, the way in which the actual
values of the array variable are stored
differs somewhat from the way in which
the simple variable value was stored. Each
simple variable used five additional bytes
of storage to represent its value. However,
since arrays may be of varying length, the
amount of storage used is not fixed. Rather,
the third and fourth bytes of storage for
the variable are used to denote how many
bytes of storage are necessary for the
storage of this entire array.

Listing 1.

10 X - 265 * PEEK (106) + PEEK (10!

i):REM GET SIMPLE VARIABLES
STARTING POINT

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1 00

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

PRINT x;

L = 01

FOR I » 1 TO 3

PRINT CHR* (PEEK

STARTING ADDR FOR SIMPLE VRBLS"
REM FLAG DENOTING SIMPLE

OR ARRAY VRBLS

127
12B
X =
X =

(X)); CHR* (PEEK
PEEK (X+l)
PEEK (X+l)
7 : REM ADD
PEEK ( X

AND
AND
X +
X +

o

(X + 1) ) ;

127 THEN PRINT '"/.";

127 THEN PRINT "*";
7 FOR SIMPLE VRBLS

+ 256 * PEEK (X + 3)

IF PEEK (X) >

IF PEEK (X) <

IF L = THEN

IF L = 1 THEN

PRINT

NEXT I

INPUT "C TO CONTINUE,

IF LTR* = "C" THEN 40

IF LTR* <> "A" THEN 120

X - 256 * PEEK (108) + PEEK (107): REM GET START OF ARRAY LIST

L = 1 : REM SET FLAG FOR ARRAY VRBLS NOW

GO TO 40

A FOR ARRAYS"; LTR*

One can then determine the address at
which the next array begins by adding
this length to the beginning address of the
array variable at which you are currently
looking. That is,

start of next array variable = 256*PEEK
(4th byte) + PEEKprd byte) + starting
address of this array.

This is done in line 90 of the accom-
panying listing.

The routine has no end statement, so
the user can hit CTRL C to terminate
when he has reached the end of his array
table.

Running the Routine

To run this routine, first store it sepa-
rately on disk. Then use RENUMBER
and its MERGE facility to place the routine
just before the END statement in your
program. Then, at the end of the next
execution of your programs, you will get
a list of your variable names. For those
not familiar with RENUMBER:

1) RUN RENUMBER

2) LOAD or type in this routine and
renumber its line numbers to be just before
the END statements of your main program's
END statement

3) &H to put the routine in the HOLD
area

4) LOAD your main program

5) &M to merge the two (program and
routine) together

6) RUN the main program

Summary

To summarize, writers of lengthy Apple-
soft programs may lose track of their
variable names because of the two-char-
acter representation. The accompanying
routine steps through the simple and array
variable tables, identifying the variable
type. It is a handy way of keeping track
of the variable names before some serious
and time-consuming bug crops up because
a variable name was inadvertently re-
used. □

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TT MRV WENT TE
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tJOU JVl E "A* J

1

zMAAAAAAAAAHHH

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

321

<C-,

©H?3L

Output Au Naturel

Daniel H. Lowenstein

"What is this/' you say, "a Fortran
article in Creative Computing?" Yes.
For two reasons.

First, many readers have systems
with Fortran and to use material in
Creative they generally must convert
from Basic. They occasionally grum-
ble, but usually not. They generally
are a resourceful lot. Well this is for
them. No conversion necessary.

Second, this is a useful technique
and readers with Basic speaking sys-
tems should have little trouble
understanding the well-commented
listing. -DMA

If you have been writing programs
which involve word processing, you have
undoubtedly run across the problem of
formatting your output so that it reads
naturally. That is, text is constructed so
that words are properly spaced, punctua-
tion is correct, and the text has normal
sentence and paragraph structure.

In my work involving computer-aided
medical diagnosis, I have faced this prob-
lem as well. We who are familiar with the
ins and outs of computers do not find the
typical tabular output of our machines
offensive. However, physicians and other
health-care personnel expect a report to
read as though it were written with stand-
ard rules of text formatting.

Not having a sophisticated text editor
onboard my mini to handle this task, I
developed a technique that interprets a
diagnostic algorithm and outputs a para-
graph summary which reads as though a
physician wrote it.

The approach I use is so straight-
forward, flexible, and reasonable in stor-

Daniel H. Lowenstein, 65 Pleasant St. #3, Brook-
line, MA 02146.

age requirements, that some of you in the
micro world might be interested in trying
it out.

The only prerequisites are a machine
which has enough memory to handle the
library of phrases from which you con-
struct the output (plus some memory for
the algorithm to fit them together), and a
language which can concatenate and split
strings (e.g. Fortran 77).

I will use the game "Adventure
Caverns" in my examples cited below.
This game challenges the player to find
his way to a treasure by specifying the
directions and implements needed for
travel through a mythical land. After each
user response, the computer summarizes
the travel thus far and prompts for more
decisions.

The fancier versions of this game for-
mat the output in paragraphs and become
interactive fairy tales. The basic approach
I describe, however, can be applied to
any task which involves formulating text
based upon an algorithm and formatting
it naturally, e.g. business reports, weather
summaries, and astrology impressions.

The strategy is outlined in Figure 1.
The data resource would include the
information specifying the parameters of
the game as well as the prior responses of
the user. The algorithm specifies the rules
and keeps track of the advancement of
the player.

The phrase array is a lexicon of all the
possible phrases which might be used in
the status reports of a game. Each sep-
arate phrase constitutes a single element
of the array. The array is defined as type
character.

I chose a string length of 30 in my
applications, though this could be modi-
fied to a more convenient length depend-
ing upon your own needs. The ordering
of phrases within the phrase array may be
arbitrary, though I found that grouping

322

them according to common usage facili-
tated code formulation and changes.

Now, using the algorithm, a second
array is defined. Contained within this
report array are the element locations of
the phrases to be used in a particular
report. As an example, let us suppose
that the player is asked in what direction
to proceed. The response is "north."

The algorithm, which is keeping track
of the player's location, specifies that this
would head the player into the Misty
Mountains. Therefore, an element in the
report array might be assigned the integer
value 31, corresponding to the thirty-first
element in the phrase array: "You are
now heading." The next element of the
report array would be filled with the
integer value 10, corresponding to the
phrase 'north."

As the figure shows, the subsequent
elements in the report array would be
filled with the phrases which comprise
the desired sentence. Once fully con-
structed, the report array becomes a
source for defining the sequence of
phrases to be used in a particular output.

Next, a formatter subroutine is called.

The Fortran 77 code is found in Listing
1. By accessing the information within
both the report array and phrase array,
the program concatenates individual
phrases into lines of text. Line length are
defined according to the desired format
of the output record.

In the event a phrase exceeds the extent
of the line, the formatter searches for
blanks within the phrase, places a shorter
part of the phrase in the line if possible,
and places the remainder of the string in
the following line of text. If the formatter
encounters a null value in an element of
the report array, it merely ignores that
element. Therefore, it is not necessary to
have every element of the report array
filled with a value. I have found this to be

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

DATA

Algorithm

Describe locale and prompt for
REPORT(50) - 36
REP0RT(51) - 1
IF (REPLY .EQ. 'NORTH*) THEN
REP0RT(51) - 31
REPORT(54) - 10
IF((LATITUDE .GT. 3) .ANT).
REPORT (56) - U
REPORT(57) - 22
ELSE IF...

next move

(LONCTUDE .LT. -b)) THEN

Phrase Array

•.«.•

A(l)
A(^)

m •

_
•

t
•

A(10)
A(ll)
A(12)
A(13)
A(1A)

m i

m
m t

■ •
m i

North'

South'

East'

West'

Into'

A(22)

m

the Misty Mountains'

A(31)

m i

You are now heading'

A(36)

m t

You slipped by the dragon'

Report
Array

KITORTCJO)
RF.PORT(5l )
REPORT(52)
REPORT (5 I)
RF.PORT('34)
REPORT(55)
RFPORT(56)
REPORT(5/)

I

i i
10

o
ii

> FORMATTER <

•&•

Output Record

...You slipped by the dragon. You are now heading North into
the Misty Mountains. . . .

Figure 1.

a great aid in altering text.

By the time the formatter subroutine
passes back to the main program, the
phrases have been arranged into lines and
can be written to the desired output
device. The sample sentence constructed
above might be at the end of a status
report reading as follows:

...You slipped by the dragon. You are
now heading north into the Misty Moun-

December 1982 • Creative Computing

tains. There is a clearing ahead. In what
direction do you wish to proceed 1 !

You might note that the subroutine
checks for punctuation marks to ensure
that they do not become the first char-
acter in a new line. Also, in order to
create a new paragraph, the algorithm
merely has to place the integer which
specifies a string of five blanks into the
report array.

323

If you use a Word
Processor, you need

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Output, continued. . .

As you can see, the applications of this
approach for natural language formatting
are limited primarily by the memory
allocation on your machine. A valuable
subroutine which could improve the effi-

ciency of the code would be one which
packs the phrases in the phrase array. In
this way, the default length of 30 for the
array would not be placing unneeded
blanks into memory. In addition, I have
yet to explore the possibility of splitting
words into syllables. □

Listing 1.

Street

City

State

Zip

CC

1

2

3
';

5

6
7
3

9

10
11

12
13

m

15

15
17
13

19
20
21
22

23
2*4
25
26
27
23
29
30
31
32

33
3U
35
36
37
38
39
HO
HI
H2
43

45

Hi

47
48
49
50
51
52

53
54

55
56
57
58

59
60
61
62

63
64

65
66
67
68

69
70
71
72

73
74

SUBROUTINE KINIFCRJU A, E,LINE)
C Created by D. H. Lowenstein

<*>

c
c
c
c
c
c

{J#*tf«ft«**tf***»***««#»*«*»*»»«** »»«»*«*»««•»*««**«•»«»****»**««#*«

CHARACTER»78 LINE(12), A(100)»30

INTEGER B( 100) ,LINELEN,NPHRASE,WORDSLEN,LINEUSED

The lexicon of phrases is passed to this subroutine and
defined as the array "A." Also passed is the report array, which
specifies the make-up of the text, defined as array "D." The
formatted text will be passed back to the main program in the
array "LINE."

C
C

c

n

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

c

c

c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c

100

c
c
c
c
c
c

200

c
c
c
c
c

Definitions of Local Variables:

LINELEN = Length of line of text. (Must equal that

specified in the above CHARACTER statement!!)
NPHRASES = Number of phrases being used (Highest non-blank

element of A)
W0RDSLEN = Length of phrase

PHRASLEM = Maximum length of phrases (dimension of A!!)
LINEUSED = Portion of line filled

Initialize variables:

LINELEN=78
NPHRASES= 100
PHRASLEN=30
LINEUSEDrO
K=1

DO 1000 1=1, NPHRASES

If an element of the report array is null, loop through to
the next element.

IF(B(I) .EQ. 0) CO TO 1000

Otherwise, determine the length of trailing blanks and hence the
"true" length of the phrase:

DO 100 J=PHRASLEN,1,-1

IF( A(B(I))(J:J) .KE. ■ ') THEN
WORDSLEN = J
GO TO 200
END IF
CONTINUE

If there is space in the present line to place the phrase,
do so. The last character space in each line is
reserved for placement of punctuation (i.e. to avoid placing
a period or comma at the beginning of a line.)

IF( (LINELEN - LINEUSED) .GT. WORDSLEN) THEN

LINE(K) = LINE(K)(1:LINEUSED)//A(B(I))

LINEUSED = LINEUSED + WORDSLEN

GO TO 1000
ELSE

If the full phrase does not fit, check to see whether a
shorter part can be placed in the present line and the
remainder into the following line:

DO 300 N=W0RDSLEN,1,-1

IF(A(B(I))(N:N) .EQ. ' ' .AND. (LINELEN - LINEUSED)
.GT. N) THEN

LINE(K) = LINE(K)(1:LINEUSED)//A(B(I))(1:N)

LINE(K+1) = A(B( I) )(N+1: WORDSLEN)

K=K+1

LINEUSED =W0RDSLEN - N

GO TO 1000

CIRCLE 301 ON READER SERVICE CARD

324

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Listing 1, continued...

75
76
77
78

79
80
81
82

83
84
85
86
87
88

89
90

91
92
93

9^

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

ion

105
106
107
108
10c

300

C
C
C
C
C

c

c
c
c

1000

c
c
c
c
c
c
c

2000

END IF

CONTINUE

END IF
If the phrase to be inserted is a punctuation character
and there is only one space remaining in the line, insert the
character. The code assumes that all punctuation
marks are listed within the first five elements of the
phrase array.

IF((LINELEN - LINEUSED .EQ. WORDSLEN) .AND. (B(I) .LE.
I 5)) THEN

LINE(K) = LINE(K)(1:LINEUSED)//A(B(D)
ELSE

Otherwise, place the phrase into the following line:

LINE(K-fl) = A(B(D)
LINEUSED = WORDSLEN
K=K+1
END IF

CONTINUE

For appropriate spacing of words, phrases (other than
punctuation) in the phrase array have a leading blank.
In order to rid text lines of first position blanks, the

following is carried out prior to RETURN...

DO 2000 K=1,12

IF(LINE(K)(1:1)
CONTINUE
RETURN
END

.EQ. ' ') LINE(K) = LINE(K)(2:78)//'

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A Scrolling Routine For CBM/PET

Output Listings

What do you do if you write a program
with 100 lines of output and you don't
have a printer? There are three things
you can do:

1. Take a speedreading course so you
can read the text as it scrolls past on the
screen.

2. Run the program. When what you
want to see appears on the screen, press
STOP. Then type CONT when you are
ready to continue with the listing.

3. Put a routine in your Basic program
so that it will print the first, say, 20 lines
and then stop with the message PRESS
RETURN TO CONTINUE. When you
are done examining the first 20 lines, you
press RETURN and the next 20 lines are
displayed on the screen.

All three of these methods have a major
shortcoming: once the output has gone
off the screen, you can't recall it unless
you run the program again. The third
method also has a disadvantage in that
there is no way to see, for example, lines
10 to 25 on the screen at the same
time— lines 1 to 20 fill the screen, then
lines 21 to 40, etc.

The program described here provides
a simple Basic output scrolling routine.
With this routine added to your program,

Alfred J. Bruey, 201 S. Grinnell St., Jackson, MI
49203.

Alfred J. Bruey

you can scroll up or down either one line
or one page (20 lines) at a time, or you
can scroll to the top or bottom of the
listing. Each of these actions requires only
one keystroke.

There is one limitation: All data to be
output to the screen must be loaded into
an array. After the output has been
collected in this array, you branch to a
subroutine which handles all the scrolling
functions mentioned above.

The print routine given here is an
example of the use of the scrolling rou-
tine. You can customize it to suit your
own purposes. I shall try to explain the
coding well enough so that you can
extract the parts that you need.

The print subroutine works as follows:

1. Well assume in this example that the
data which we will output will be in array
P(I). This array will be dimensioned 100.
Any array can be used, and it may be
two-dimensional. The first part of the
coding is a routine to load data into P(I).
So that this example will be easy to follow,
I have set P(I)=I.

2. The first thing I do in the print
subroutine is to list the first 20 items in

P(I). Then the scrolling routine will be
activated.

3. The scrolling routine will react to
the following keys (note that it will not be
necessary to press RETURN since the
GET key is used for the scrolling com-
mands).

U Scroll up 20 lines

D Scroll down 20 lines

/ Scroll up one line

* Scroll down one line

L List last 20 lines in file

F List first 20 lines in file

R Return to main program

Enter the program shown in Listing 1.
When you RUN it, it will generate the
array P(I) and list the first 20 items, the
integers from 1 to 20, on the screen. Press
the keys as described in the preceding list
and notice how you can scroll back and
forth through the list as many times as
you wish. Press R when you are done and
the program will stop.

To adapt this to your own program,
make sure that the dimension in line 1060
is at least as big as your output file. Then
set MX in line 5030 to the exact length of
your output file. The array that you want
to print out goes in line 5070.

This routine should make it easier for
you to examine long output listings when
you don't have a printer to which to dump
them. D

Listing 1.

. s/Q \En **********************

- •-. — • i— ■- - .i. f-. | i - . i— i-. r— i~. -r t-.r-\

iifcl ;- r .C:-| * £> T ~»U.r«^CjJ ■-• » i'f.UCT *

139 REM ****************************

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b -I . I .

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j. :" r_! i~ i_i(T 1 — J, |U i Ut'

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289 NEXT I

c j. V i^.d; ! * iJU i -J C'C-f:. U'l_i_ KUU I 1 11C

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^•^►J o i or

■—. i— .— , r— : : t\

iOU CM it

5GQS REM ******************

CT •"; * •— • I— . r— I. 4 i— . I— . ▼ I I ^r .— . i i i-. i— . — . i i ^- T I I r— .1

jiKflV ^cn rr. ir-ti OU£KUU I i Nc *

3020 REM ******************

3040 F-l -L-2U

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r.iii ;

5960
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326

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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Pocket Computer Fun

Dan Rollins

The Radio Shack Pocket Computer is
not much larger than a check book, but it
packs the power of a machine which, 20
years ago, would have filled a room and
required scores of technicians to operate.

Though it lacks some of the qualities
which I suspect will be seen in the next
generation of small computers— notably
tele-communications (easy hookup with a
larger computer), multiple line screen,
full musical capability, and such Basic
commands as PEEK, POKE, USR, and
INKEY$— it is, nevertheless, a good buy.

Most of the software being written for
this little beauty is business related. The
Radio Shack Games package is not quite
what I was looking for, so I wrote the
following program to give my pocket
companion something to do when it is
away from the office.

Pocket Maze

Pocket Maze prints a randomly created
maze on your pocket computer printer.
The algorithm guarantees only one direct
path from entrance to exit.

The program adjusts an X,Y pointer
through a two-dimensional array, adding
"door" values to initially zero cells. Each
configuration of doors (combination of
UP, DOWN, LEFT, and RIGHT) must
have a unique value for decoding in the
print routine. By assigning to the various
directions values which are powers of 2
as follows,

UP =1

RIGHT =2

LEFT =4

DOWN =8
any combinations will be unique and easily
converted. This also means that the highest
value a cell will ever attain is 15.

Since the maze can be only seven cells
across (printer limitations) and memory
is still "expensive" in the Pocket Computer,
I decided to pack one line of cells into a
single "memory." A cell on the farthest
left border will give its line the value of its
doors times 1 .

The second column of cells is saved as
DOORS * 16, the third as DOORS * 256.

Table 1. Pocket Maze Variables Table.

Thus, the value of the cell is the Xth
nibble within the maze array element
defined by the Yth ordinate.

The subroutine in ljne 3 returns the
value of this nibble in the variable W.
Using this routine cuts memory usage by
a factor of 7, but increases program
execution time.

The example maze (7 by 10) took 22
minutes to generate and print. The program
flashes the number of cells left to keep
you informed as to its progress. But, while
scanning for a new opening after getting
stuck, it will take a long time to make a
move. This usually happens toward the
end, so patience is a plus.

Dan Rollins. 370 N. Cerritos. Apt. 15-A, Azusa,
CA 91702.

A$-G$

= A$(l to 7)

Printer output line

H-N

= A(8 to 14)

Powers of 16 table (I = 16)

O

Not used (looks like 0)

P

Temp value = 31 + Y

Height of maze

R

Count of unused cells

S

Count of valid directions (1 to 4)

T

Temp X for subroutine 3

U

Temp Y for subroutine 3

V

Not used

W

Return value from subroutine 3 a nibble
from to 1 5

X

Current horizontal maze ordinate

Y

Current vertical maze ordinate

Z

Random number (fraction)

A$(27 to 30)

List of valid directions

A(31 to

MEM)

Maze array, each element holds values of 7 cells

328

December 1982 c Creative Computing

Description of the Program

Line 1: Begin execution via RUN or
Shift-M (DEF mode).

Line 2: Subroutine returns pseudo-
random number less than 1.

Line 3: Subroutine returns a 4-bit value
for a multiple of a power of 16— value of
a maze cell.

Lines 4-7*. Routines update cell values
and X,Y pointer.

Line 10: Get a random number seed
and print it. A given seed will generate
the same maze for a given height.

Line 20: Get maze height and adjust
for 0th array element.

Line 30: Clear maze array.

Line 40: Create look-up table for powers
of 16. This avoids "accuracy errors"
associated with exponentiation and in-
creases the speed of the program.

Line 50: Give top left cell a door on top
(entrance to maze), initialize X and Y to
0, determine total number of cells.

Line 60: This is the top of the MAIN
loop. Decrements cell counter, flashes
assurance, and checks for done.

Line 70: Initialize valid direction counter
and temporary Y.

Lines 80-120: Determine valid directions,
placing them in list.

Line 130: If at least 1 valid direction,
choose randomly.

Line 140: —Else scan across and down.

Line 150: Check new cell. If it has a
door, check to see if it adjoins a doorless
cell by running through main loop (sans
counter decrement).

Line 160: —Else scan further.

Line 300: DRAW maze. A maze may
be redrawn with Shift-D. Send a line feed
and set up loop counters.

Lines 310-320: Check for door UP and
save correct value for output.

Line 320: Print top of each cell.

Lines 330-360: Determine and print side
walls of each cell.

Line 380: Print bottom line. Exit may
be placed anywhere.

This may seem like a large program to
create a tiny maze, but a much longer
maze (7 by 50 or so) is possible. But it
would take a long time to produce.

Notice that the print routine builds an
output line by moving string values into
A$(l) to A$(7). These are later printed
via PRINT A$;B$;C$;D$;ES;F$;G$. A$(l)
is a redefinition of A$, as A$(2) is a
redefinition of B$, etc. It is not possible
to leave a trailing semicolon (;) after
printing a value. So line 320 can't simply:

PRINTS-'';
as in Level II Basic. It is also illegal to:

PRINT A$(X); A$(X+1);

A$(X + 2); etc.

Each output string must be either a

letter variable name (i.e. C$) or an array

variable subscripted by an integer value

such as A$(3). □

Example Maze.

RNB SEED*98765.

HEIGHT ■ 10.

+

•4--

-4-

-4-

-+-

-+-

-4-

~4

I

I

I

I

+-

~f-

-4

+

4

4

4

4

I

I

I

I

I

+

4

4-

-4

4

4-

-4-

-4

I

I

I

I

I

+

4

4-

-4-

-4-

-4-

-4

4

I

I

I

I

I

I

4

+-

-4

4

4

4

4

4

I

I

I

I

I

I

4

4

4

4

4-

-4

4-

-4

I

I

I

I

I

4-

-4

4-

-4-

-4

4-

-4

4

I

I

I

I

I

+

4-

-4

4-

-4-

-4

4

4

I

I

I

I

I

4-

-4

+

4

4-

-4-

-4

4

I

I

I

I

I

4

4-

-4-

~4-

-4

4

4

4

I

I

I

4-

-4-

-4-

-4-

-4-

-4-

-4

4

Listing 1.

It'WGOTO 10

2:Z=--9821Z4.2U
327:Z*Z-INT
Z: RETURN

3iM»INT (A<3H
U > /A < 8+T > > : N
=M-INT <H/ f I)
*r: RETURN

48 "LEFT"A<P>«A
<P>44A<8*X>8

X»X-l:A<P>*A
CP>42A<8+X>:
GOTO 60
5« M RiGHT"A<P>»
A<:P>+2A<8+X)
rX*X+l!A<P>»

a<p>44a<3+x:>

:G0T0 60

6:"UP"A<:P:>=A<:P
>*-A<8+X>8Y*Y
-t:A<P-l>«A<
P-1>48A<8+X)
:G0TQ 60

T: "D0MN"A<P>=A

tP)+8A<8+X>:

V==Y4l:A..:P4i;)

»A<P4l>4A<84

X>:G0T0 60
1.0: INPUT "RANS0
M SEED? "I 2a

print "rnd s
ee:u= h ;z
20: input "heigh
t of maze? m
5 q: print "he

IGHT = "IQi

Q=Q-1
30 s FOR X*31T0 3
14Q:a<X>«0s
NEXT X

40: FDR X«0T0 6s
A<84X>*16 /% X:
NEXT X

50:AC31>*=13X«0:
Y«0:R*<Q4l>*

60: R=R-i: PAUSE
R? " CELLS TO

G0 M : IF R«0
GOTO 300

70:S«05U*Y

80: IF XLET T*X-
l: GO SUB 3: IF
M«0LET S»l:A
*c;27>«"LEFT"

90: IF X<6LET T=
X+lsGGSUB 3s
IF W«0LET S»
S+lsA*(26+9:>
■ "RIGHT"
100: T«X

11.0: IF VLET U*Y-
18G0SUB 3= IF
W«0LET S=S4;t

:A*<26+S>«"U
pu

120: IF V<QLET l>

YM8G0SUB 3:
IF I4*0LET S==
S+l:A*<26+S)
a "HUH"
130: IF 5G0SUB 2s

P*t31+Y:G0T0

h£«;27+INT (Z
S>)
1408X*X+l: IF X>6

LET X==0:Y=V4

is IF YX2LET
Y«0
150:T=X:U«Ys

GOSUB 3s IF W

GOTO 70
160: GOTO 1.40
300:"D"PRINT " "

:F0R U=QTQ Q

:F0R T=QTG 6

: GOSUB 3
310: IF N-'2=INT <

N/-2>le:t A$CT

4l> = ,, 4- 1, I

GOTO 330
320: A*<T* l>**»+ "

330: NEXT T: PRINT

A*;B$?C*;D$S
E$5F*fG*; M 4"

340: FOR T=--0T0 6s
GOSUB 3: IF W
>7LET W«W-8

350: IF W<4LE7 A*
CT4l>«"I ■•:

GOTO 370
360sA£<T+l>s M ■
370: NEXT T: PR I NT

E^iFS'iO*;"!"
380: NEXT Us PRINT

"4-4-4-4-4-4
-4 4"

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

329

Twonky Revisited

My TRS-80 arrived early in 1978. Unable
to wait for Level II. I had "taken the
plunge" with a 16K Level I maehine. I
spent hours learning and experimenting
with the limitations and surprising capa-
bilities of Level I.

One of the first "real" programs I entered
was a game from Creative Computing
(May-June. 1977). The game, by Mark
Capella. was called Twonky.

From the description it looked like an
interesting game and the challenge of
translating it into Level I Basic made it
doubly appealing. Once the conversion
of the two-dimensional matrix into the
single available one-dimensional array was
worked out. the translation went smoothly
and the program worked. It proved to be
an interesting game.

In case you have misplaced your May-
June 1977 issue of Creative Computing,
let me briefly explain Twonky. In the
game, you are trapped in a 15 x 15 square
maze which contains blocked squares,
relocation squares (which randomly relo-
cate you), an objective, a super-maze square
(which starts the game over by setting up
a new maze), and a Twonky.

To win you must reach the objective
square before the Twonky reaches you.
The Twonky chases you relentlessly,
oblivious to all obstacles, and your only

G. R. Hertel, 1500 Hibiscus Avenue. Winter Park,
FL 32789.

G. ft Hertel

options are to run from him or shoot him.
If hit. he is relocated randomly somewhere
in the maze.

The only real problem is that you play
this whole game in the dark. After every
move, the computer tells you the distance
between you and the objective and between
you and the Twonky.

Level I proved to be a more powerful
programming language than I had expect-
ed, but. when Level II chips became
available. I was ready. I had my TRS-80
upgraded and took off into a multi-dimen-
sional, multi-functional world. I eventually
returned to Twonky and typed in the
program essentially as it was originally
written.

It was the same game, of course, except
that it ran much faster. I dressed the
game up with some graphics and gave the
player a "malfunctioning tricorder which
was activated by the relocation field." It
printed the maze and flashed your position,
the Twonky. and the objective for a few
seconds (I always did want to see the
maze) whenever you were relocated.

Twonky was eventually stored away
and almost forgotten.

Recently. I was introduced to the game
of Chase (I admit I haven't been keeping
up on computer games) on a computer
that wasn't really meant to play games.
As games go. it did not impress me.

The program was rather cumbersome;
movement was slow and not at all exciting.

330

It occurred to me. however, that it would
be rather easy to put TRS-80 graphics
into the game and make it really inter-
active.

(For those readers, like me. who are
not familiar with computer games. Chase
plunks you down in a field containing
electrified posts and surrounded by an
electrified fence. There are several robots
who continuously move toward you. Both
you and the robots are annihilated upon
hitting a post, so the object of the game is
to maneuver the robots into posts as they
chase you through the field.)

I wrote a version of Chase for my TRS-
80 to see how fast it would run. I used the
INKEYS function and the four arrow keys
to control direction and movement in real
time. The game uses surprisingly little
memory and is fun to play.

You are represented by a single TRS-
80 graphics location (rectangle), and the
electrified posts and robots are double
locations or squares. The robots come at
you relentlessly, trying to catch you. You
destroy them by maneuvering them into
one of the posts or into each other.

In my version, a robot-post encounter
annihilates both. You lose if caught or if
you run into a post or the border. There
are three rounds of play in a game. The
number of robots increases from 4 to 8 to
12 while the number of posts decreases
from 80 to 60 to 40. (See Listing 1.)

While writing and playing this version

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

of Chase, the similarity between robots
chasing you and the Twonky chasing you
occurred to me and I modified the game
to conform more to the characteristics of
Twonky.

In the new version, called Pursuit (Listing
2). there is one Twonky who chases you
relentlessly as you try to thread your way
through the maze to the flashing objective
square. The Twonky homes in on you
and lets nothing stand in his way.

Running into a wall either stops you
cold (the blocked squares of the original
game) or flips you randomly to some other
spot in the maze (the relocation squares).
Movement is controlled by the four arrow
keys and can get frantic as the Twonky
draws near or cuts off your escape route.

The darkness of the original Twonky
game is gone (I always did want to see
that maze) and so is the zap gun— you
just don't have time to shoot in this version.
It's real-time fun.

The game is set up to give you three
chances, but the maze is more difficult
each time. The goal (objective). Twonky.
and you are identified in the game of

Program Notes for Chase

Lines 60-90 draw the border.

Lines 100-110 position posts.

Lines 120-150 select and store robot
positions.

Lines 160-170 select an empty
position for your starting location.

Line 180 moves you.

Lines 190-230 scan the keyboard for
instruction and convert any received
into horizontal or vertical instruction.

Lines 240-330 control robot move-
ment.

The remainder of the program
includes the beginning and ending rou-
tines.

Upon depressing an arrow key, you
will move in that direction — one unit
per move. Depressing the same key
again will double your speed to two
locations per move. By depressing the
opposite direction key, you can slow
down, stop, and reverse direction. The
maximum speed is limited to two units
per move.

The robots move at the constant
speed of one unit per move. Thus, you
can outrun the robots and even leap
over posts. Diagonal movement is
possible for both you and the robots.

130

ELSE SET<X,Y>

Listing 1. Chase.

10 CLEAR 100

20 DEFINT R-Z

30 DIM X<30>,Y(30>

40 G0SUB 390

50 W=0:R=4:ON ERROR GOTO 380

60 H = 0: V = 0:CLS: PR INK? 1, STRING* (62, 131)

70 FOR 1=15360 TO 16320 STEP 64

80 POKE I,19l:P0KE I +63, 1 91 : NEXT

90 PRINTC-961,STRING*<62, 176);

100 FOR 1=1 TO 80-5*R:X=RND(124)+l: Y=RND<44>*1

110 SET<X, Y):SET(X+1, y>:next

120 FOR 1=1 TO R

130 X(I >=RND< 123>+1 : Y< I >=RND<45>+1

140 IF P0INT<X<I >, Y(I>> OR P0 I NT < X < I > + 1 , Y < I > > THEN

150 setcxci), V<i>>:sct<x<i>+i,y<i>>:next

160 x = rnd(124)-h: y = rnd<44>*1

170 IF P0INT<X, Y)THEN 160 ELSE SET<X f Y>

180 RESETCX, Y>:X=X+H: Y=Y+V: IF P0INT<X,Y> THEN 340

190 I*=INKEY*:IF 1$="" THEN 240

200 IF RSC<I*X10 THEN H = H + 2*RSC< 1$ >-17 ELSE 220

210 IF ABS<H>>2 THEN H=SGN<H >*2: GOTO 240 ELSE 240

220 IF FlSC<I*> = 10 THEN V = V+1 ELSE V = V-1

230 IF RBS<V>>2 THEN V=SGN<V>*2

240 C=0:FOR 1=1 TO R:IF X<I>=0 THEN 330

250 C = C«-l:RESET<X<I>, Y< I > > : RESET <X< I >♦ 1 , Y(I>>

260 X<I>=X<I>+SGN<X-X<I>>

270 Y<I>=Y(I >*SGN<Y-Y(I>>

280 IF <X(I>=X OR X(I>+1=X> RNB Y<I)=Y THEN 370

290 IF P0INT<X<I>,Y<I>> OR P0I NT <X< I >+l , Y< I > > THEN

300 SET<X<I>,Y(I>>:SET<X<I)*1,Y<I)>:G0T0 330

310 RESET <X< I>,Y<I>>:RESET(X<I)+1,Y(I)>:RESET<X<I>-1.

320 RESETCXC I >«-2, Y< I > >:X< I >=0

330 NEXT: IF C=0 THEN 350 ELSE 180

340 CLS:PRINT CHR* < 23 ) : PR I NT0524 , " Y U LOSE ! " : GOTO360

350 CLS:PRINTCHR*<23>:PRINTC-522, "Y U WIN!! ! " : W = U«-1

360 FOR 1=1 TO 1000:NEXT:R=R+4: IF R<13 THEN 60 ELSE 420

370 CLSIPRINT CHR* < 23 > : PR I NTP530, "G T C H fl ! ! !":GOTO360

380 RESUME 340

390 CLS:PRINTCHR$<23>:PRINTC-470, "C H fl S E"

400 PRINTP800, "BY G. R. HERTEL"

410 FOR 1=1 TO 1500:NEXT:RETURN

420 CLS:PRINTCHR$(23>: IF W<3 THEN 450

430 PRINT(?200, "Y U DID IT! ! " : PR I NTC-454 , " YOU WON ALL

440 PRINT(?704, "C ONGRATULATIONS ! " : GOTO 480

450 IF W = 2 PRINT0396, "TWO OUT OF THREE " : PR I NTC-592, " NOT TOO BAD

460 IF W=l PRINTG390, "YOU WON ONCE - BIG DEAL."

470 IF W=0 PRINTG386, "HA-HA-HA — YOU LOST THEM ALL."

480 A*=INKEY*:FOR 1 = 1 TO 500: NEXT: PR I NT0900, "CARE TO TRY AGAIN

490 A$=INKEY$:IF A$="" THEN 490

500 IF A*-'^" THEN 50

510 IF A*<>"N"THEN 480

310

Y< I >>

THREE TIMES!

GOTO 480

<Y/N>?" ;

LEARN TO PLAY LIKE
A PRO WITH

t^

••J

•• •

55*

•-•••.

by

•"• " Raymond Spangenburg

and Diane Moser

Learn how to play more than two dozen
of the most popular computer games
like a pro. And, the better you get, the
more challenges there are in store
for you. THE SURVIVAL KIT FOR
APPLE COMPUTER GAMES cov-
ers games in four categories — Adven-
ture, Arcade, Fantasy, and Strategy. For
each game you'll find detailed, fun-to-
read descriptions, winning strategies,
tips from experts — players, program-
mers, and game designers — and the
authors' personal quality rating. All the
games run on the Apple home com-
puter, and hardware requirements tell
you at a glance on what other ma-
chines you can play each game*

Illustrated Paperbound Available December 1 1 ,

1982

*Many games run on the Atari 400 or 800, the

TRS-80. and the IBM PC

Plus . . . to help you keep up to date
In this fast-paced world ,

want the

This 9" x 12" full-color calendar has
plenty of room for your own important
input while relating the history of com-
puting through facts and photographs.

WADS WORTH ELECTRONIC
PUBLISHING COMPANY

10 Davis Drive • Belmont • CA 94002

ALL ORDERS MUST BE PREPAID AND SHOULD
BE SENT TO: WADSWORTH ELECTRONIC PUB-
LISHING CO, 10 DAVIS DRIVE, BELMONT, CA
94002. (Postage and handling will be paid by publisher )

Please send me:

copies of THE SURVIVAL KIT FOR

APPLE COMPUTER GAMES <« $9 95
each (I understand that the book will not
be available until 12/11 /82) S

copies of the 1983 COMPUTER

ERA CALENDAR (a $6 95 each
(available now) $ .

Residents of CA and KY
please add appropriate sales tax $

□ Enclosed is my check

Total $

D Please charge my O Visa O Mastercard

Account #

Exp Date

Name.

Address .

City.

State

Zip

Signature .

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

331

CIRCLE 364 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Twonky, continued...

Pursuit before the maze is drawn the first
time.

There are enough differences between
these two games to give each its own
flavor. Chase runs initially at a slower
pace since movement of several robots
and you must be looped through succes-
sively.

As robots are destroyed, the game speeds
up until, when you and just one robot
remain, you are really moving.

In Pursuit, the cycle through which the
program kx>ps moves you and the Twonky.
and flashes the objective. The pace is fast
and constant. In order to keep the pace
fast, "relocation squares" are not specific
sites. Relocation may occur (30% chance)
whenever you hit a wall. Also, your
destination upon relocation is not checked.

in this am. or wain, a whstcr calq, 'tuonct owes

YOU TWUW ft NttL VOI IffiT TRY 7D RDW T« CLECTI'* BERK
IK TOKY CATQB M YOUR NWBfT IS CQNTWifl jv HE

FOUR fifflOU KEYS (t,i,V>. HITTING ft UAL WILL EIDO STOP YOU

COLI OR RELOCATE YOU TTJ 9CTE QUO POIKT Dl Tf€ K

WE CHWES KKE UP A WE. 0001 LUCK'

. * W; . » Iff TlOWf; i • ■ IE OBJECTIVE,

(HR «ff KEY «K REABY TO EGIH. :

Program Notes for Pursuit

Lines 60-90 draw the border.

Lines 100-140 pick sites for you, the
objective, and the Twonky; 140 checks
to be sure the Twonky isn't sitting on
top of you or your goal.

Lines 170-190 set up the maze.

Lines 200-220 move you, checking
to see if you have hit a wall. If so, you
are stopped and possibly relocated.

Lines 230-270 check for instruction
from keyboard and convert it into a
vertical or horizontal direction
command.

Line 280 flashes the goal.

Lines 290-330 determine which way
to move the Twonky.

Line 340 checks to see if you have
been caught.

Line 360 checks to see if you have
entered the goal.

Line 370 flashes the goal again and
starts the process over.

The remainder of the program
includes the beginning and ending rou-
tines.

Upon depressing an arrow, you will
move in that direction until hitting a
wall or depressing the opposite arrow
key. Diagonal movement is possible
for you, but not for the Twonky (you
must have some advantage).

As a result, you may find yourself inside a
wall.

Don't give up. just keep trying to move
out. Eventually that random number
generator will come up in your favor and
you will be relocated — if the Twonky
doesn't get there first!

Listing 2. Pursuit.

Instructions for Chase are omitted from
the listing, but could be added if desired.
There are brief instructions included in
the Pursuit listing. Obviously, these are
games designed specifically for the TRS-
80. They are based upon TRS-80 graphics
and functions. □

THEN 239

CLERR 180

BEFINT fl-Z

GOSUB 430

W=0:R=0

RANB0M:0N ERROR GOTO 420

H = 0: V = 0:CLS:PRINTC"1,STRIHG$<62, 131)

FOR 1=15360 TO 16320 STEP 64

POKE I,191:P0KE 1+63, 191:NEXT

PRINTC<961,STRING$<62, 176);

X=RNB< 123>+l: Y=RND<41 )+3:SET<X, Y)

GX=RND< 122)+2:GY=RND<41 )+3

SET<GX,GY): SET(GX+1,GY): SET < GX- 1 , GY ) : SET < GX + 2 , GY )

TX=RNB< 123)+1 : TY=RNB(41 )+3

IF P0INT<TX,TY) OR PO I NT < TX+ 1 , TY) THEN 130

flf = I NKEY$: RESET <GX,GY): RESET <GX+1,GY)

SET < TX, TY ): SET <TX+1,TY): GOSUB 490

FOR 1=1 TO 100+R*50:POKE 1 5360+RNB< 1 023) , 1 9 1

A=RNB<13)*64+RND<60):POKE 15424+A, 140

POKE 15425+A, 140:POKE 15426+A, 1 40: NEXT

RESET<X, Y):X=X+H: Y=Y+V: IF NOT P0INT<X,Y)

x=x-h: y=y-v:h=0: v=0

if rnb<0)>.7 then x=rnb< 1 24 ) + 1 : y=rnb< 45) +1

setcx, y): i$=inkey$: if 1$="" then 280

if rscci$)<10 then h=h+2*asc< i t ) - 1 7 else 260

if rbs<h)>1 then h=sgn< h ) : goto 280 else 280

if asc(i$)=10 then v = v+1 else v = v-1

if abs<v)>1 then v=sgn(v)

set ( gx, gy ): set <gx+1,gy): reset <gx-1,gy);

resetctx, ty) :reset(tx+1 ,ty): if tx=x or

if ty=y then 320

on rnb<2) goto 320,330

tx=tx+sgn<x-tx):goto 340

ty=ty+sgn<y-ty)

IF <TX = X OR TX+1=X) flNB TY = Y THEN <♦ 1

SET<TX,TY):SET<TX+1,TY)

IF <X = GX OR X=GX+1)AND Y=GY THEN 390

RESET < GX, GY ): RESET <GX+1,GY): SET <GX-1 , GY) : SET < GX+2, GY) : GOTO 200

CLSIPRINT CHR*<23):PRINT0524, "Y U LOSE ! " : GOTO400

CLS:PRINTCHR$<23):PRINTC-522, "Y U WIN!! !":W=W+1

FOR 1=1 TO 1000:NEXT:R=R+1 : IF R<3 THEN 50 ELSE 580

CLSIPRINT CHR*(23):PRINTC-530, "G T C H A ! ! !":GOTO40e

RESUME 380

CLS:PRINTCHR$<23):PRINTC-400, "P U R S U I T"

PRINTG672, "BY G. R. HERTEL"

PRINTC-896, "DO YOU WISH INSTRUCTIONS (Y/N)?"

fl$=INKEY$: IF fi$=""THEN 460

IF fl$="N" RETURN

fi$="Y" THEN 690 ELSE 450

R>0 THEN 550

X>110 THEN Pl=64*INT<Y/3) + <X-10)/2 ELSE P 1 =64* I NT < Y/3 ) ♦ <X + 4 ) /2

GX>100 THEN PG = 64*INT<GY/3) + <GX-22)/2ELSE PG = 64* I NT < GY/3 ) ♦< GX + 6 ) '2

TX>100 THEN PT = 64*INT<TY/3) + <TX-24)/2 ELSE PT = 64* I NT < TY/3 ) •»■ < TX + 6 ) /2

PRINT0P1, "YOU! "; :PRINT(?PG, "THE GOAL! " ; : PR I NTC'PT , " THE TWONKY! ";

FOR I=1TO2500:NEXT

FOR 1=1 TO 1500:NEXT:IF R>0 return

RESET(GX+2,GY)
TX+1=X THEN 330

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

100

110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

550

560

570

580

590

600

610

620

630

640

6 5G

660

670

660

690

700

710

720

WALL WILL EITHER STOP Y0U":PRINT

730 PRINT"C0LB OR RELOCATE YOU TO SOME OTHER POINT

740 PRINT"THREE CHANCES MAKE UP A GAME. G00B LUCK!

750 PRINTTAB<5);CHR$(132); " = YOU; "; CHRf < 140); "

HE OBJECTIVE. ":PRINT

760 PRINTTAB< 15); "(HIT ANY KEY WHEN REABY TO BEGIN.)"

77& PRINTC-806,CHRt< 1 32 ) +CHR* < 1 36 ) ; : At = I NKE Y* : FOR 1 = 1 TO50: NEXT

780 IF A$="" THEN PR I NT<?806 , CHRf < 1 36 ) +CHR* < 1 32 ) ; : FOR I = 1T0 50

790 RETURN

IF
IF
IF
IF

IF

PRINT(?P1,"
RETURN

CLS:PRINTCHR*<23)
IF W<3 THEN 620
PRINTC-200, "Y LI
PRINT0704, "CONG

PRINTPPG

IF
IF

W = 2
W=l

PRINT(?396,
PRINT0390,

B
R

"TWO
"YOU

I B I

A T U L

OUT OF

T !
A T I

THREE

i ••

"; :printc«pt,

:PRINT<?454, "YOU WON
N S ! ":G0T0 650
:PRINTC-592, "NOT TOO

ALL THREE TIMES!

BAB! ":G0T0 650

WON ONCE - BIG BEAL

IF W = PRINT03&6, "HA-HA-HA -- YOU LOST THEM ALL.
Af =INKEYt :F0R 1 = 1 TO 500 : NEXT : PR I NTC-900 , " C APE TO

TRY AGAIN O'/N)

At =INKEYf : IF A*="

if a»="y" then 40
if a*="n"then end
cls:print"in this
print"y0u through
print"the twonky

THEN 660

ELSE 650

GAME OF PURSUIT, A MONSTER CALLEB, 'TWONKY'

A MAZE. YOU MUST TRY TO REACH THE OBJECTIVE

CATCHES YOU. YOUR MOVEMENT IS CONTROLLED BY

PRINT"F0UR ARROW KEYS <~,"CHR*<92)

CHRf (93)

CHRt<94)

CHASES" : PRINT
BEFORE": PRINT
THE": PR I NT
). HITTING A

IN THE MAZE.
":PRINT

= THE TWONKY;

PRINT

TAB<42)

= T

NEXT:G0T0 770

332

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

• Attributes: inverse, half intensity, under-
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• 256 Character set

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Suggested Price $350.00

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Get MORE out of VISICALC With

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COPYRIGHT © Hil YUCAIFA SOfTMAJtE

Version 5.0

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a Su IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC DOS)

APPLE II (DOS 3.2 and DOS 3.3)

TRS-80 MOD I, II, III and 16 (TRSDOS)

SPLCITLj
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V-UTILITY CONSISTS OF ALL THESE VISICALC "USER FRIENDLY"
UTILITY PROGRAMS ON ONE DISK RUN BY INDEX AND PROMPTS.

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SELECT FROM 1 TO 1 6 COLUMNS AND PRINT THEM
IN ANY ORDER. YOU MAY SPECIFY THE PRINT
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PROGRAM COLLECTS DATA AUTOMATICALLY
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r

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SCALING THEN PLOTS EITHER 1 OR 2 COLUMNS
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CIRCLE 366 ON READER SERVICE CARD

w. •m-**

ms

short programs

shor

John P. Humble

When I saw the way that my friend
loaded and ran programs on his Apple
computer I was a bit jealous. On my Atari
I had to go through a process of making
sure that I had the right disk and then
making sure I didn't forget how to spell
the title of the program and then typing it
in.

The following is a little program that
will help. I have saved this program on all
my disks as MENU and now all I have to
do is boot the system and type RUN
D:MENU to get a list of what is in the
directory of the disk. I then type the letter
that is next to the name of the program
that I want to run and MENU loads and
runs it from the disk.

lit

SKaphal

18 GRAPHICS 8: OPEN •2»4»0, **K M

29 DIM FiLENflME*<23*17>»FILE*<17>»F*<2e)

38 OPEN #1,6,8, "D:*.*"

48 TRAP 988

45 FOR :=:=1 TO 64

58 INPUT #1,FILE*

55 IF FILE*<5, 16..' = "FREE SECTORS" THEN 78

68 PR I NT CHR* < 64+X > I " " ; F I LE* : F I LENAME* < C X- 1 > * 1 6+ 1 , < X- 1 > * 1 6+ 1 6 > =F I LE*

65 NEXT X

78 PRINT : PRINT "TVPE LETTER"

75 GET #2,A:A=A-64

77 F I LE*=F I LENAME* < < A- 1 >*1 6+3 , < A- 1 > * 1 6+ 1 3 >

88 F*="D: "

81 FOR X=l TO 3

John P. Humble, 9003 W. Shorewood Dr., Apt.
703, Mercer Is., WA 98040.

82 IF FILE*'::X,X> = " " THEN 85

83 F* •:: LEN < F* > + 1 > =F I LE* < X , X >

84 NEXT X

85 F*<LEN<F*>+1>=". "

98 F* < LEN <F*>+1 > =F I LE* < 9 , 1 1 >
188 RUN F*
988 END

Sample output.

A DOS . S'v'S

B DUP.SVS

C MENU

D DISASSEM.BAS

E FLAG

TVPE LETTER

Input Without Carriage Return/Line Feed

Tom Disque

While in the process of writing a payroll
and accounts receivable/payable system
in TRS-80 Model I disk Basic, I encoun-
tered a perplexing problem. I wanted to
display a complete record with as many
as 30 fields on the screen, and to use the
same section of coding as a subroutine to
display the record whether adding or
changing it. If the record were scrolled
off the screen, one would not be able to
view (and compare) all the fields of the
record at one time.

When I began work on the program, I
thought this would pose no problem. I
had already set up the subprogram that
would print out the table in Figure 1. I
would simply put a semi-colon after the
INPUT statement when adding a field (or
PRINT when displaying fields for
changes), but it didn't work.

The INPUT still prints the carriage
return/line feed and wipes out the rest of
the current line, as well as the next line.
Then I had the idea of using the INKEYS
function, which gave birth to the program
in Listing 1 .

Although the subprogram is fairly sim-
ple, a couple of items should be pointed
out. The check for X=8 in line 10020 is
looking for a backspace. The THEN
condition will take care of the variable
A$, and the PRINT B$ in line 10030 will

Tom Disque, Rt. 7, Waldrop Drive, Mayfield, KY
42066.

wipe out the last character on the display.
The ELSE condition of line 10020 is
looking for X=10 through 13, because
the TRS-80 level II manual gives all four

Figure 1.

1. EMPLOYEE NO.

2. NAME:

3. ADDRESS:

4. (address continued)

5. SOC.SEC.NO.:

6. MARITAL STATUS :

7. PAYROLL CLASS:

8. COUNTY TAX STATUS:

9. WITH INSURANCE?

10. WITH UNIFORM?

11. NO. OF EXEMPTIONS:
12.MISC.W/H:

13. AMOUNT OF :
14.GROSSPAY/HR.:
15. STARTING DATE:

of those as the ASCII value for a carriage
return.

Listing 2 gives the subprogram I used
to print out the finished record. □

16. GROSS PA Y/QTR:

17. GROSS PAY/YEAR:
18.FICA/QTR:

19.FICA/YEAR:

20. FED. TAX/QTR:

21. FED. TAX/YEAR:

22. STATE TAX/QTR:

23. STATE TAX/YEAR:

24. COUNTY TAX/QTR:

25. COUNTY TAX/YEAR

26. INSURANCE/YEAR:

27. INSURANCE/QTR:

28. UNIFORMS/QTR:

29. UNIFORMS/YEAR:

(bottom line reserved for computer query)

Listing 1.

10000 A*"""

10010 B*-INKEY**i IF B*=""THEN 10010 ELSE X*ASC(B»)

1 0020 IF X =8 THEN A*«M I D* < A* , 1 , LEN < A* ) - 1 ) ELSE I I

AND X<14 THEN RETURN ELSE A*«A*+B*
10030 PRINT BtllGOTO 10010

Listing 2.

10040 FDR L=0 TO 15: FOR K«0 TO 63: LPRINT
CHR*<PEEK<153&0+L*64+k> ) ; : NEXT: LPRINTi NEXTj Rl l"URN

334

December 1982 c Creative Computing

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John F. White

Many commercial programs for games
of strategy are now available for micro-
computers. J-Checkers has been written
in Basic to illustrate some of the concepts
and principles underlying these pro-
grams.

The Interpreted Basic found on virtually
all microcomputers runs very slowly owing
to the time required to interpret each
statement. It is therefore very unusual to
find a game of strategy written in this
language.

Compiled languages (including. the rare
Compiled Basic), run about 100 times faster,
while machine language is faster still. This
is, therefore, the language of choice for
commercial game programs. However, this
leaves the rest of us unable to understand
the program even when we read it.

It is customary for most programs to
estimate the value of moving a piece by
assessing the position which arises as a
result of the move. For checkers, this
would mean an assessment of each possible
move of all 64 squares of the board by
two FOR. ..NEXT loops. This is prohibi-
tively slow in Interpreted Basic.

An alternative approach is used in
Checkers, a 3 1/2 K checkers program
described in Basic Computer Games from
Creative Computing. I gratefully acknowl-
edge the permission of David Ahl to repro-
duce and adapt the original Checkers for
this article.

Checkers evaluates the merit of each
move, instead of the position arising after

John F. White, 22, Starling Close, Woosehill,
Wokingham, Berks RGU 2YY, England.

the move. The evaluation table used for
this is reproduced in Table 1 .

The major problem with this approach
is the poor strategic vision of the program.
A piece threatened with capture will not
be moved unless the move itself achieves
something (other than saving the piece).
The evaluation function can be built to
recognize such threats to a limited extent,
but the best protection is a "look-ahead"
which evaluates the opponent's moves.
Then the program can see that a capture
by the opponent can only be averted by
moving the threatened piece.

I do not have the space to consider the
theoretical background behind "look-
ahead." The interested reader is referred
to David Levy's Chess and Computers
(Batsford Publishers). However, it is not
easy to implement recursive programming
(a subroutine calling itself) in Basic and
this leads to an unavoidable amount of
duplication of program statements at each
level of search in J-Checkers.

J-Checkers was written for a Sharp MZ-
80K computer. I have used standard Micro-
soft Basic, but could not resist using the
programmable music generator to give
an audible prompt (these are the lines or
subroutines with TEMP and MUSIC state-
ments), and the use of a real-time clock is
essential for the feature called Iterative
Deepening (subroutine TIMER). Sharp
owners will require a Tool-Kit or Expanded
Basic for the string inequalities (A$<C>
"Y") in some lines, and for the logical
operators AND and OR. I used Newbear's
"Basic Extensions." PRINT"C" is a clear-

screen command.

J-Checkers occupies 9K as written, or
8.3K without the instructions. Removal
of all program spaces and REM statements
should reduce memory requirements to
less than 8K. You will be invited to select
a method search from simple one-move
look-ahead (one-ply), iterative deepening
from one-ply or, at two-ply search, between
pruned search, minimax or alpha-beta
search.

Features of computerized games of strat-
egy simulated in J-Checkers are listed
below:

Evaluation Function

The evaluation function for J-Checkers
is held in its own subroutine, and is sum-
marized in Table 2 (compare with Table
1). A score is assigned to each projected
move; by convention, a positive score is
taken as good for the program and a
negative score as bad.

I make no claim to be a good checkers
player. Table 2 represents my idea of
how to play, and many readers will
undoubtedly wish to change the values.

Evaluation of Captures

Most programs evaluate captures until
no more can be made. J-Checkers evaluates
all captures to a depth of three-ply only.
(This is included solely for illustration,
and is frankly a waste of time for J-Check-
ers.) Note that double jumps are only
seen by the program as a particularly
favorable single jump, and it may assume

336

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

that the opponent's best reply is to use
the second (captured) piece to retake the
machine's piece. It would take a great
deal of extra programming to avoid this.

Mini-Max Search

It is obvious that the moves made by
the program can be influenced by the
opponent's reply. J-Checkers contains two
levels of calculation (two-ply: machine

The moves made by
the program can be
influenced by the
ment's reply.

•;•/#:•

move/man move) with a third level for
evaluation of captures only. At the second
level, all of the opponent's replies are
evaluated for each of the machine's moves.
This is a slow business. The best opponent
move is deducted from the machine's move
to give the "backed-up" score for that
move; obviously, the lower the opponent's
score, the better for the program.

The best backed-up score is stored in
location R(0), together with the moves
which led to it. This avoids the necessity
of storing all the moves. Finally, when all
moves have been considered, the best
move is displayed together with the best
response which it considers that you have
at your disposal.

This method of minimizing the best
opponent's move so as*to maximize the
program's score is the famous Mini-Max
search.

Alpha-Beta Search

It is not necessary to search all of the
opponent's replies to see if a machine
move is viable. If any opponent move
makes the machine move worse than the
one already stored as "best," then the
machine need not consider any further
opponent moves in response to that one
machine move. This is the principle under-
lying the modern Alpha-Beta search, which
gives identical results to Mini-Max search
but in a shorter time since fewer moves
are considered. (If you want to check
this, be sure to remove the randomizing
lines 730 and 1760 first.) Similar consider-
ations would apply at higher levels, with
the machine not needing to consider any
further responses to opponent moves after
finding one which is worse for the
opponent.

To be really fast, the first moves gener-
ated would normally be sorted into order
before applying the Alpha-Beta search,
but this takes so much time in Basic as to
be counter-productive for J-Checkers.

Table 1. Evaluation Function Used by Original Checkers

Projected Move Score

Capture of opponent + 5

Advance of man to 8th rank (promotion to king) + 2

Move to side of board + 1

Back-up own piece from behind + 1

Do not approach enemy piece - 2

Do not move off 1st rank - 2

Table 2. Evaluation Function Used by J-Checkers

Projected Move

Capture of opponent

Ability to make a 2nd capture after 1st

Advance man to 8th rank (promotion to king)

Advance man to 7th rank

Advance man to 6th rank

Move man to side of board

Move king to side of board or 1st or 8th rank

Do not move man to edge of board if it is moving

to 8th rank
Do not approach enemy piece from front
Do not approach enemy king from rear
Back-up own piece from behind
Do not move man off 1st rank
Attack enemy men from rear with king
Move piece attacked from rear by enemy king
Move king rather than man
Occupy centre squares with king
Bridge two enemy pieces with king
Whether to exchange pieces (see text)
Maintain opposition
Do not move from square 3,5 (if enemy move) or

from 6,4 (if program move)

Score

+ 10 or + 30
+ 9, + lOor + 11
+ 2
+ .3

+ .2
+ 1
-.5

-1.2

-3
-3
-I- 1

-2.2

+ 1
+ 2
+ .2
-I- .25
+ 3
+ P3
+ .5

-.2

END GAME: Additional functions called in the end game.

Advance man with unopposed path to 8th rank
If program is winning: attack enemy pieces on

side or edge of board with king
If program is losing:
Keep king in double corner
Move king towards double corner
Keep king off side or edge of board

+ 1
+ 2

4- 1.5

+ .3
-.35

The opponent's best response is not
printed, unlike MiniMax search, since only
a good response has been found, not the
best.

Interative Deepening

A very modern way of assessing moves
is that of Iterative Deepening. A time is
preset (for J-Checkers, use 20-150 seconds)
and the machine evaluates its best move
at the first level (one-ply). These moves
are sorted, and subjected to Alpha-Beta
search until the time runs out, at which
time the best move so far discovered is
displayed. Move-sorting wastes too much
time for J-Checkers, but the best move at

level 1 is examined first at level 2 if Iterative
Deepening has been selected.

As is customary with this type of search,
the move being considered by the machine
is constantly displayed.

Iterative Deepening is only available
for microcomputers with real-time clocks.
Otherwise, this function will operate as a
slightly slow Alpha-Beta two-ply search.

Pruned Search

Another popular way of searching moves
in depth without spending too much time
is by pruning out all moves which fail to
meet a pre-determined criterion. J-Check-
ers can be selected to prune out all first

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

337

Checkers, continued...

Facsi mi

le o-f

Screen

Detai

1

in Mid— game

FROM

6

. 6

ro

7, 5

1

2

3

4 * 5

6

7 8

8 .

X

■

0*.

X

. . 8

7 O

6 .

•

■

.

•

. 6

X . 5

. X 4

3 .

■

X

• •

■

. . 3

2 .

•

■

• ■

. . 2

1 .

•

.

•

. 1

1

2

3

4 5

6

7 8

MOVE

NO. 19

MY

TIME

■

4.06

YOUR

TIME

=

8. 14

END

GAME

FROM

?

level moves which don't achieve a positive
score. This speeds up execution tremen-
dously (see Table 3) and can give results
similar to those derived by other means
of searching, provided that the evaluation
function is a good one. The great playing
strength of the older Chess Challenger
models, which used pruning, provides an
excellent example.

Material Evaluation

The screen display of J-Checkers pro-
vides the opportunity to count the number
of pieces on each side (one for a man,
three for a king). This serves to tell whether
one side has won (piece count is zero for
opponent), and can also be used as in
lines 1100 and 1110 to measure which
side is ahead and to provide a parameter
P3 which encourages exchanges of material
if the program is ahead, and discourages
exchanges if the program is losing. The
use of P3 can be found in the third search
level in line 1970. This is a commonly
used algorithm found in many game pro-
grams.

End Game

For a variety of reasons, the end-game
play of most computer programs (especially
chess) is weaker than the mid-game. The
best chess programs use extra evaluation
functions when a predetermined level has
been reached. Using the material evaluation
outlined above, this feature has been mim-
icked in J-Checkers with an end-game
subroutine (the program announces that
it has entered its end-game).

Book Openings

Book openings can be essential if the
program is to avoid opening traps. J-Check-
ers includes just one (line 480) to prevent
the disastrous opening line: 2,6-1, 5;3,3-
4,4;l,7-2,6;4,6-5,5; 4,6x6,4; 7,3 x 5,5; 6,6 x
4,4; 5,3 x 3,5 x 1,7 when white is a piece
up.

Random Moves

To prevent the machine always playing
the same responses to its opponent, J-
Checkers includes two randomizing lines
(lines 730 and 1760) which randomly select
between moves of equal merit.

J-Checkers can be

selected to prune out

all first level moves

don't achieve a

positive score.

Screen Display

Far too many commercial programs
provide beautiful and incomprehensible

graphics for their games of strategy. J-
Checkers uses the barest possible display
to save memory. The number of moves is
displayed as are the times elapsed for
each player (the times are given in minutes
and hundredths of a minute, not sec-
onds).

Input of Moves

Several error-trapping routines have been
written for J-Checkers, but the computer
will not force you to make a capture
(although it is required to do so).

In summary, J-Checkers, which uses a
superior evaluation function and move
searching, plays a much stronger game
than the original Checkers, at the cost of
two and a half times the memory require-
ment and between two and 22 times the
original response period.

For the reasons given at the beginning
of this article, it is unlikely to play as well
as a machine-code program. □

Table 3.

Average Time Spent on a

Move.

Level

Search

Time (minutes)

% of maximum
time

2

Minimax

2.24

100

2

Alpha-Beta

1.35

60

2

Pruned

0.45

20

1-2

Iterative Deepening
(set to 45 seconds)

0.71

30

1

Level 1

0.21

10

1

Original "Checkers"

0.10

5

aiiik

160

lie

126
130
140
150
160
170
180
190

200

210
220
230
240
250
260

270
280

290

300

310
320
330
340

350
360
370

PRINT"!"

PR I NTT AB < 16) I " J-CHECKERS "

PRINTTAB<5>;" by Creative ConPUtirtfN J. F. White"

DIM R<4>»T<4>»$<8»8)

F0RX= 1 T08 : F0RV= 1 T08 : RE AD J : I F J= 1 5 THEN 1 60

S<X,V>= J.-GOTO170

RESTORE: READS<X,V>

NEXT V: NEXT X

DATA 1,0,1,0,0,0,-1,0,0, 1,0,0,0,-1,6,-1, 15

F0R2= 1 TO2000 : NEXT : PR I NT : PR I NT : PR I NT

PR I NT "THIS IS THE GAME OF CHECKERS. BLOCK IS

&•*

X' AND WHITE IS 0'

PR I NT "SQUARES ARE REFERRED TO BV A COORDINATE SVSTEM"

PRINT" <1,1>
PRINT" <1, 8>
PRINT"<8,1>
PRINT" (8, 8>

IS THE LOWER LEFT CORNER"

IS THE UPPER LEFT CORNER"

IS THE LOWER RIGHT CORNER"

IS THE UPPER RIGHT CORNER"

JUMP. "
COMPUTER

PRINT: PR I NT "THE COMPUTER WILL TVPE + TO

WHEN VOU HAUE ANOTHER JUMP"

PRINT: PRINT "TVPE 0,0' IF VOU CANNOT

PRINT: PR I NT "VOU WILL BE ASKED WHICH TVPE OF

SEARCH VOU WANT"

PR I NT "PRUNED SEARCH IS FASTER"

PR I NT : PR I NT : I NPUT " SEARCH LEUEL < 1 -2>?" I L

IFL=1 THEN 330

GOTO 360

I NPUT "DO VOU WANT ITERATIUE DEEPEN I NG<V N>?"; ID*

IFID*="V"THEN I NPUT "SET TIME FOR SEARCH <SECS>";

ST:AB$="V":GGTO410

GOTO 410

INPUT"D0 VOU WANT PRUNED SEARCH<V\N>?";FA*

IF FA$="V"THEN 410

338

December 1982 ® Creative Computing

PERIPHERAL VISION

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SRA Educational
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Micro Discovery " (Grade X anil up)
For your Apple*. IBM*, or Radio Shark*
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A complete introduction to tin- personal
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• •

■•••••••••V

Checkers, continued...

380 INPUT "DO V0U WANT ALPHA-BETA SEARCH <V\N)?"JAB$

396 IF AB*="V"THEN 416

400 PR I NT "DEFAULT TO MINI MAX SEARCH"

410 IHPUT"D0 V0U WANT TO GO FIRST<V\N>?"*C*

420 GOSUB2000:TB=TA

430 R<0>= - 99: G= -1:P1= 12:P2=12

440 IF C$="V" THEN Cl**"X"SC2f*"0":C3M"0*"*C4*="X* M :M=r1+l:60TO ' ?1G1

450 Cl$»"0"lC2$* "X": C3* = "X+": C4**"0*"

460 M=M+1

470 IFID*=" V" ANDL=2THENX=R< 1 ) : V«R<2) I B=G: F0RA=-1 T01STEP2: G0SUB570: NEXT

480 IFN=2 ANDS<2,6>=0THEHRa>=3:R<2>=7:R<3>=2:R<4>=6:GOTO790

490 FOR X = 1T0 3: FOR V = 1 TO 8: IF S(X,V>>-1 TNEN528

500 IFS<X,V>=-1 THEN B=G:F0RA=-1 TO 1 STEP2:G0SUB570: NEXT

510 IFS<X,V>=-2 THEN F0RB=-1T01 STEP2: F0RA=-1 TO 1 STEP2:

GOSUB570: NEXT: NEXT
5'"'0 NEXT V : NE' x, T' :: '

530 IFID$="V" AND"lD=0 AND L<2 THEN L=L+1-"G0T0 470
540 ID = 0:IF ID*="V" THEN L=l
550 GOTO 780

560 REM FIRST M0UE GENERATOR
570 IF ID=1 THEN RETURN

580 U=X+A:U=V+B: IFLK1 OR U>8 0RU<1 OR U>8 THEN RETURN
590 IFS<U,U>-8 THEN GOSUB640: RETURN
600 IFS<U>U><8 THEN RETURN

610 U=U+A: U=U+B: IFU<1 0RU>8 0RIK1 OR U>8 THEN RETURN
620 IFS<U,U> = THEN G0SUB640
630 RETURN

640 UA=U : UA=U : XA=X : VA= V : ED= 1 : GA=G
650 G0SUB 2040: Q0=Q
660 IF ID**" V" THEN 788
670 IFQ0>8 THEN G0SUB 14889 G0T0720

680 IF FA$="V" AND 08 >0THEN G0SUB 1480: GOTO 720
690 IF FA$="V" THEN 720

700 IF AB$="V" AND L=2 THEN G0SUB 148O:GOTO720
710 IFL=2THEN G0SUB 1488s G0T0720

720 IFQo >R<8) THENR<0>»Q0iR<l>«X:R<2)«VtR<3)»UJR<4>«UJ6OTO 750
730 IFQ0=R<0>AND RND<1)>.5 THEN R(O'=Q0:

F: < l > = x : R < 2 :• =V : R < 3 > =U : R < 4 ) =U : GOTO750
740 GOTO770
750 IFID$="V"THENPRINT"I AM CONSIDERING "; R< 1 ;■;","; R<2) ; " TO ";

R'::3>? ", ":R<4>

760 T1=T<1>:T2=T<2>:T3=T<3>:T4=T':4:'

770 Q0=0: RETURN

780 IFR<0>=-99 THEN 1428

790 PRINT"EBEFR0M ";R(1);%";R(2);" TO "!R<3>! ", "lR<4>:R<8>«-99

800 lFR<4)*iTHENS(R<3)rR<4))«-2 : GOT0820

810 S<R<3)»R<4))*$<R<1)»R<2))

820 SCRa> ? R(2>>=0: IFPBS<R(1)-R<3>)<>2THEN918

830 S<<R<l>+RC3>>.-2 ? '; R < 2 > +R -:! 4 >> ••- 2 > =0

840 X=R < 3 > : V=R < 4 > : I FS < X , V > =- 1 THENB=-2 : F0RA=-2T02STEP4 : 60SUB888

850 IFS'X, V>=-2THENF0RA=-2T02STEP4: F0RB=-2T02STEP4: G0SUB880: N^XT B

360 NEXTA: IFR<0::'O-99THENPRINT" TO " ; R(3 > ; " » " ; R<4) : R<8 >=-99: 6070888

370 GOTO910

S8& U=X+A:U=V+B: IFlkl OR U>8 OR U< 1 OR U>8 THEN RETURN

390 IFS<U,U>«8 AND S(X+fl/2A'+B 2>>0THEH ID=0: G0SUB 640

900 RETURN

9 1 PR I NT : GOSUB2000 : TD=TA : TF=TF+ 1 NT ( ( TD-TB > 60* 1 88* . 8888 1 > 1 88

920 P1=0:P2=8

930 FOR V = 9 TO 0STEP-1 : F0RX=0T0 9

940 IFV=9ANDCX=0 OR X=9>THEN 1030

950 IFV=0 AND -::X=0 OR X=9>THEN 1838

960 IFV=0 OR V=9THEN PRINTTAEK2+X-1 :• ; X; :60T01838

970 IF X = OR X=9 THENPR I NTS': : GOTO 1030

980 IFS<X,V>=0THENPRINTTAB<2+X>; ". "; :G0T01030

990 IFS<X,V>« 1THEN PRINTTAB<2+X;»;C1*; :P1=P1 + 1 :6OTO1O30

1000 IFS(X,V>=-1THENPRINTTAB'::2+X>;C24 : ; : P2=P2+1 : GOTO 1030

1010 IFS •: X ? V> =-2THENPRI NTT AB<2+X>;C3*::P2=P2+3: GOTO 103O

1020 IFS<X,V)=2THENPRINTTAe<2*X>;C4*J :Pl=Pl+3

103O NEXTX

1 040 I F V=6 THENPR I NTT AB ( 25 ) ; " MOUE NO . " J M ;

1 050 I F V=4 THENPR I NTT AB ( 23 ) ! " MV T I ME= " ; TF ;

1060 IFV=2 THEN PRINTTAB-:21 .:• ; "VOUR TIME* ";TG;

1070 PRINT: NEXT V: PRINT

1080 IF P1=0 THEN 1410

1090 IFP2-0THEH142O

1100 IFP1>P2THENP3=»::P1-P2>+P1.-P2

1110 IFP2>P1 THEN P3='::P1-P2>+P2. PI

1120 IF Pl<7 OR P2<7 THEN PRINT"END GAME "

1130 IFL=2 AND AB*<>"V" AND FA*<> "V" THEN 1150

1140 GOTO 1170

1150 PRINT" I have evaluated your best nove as:

1160 PRINTT1 ;" ,";T2 ?" TO " ; T3 :".-"; T4

1170 GOSUB 1390

1130 GOSUB 2O00:TE=TA

1 1 90 PR I NT : I NPUT " FROM " ; E , H : E= I NT ( E ) : H= I NT < H >

1200 GOSUB 1390

1210 IFE<10RE>8 ORH<1ORH>8THEHGOSUB1440:GOTO1190

1220 IFS':E,HX=0THENGOSUB 1440: GOTO 11 90

♦ ♦♦♦

****** • • • •

• • • * • • • •

• • • • • •

340

December 1982 - Creative Computing

1236 INPUT" TO ,, ;fi,B:H=IHT(H>:B=INT<B> ••••_•-•-• •••£*

1246 GOSUB 1390 ■■•■•■ «*

1250 IFH<0ORfi>8 0RB<9ORB>8THEH GOSUB 1440: GOTO 1230
1260 IFS<A,B>«8 AND A6S<A-E><=2 HMD ABS<fl-E>=ABS<B-H> THEN 1288
1270 GOSUB 1440: GOTO 11 90

1280 IFfiBS<A-E>=2 AND S<<A+E>/2» <B+H>/2>>-lTHENGOSUB1440:GOTOl 190
1290 S<ft,B>=S<E,H>: S<E,H>«8l IF fiBS<E-fi><>2 THEN 135©
1 300 S ( < E+H > /2 > < H+B > /2 > =0

1310 INPUT" + TO "?fil,Bl: GOSUB 1390: IF PI 1 THEN 1350
1320 IFS<fil ? Bl><>0 OR fiBS<fll-fi><>2 OR 0BS(B1-B><>2
THENGOSUB 1 440 : GOTO 1310

1330 E=fl:H=B:P=fil:B=Bl:IF B= 8 THEN S<A,B>=2

1340 GOTO 1290

1350 IFB-8 THEN S<A,B>«2

1 360 GOSUB2O00 : TB=TR : TG=TG+ 1 NT < ( TB-TE ) -60+ 1 00+ . OOO 1 ) •• 1 00

1370 ID=0: GOTO 460

1380 REM BEEP-BEEP

1 390 TEMPOS : MUS I C ""CO " , ""CO "

1400 RETURN

1410 PRINT! PRINT I PRINT" I WIN !'': PRINT: PRINT: END

1420 PR I NT -"PRINT ."PRINT" VOU WIN !": PRINT: PR I NT ."END

1430 REM REJECT MOUE

1 440 TEMP06 : MUS I C "-C5 "

1450 PRINT" ILLEGAL MOUE - TRV RGftIN"

1460 RETURN

1470 REM SECOND LEUEL

1480 IF I [:•*=%'" THEN GOSUB 2808 » IF Tfi-TB > ST-5 THENID=l: RETURN

1490 T«;0>=-98."G1 = 1

1500* R7«S<X»V>i^8«S<U»U>iS<U»U>>S<X>V>tS<X»V>«8

1510 IF HBS<X-U>=2 THENR3=S(a=:+U>.--2,c:V+U>.-2>:S<(X+U>.--2,<V+U>.---2>=0.

1520 FOR X1 = 1T08." FOR V1 = 1T08: IFS<X1,V1><1 THEN 1550

1530 IFS<X1,V1)«1 THEN B1=G1 :F0R01=- 1 TO 1STEP2: GOSUB 1620: NEXT

1 540 I FS ( X 1 1 V 1 ) =2THENF0RB 1 =- 1 TO 1 STEP2 : FORA 1 =- 1 TO 1 STEP2 : GOSUB 1 628 :

NEXT: NEXT
1550 NEXTV1 l NEXTX1
1560 S<X,V>=H7: S<U»U>«A8

1570 IFABS<X-U)**2 THEN S<<X+U>/2, <VHtt/2>»R3
1 530 Q0= 08- T ( ) : I F FH$= " V " THEN QO=Q0+3
1590 IFID*="V"THEN QO=Q0+ 3
1600 PB=0
1610 RETURN

1620 IF ID=1 OR HB=1 THEN RETURN

1630 Ul=Xl+fll: U1=V1+B1: IFUK1 0RU1>8 0RUK1 OR Ul>8 THEN RETURN
1640 IF Sail,Ul>=0 THEN GOSUB 17881 RETURN
1650 IF S<U1,U1>>0 THEN RETURN

1660 U1=U1+A1: U1=U1+B1:IF UK1 OR Ul>3 OR UK1 OR Ul>8 THEN RETURN
1670 IF Sail.-Ul.:'=0 THEN GOSUB 1788
1630 RETURN

1690 REM SECOND MOUE GENERATOR
1 700 UA=U 1 : UH=U 1 : XH=X 1 : V A= V 1 : ED=8 : Gfi=G 1
1710 GOSUB 204O
1720 Q1=Q

1730 IF ID*<>"V" HND Ql>8 THEN GOSUB 130O
1740 IFHB*="V"HND Q0-Q1 < R<8) THEN AB=1

1750 IFQ1>T(0> THEN T<G0=Q1 :T<1>=X1 8T<2>*VHT<3>-U1 :T<4>=U1
1760 IFQ1=T<0> HND RND<1>>.9 THEN T<8>*QliT<l>»Xl8T<2)«Vl*T<3>«Ull

T<4>=U1
1770 Q1=0
1730 RETURN
1790 REM THIRD LEUEL

1800 IFID*="V"THEN GOSUB2O00: IFTP-TB>ST-5THEN ID=1: RETURN
1810 R4»S<XI»Vl>sP5«S<Ul,Ul>«S<UltUl>«S<Xl»Vl>iS<Xl»Vl>«8
1S20 IFRBS<X1-U1>=2 THEN H6=SO:Xl+Ul >■- 2, <V1+U1 >■■ 2> :

so:xi+ui>- 2 ? <V1+U1> 2>=0

1830 FOR X2=1T03: FOR V2=1T08

1840 IFS<X2,V2>>-1 THEN 1870

1850 IFS<X2,V2> = -1 THEN B2=6:F0RH2=-1T01 STEP2-" GOSUB 1920: NEXT

1 860 I FS •:: X2 , V2 > =-2THEN F0RB2=- 1 TO 1 STEP2 : F0RH2=- 1 TO 1 STEP2 : GOSUB 1 920 :

NEXT: NEXT
1870 NEXTV2: NEXTX2
iS8Q S<yA,Vl>=VA4".SCUl J Ul>=fi5
1890 IFPBS(X1-U1>=2 THEN S<<Xl+Ul>--2, Or'l+Ul >• • 2>=H6

1900 RETURN

1910 REM THIRD MOUE GENERATOR

,1920 LI2=X2+R2:U2=V^B2:IF U2< 1 OR U2>8 OR U2<1 OR U2>8 THEN RETURN

1930 IF S«:.U2,U2><1=0THENRETURN

1940 U2=U2+H2:U2=U2+B2". IF U2<1 OR U2>8 OR U2< 1 OR U2>8 THEN RETURN

1950 IF SOJ2,U2>=0 THEN GOSUB 1970 m m m m (

1960 RETURN • S ■ ■ «

1970 01 =01 + P3 -9 ■ m • • I

1930 RETURN ■ • ■ ■

1990 REM TIMER ■ • ■ ■ (

2800 T1$=TI$ • ■ ■ ■

2O10 TH=3600+UHL(LEFT*^TU ? 2.>:>+60*UHL(MIDI : <T1|:,3,2::O Q • • • I

+UAL ( R I GHT* <T1*» 2> ) *m*m*m*m*t

2020 RETURN • ■ ■ • •'

2030 REM EUHLUPITION W ^ m ^ m ^ m ^ W t

Computer-Ed.

Of

Carmel, NY & Los Angeles, CA

99/4(A) Programs

• K-6 Reading

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• Follow-up Games
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SRA Educational
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Computer Drill and Instruction:

Mathematics (Grades 1-6)

For your Apple* and Atari* personal

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An outstanding program of drill and in-
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provide student placement, monitor prog-
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Please contact me immediately.
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ame.

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Address.

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Telephone

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

341

For faster service, call SRA toll-free:
(BOO) 621-0476

SRA

SCIENCE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC.

155 N. Wacker Drive. Chic apo. II. 0O6O6

CIRCLE 333 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Checkers, continued...

2048 Q=0: IF I D$= M '•,•"' THEMGQSUB2000:

IFTH-TB: ST-5 THENID-1 : RETURN

2050 IFPK7 OR P2<7 THEN GQSUB 253G

2060 CP=0:IF ABS<Vft-UG>»2 THEN Q=P+1m: f:p=i :

IF GH=-1 THENQ=Q+20
2070 IF Gfi=-1 AND Xfl=3 HND VH=5 THEN Q=Q-.2
2080 IF GH =1 AND XA=6 HND VA=4 THEN Q=G-.2
2090 FOR C =-1 TO 1 STEP2:IFUH+C<10RUfi+C>8 OR

UH+GH< 1ORUH+GH>STHEN2250
2 1 00 I FS < UH+C i UH+GR ) =GH OR S ■:. UH+C , UH+6H > =2+GH

THENQ=Q+1

2110 IFUH-C<10RUH-C>SORUH-GH<10RUH-GH -3THEN 22 c i0

2120 ifso-:h,vh>=2+gh THEN 2140

2130 GOTO2170

2 1 40 I FS ( UH+C , UH-C > =0HNDS •:.' UH-C , UR+C ) =

BONDS < UH- 1 , Ufl+C ) =-2+GH THEN 2 1 60
2150 G0T02170

2160 IFSOJH+l,UH-C>=-2+GH THEN Q=Q+3
2170 IF'::saiH+C,UH+GH>=-GH OR SaiH+C,UH+GH::'=-2+GH>

THEN 2190
2180 GOTO 2200
2190 IF SaiH-C,UH-GH>=0 OR (UH-C-XH AND UH-Gh=VH:>THEN

Q=Q-3

2200 IF S( UR+C , UR-GR ) =-2+GRRND ( S ( UH-C , UR+GR >

=00R •: ur-c=:srmdur+gr= vr > :> thenq=q-3

2210 IF S (UR+C ? UR+GR >=-2+GR AND <UH-C=XH AND UR-GR=Vfi>
THEHQ=Q-3

2220 IFUR+2+C<10RUR+2+C>8 OR UR+2 : + : GR<10R
UH+2+GH>8THEN 2250

2230 I FS ■:. UR+C , UR+GR > =0HND S •:.' UR+2+C .- UR+2+GR ) =0 AND

S'.UH.- UR+2+GR> =-GRTHENQ=Q+. 5
2240 I FS •:. UR+C , UR+GR > =OhNDS ( UR+2+C , UR+2+GR ) =6AND

S<UA, UH+2+GH>=-2> : GHTHENQ=Q+. 5

2250 NEXT C

2260 IF SO-:h,Vh>=2+Gh THEHQ=Q+. 2: GOTO 23:-:0

2270 REM MAN ONLV

2280 IFUR=ED THENQ=Q+2

2290 IFCP=1THEN FC--2: F0RFC=-2T02STEP4: SOSI 62479: NEXT

2Zm IFVH=ED - 88*2 THEN Q=Q+.2

2310 ifvh=ed - gh then q=q+.3

232u if vh=ed - 7+gr thenq=q-2.2

2330 if:-:h=ior xh~8THEN236G

2340 if xp+1>80r xr-k1 or vr-gr<1 or vr-gr>8

THEN 2360

2350 IFSO<R+l,VR-Gfi>=2+GR OR S <XR-1 , VW-GA>*-2*6A
THENQ=Q+2

2360 IF Ufl=l OR UR= 3 THENQ=Q+1 : IFUR=ED THENQ«Q-1.2

2370 RETURN

?T:=:m PFM k THh mNI V

2390 IF CP=1 THEN F0RFB=-2T02STEP4:

FOR FC=-2T02STEP4: G0SUB2470: NEXT: NEXT

2400 IFUH=5 HND-:. Uh=30RUh=40RUh=5>THENQ=Q+. 25
2410 IF','h=4 HND '•UH=30RUH=40RUH=5>THENn=P+.2 c i
2420 IFUR-K1 OR UR+1>8 OR UR-GR<1GR UR-GR>8
THEN 2440

2430 I FS < UH- 1 , UH-GH > =-GR AND S < UR+ 1 , UR-GR )
=-GH THENG=Q+1

2440 IFUH=1 OR UR=8 THENQ=G-.5

2450 IF Uh=1 OR UH=8 THEN Q=Q-.5

2460 RETURN

2470 UC-UR+FB: UC=UR+FC

2480 IFUC<10RUC>8 OR UC< 10RUC; 8THEN RETURN

2490 IFS<UC,UC>=0AND S<<UC+UA>/2i a'C+URX- 2>=-GH

THEN Q=Q+10
250O IF S aiC » UC ) =0 HND S ( ( UC+UH ) -2 , ( UC+UR ) -2 )
=-2+GR THEN Q=Q+11

2510 RETURN
2520 REM ENDINGS
2530 IF GH = 1 THEN RETURN
2540 IF P2<6 HND P1>P2 THEN 2610
2550 IFU=3 HND S<U»1)>6 THEN Q=Q+2
2560 IFS<X,V><>-2 THEN 2650
2570 IFU=3 HND S<1>U)>8 THENQ=Q+2
2580 IFU=6 HND S<8>U)>8 THEN Q=Q+2
2590 IFU=6 HND S<U>8>>0 THEN Q=Q+2
2600 GOTO 2650

26 1 IF-: U=7HND U= 1 ) OR ( U=3ANDU=2 ) OR ( U= 1 HNDU=7 >
OR < U=2HHDU=8 ) THENQ=Q+ 1 . 5

2620 IF8-U>U-1 HND U-KX-1 HND S-VO-V
THENQ=Q+. 3: GOTO2650

2630 IF 8-LKX-l HND U-KV-1 THENQ=Q+.3

2640 IFLI=1 OR U=8 OR U=l OR U=8 THEN Q=Q-.35

2650 IFS<X,V) <> -1 THEN 2740

2660 FOR 1= U TO 1 STEP -1

2670 IF S-::U, I>>0 THEN 2740

2680 IF U=8 HND S(U-1 , I > >OTHEN 2740

2690 IF U+l >8 THEN 2740

2700 IF U=l HND SiU+1, I>>0 THEN 2740

2710 IF S<U-1,I>>8 OR S<U+l,I)>£i THEN 2740

2720 NEXT I

2730 Q = G + 1

2740 RETURN

.#♦;.

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Standard Keyboard For The Atari 4

III

While shopping for a home computer,
I did quite a bit of research, eventually
narrowing my decision to a choice be-
tween the Atari 400 and 800. With a little
more investigation I found that the only
differences between the two are the three
most obvious: 1) easy access to additional
memory, 2) the two ROM slots and 3) the
keyboard. The processors— operating
systems and ROM— are exactly alike.
Since Atari still has not used the second
ROM slot, and the 400 can be fairly easily
upgraded to 48K, the only appreciable
difference is the keyboard. The 400 has a
flat membrane keyboard compared to the
standard typewriter keyboard on the 800.
I didn't feel at that point that the differ-
ences warranted the approximate $400

Robert Noskowicz, 44 York St., Old Bridge, NJ

08857.

Robert Noskowicz

additional cost for the 800, so I purchased
the 400.

After 6 months of use, I was extremely
happy with my computer except for the
keyboard. I found that the flat keyboard
impairs the ability to enter data quickly
as well as causing discomfort when enter-
ing a substantial amount of information
into the system. I went from "I'll get used
to it" to "Ite not all that bad" to total
exasperation.

What I will explain here is what I did to
cure my problem: I added a standard
keyboard to my machine.

First I opened my computer to deter-
mine how the keyboard was interfaced. I

had the Atari Technical User's Notes but
they did not contain any schematics for
the keyboard. After calling several home
computer stores to see if they had any
information on changing keyboards, with
no luck, I called Atari's toll free number
in California. If you have ever called
Atari, you already know that (like most
computer manufacturers) they do not like
you to make changes in their hardware
and provide very little technical help.

I realized that I would have to do
everything myself. The one thing I did
know was that the decoding of the key-
board is done in the processor. The
keyboard, in the case of the Atari, is just
a bunch of momentary ON switches, 61
to be exact. I sat down with my ohm
meter, went from point to point, and drew
the keyboard layout (Figure 1).

©-

System
RESET

©-

OPTION

®.

SELECT ■

©*- START

®

Figure 1. Ribbon cable on original keyboard is numbered 1-22. Keyboard is viewed from the back in above diagram.

344 December 1 982 • Creative Computing

Photo 1.

Photo 2.

The next step was to purchase the
necessary parts. The keyboard that I
bought from a firm in California has 62
keys and costs $35. It is called a bare
keyboard because it is not mounted on a
PC board. Initially I intended to mount
the keyboard on the computer but my
wife suggested that I use a cable and
keep it separate.

This was an excellent idea since I keep
the computer on a Parsons table in front
of my TV and sitting on the couch slouch-
ing over it can be a real pain in the neck,
literally. Now I can keep the keyboard on
my lap which I find extremely com-
fortable.

If you decide to go this route, you will
need about seven feet of ribbon cable
which costs approximately 60 cents per
foot. I used 25-conductor cable because I

wanted to have a connector between the
computer and the new keyboard so that I
would be able to disconnect it. Otherwise
it would only require 22-conductor.

The connector is a 25-pin RS-232 type
made for ribbon cable. It costs about $14
per set. If you want a case for the key-
board, you can purchase one for about
$56. If you are like me and wish to save
some money, go to your local hardware
store and buy a small Permanex tool box
which costs about $6 and cut it to shape.

Some of the keys on the new keyboard
are in different locations. You can leave
them as is or move them about, providing
you follow the wiring layout in Figure 1 .

One thing I had to do on the new
keyboard was to keep the Cap/Lock key
from locking, since on the Atari the Cap
Key does not lock.

The first step was to wire up the new
keyboard (Photos 1 and 2). Since I had
one extra key, I used two keys in series
for system reset. This prevents me from
accidentally resetting my computer.

Next I soldered the new ribbon cable
to the back of the Atari keyboard where
the original cable is soldered, leaving the
original in place (Photo 3). You will notice
that I routed the cable to one side and
mounted the male connector into the side
of the casing. I then assembled the com-
puter and tested the Atari keyboard to
make sure that nothing shorted. So far,
everything tested OK. I then plugged my
new keyboard in and tested it. It worked
fine.

The keys on the new keyboard are
parallel to the Atari, so either keyboard
can be used. □

Photo 3.

Photo 4.

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

345

How to Build an Analog to Digital
Interface for Fun and Learning

Make Your Computer

Into a
Love Potency Meter

David H. Ahl

This simple project allows you to make
your computer into a love potency meter
or nervousness gauge. However, beyond
the fun value, this project will show you
how a digital computer can interface with
an analog world.

The project makes use of the fact that
the continuously variable joysticks and
potentiometers (paddle controls) for
many computers are either 100K or 150K
ohms. Since the resistance of human skin
when good contact is made is also in this
range, we can substitute a human being
for a potentiometer— at least as far as
resistance is concerned.

The circuit is trivial. We simply put a
100K or 150K ohm resistor between the
+ 5 volt source (at the game I/O port)
and the ground so the computer has the
stability of a constant load. We then let
our human being grasp two connectors,
one hooked to -I- 5 volts and the other to
what normally would be the center tap of
the potentiometer.

Voila! The computer reads a value
corresponding to the resistance of the
person. We can then write a program to
make the computer appear to be a love
potency meter, nervousness gauge, or
whatever. On a more serious note, we
could also use it as a moisture gauge or,
with an appropriate sensor, a light meter,
density gauge, or infrared spectrometer.

TRS-80 Color Computer

For the TRS-80 Color Computer, you'll
need a 5-pin, 240° D.I.N, male plug, a
100K ohm resistor, two lengths of wire
(lamp cord does nicely) and two thingies
that your human can grasp. I used a pair
of banana plugs, but practically anything
will do, including the bare wire ends. For
reasons known only to Radio Shack, they
don't sell the D.I.N, plug so you'll have to
get it elsewhere. Be sure to get a 240°
one, the more common 180° one won't
fit.

Take apart the plug and solder the
resistor right to the connectors. Figure 1
shows the back (or solder) side. Solder on
three or four foot wires to your human
connectors.

4-5V

Parts for Color Computer sensor: banana
plugs, disassembled D.I.N, plug, resistor.

346

G-rovmd

Figure 1. Circuit for TRS-80 Color
Computer.

Plug the D.I.N, plug into the right
joystick socket and run the following pro-
gram:

5 CLS

10 PRINT@0 JOYSTK(O)

20 GOTO 10

When the connectors are apart, the
screen should read 0. Touching them
together should register 63. Try holding
one in each hand; you should get a value
between 5 and 20. Wet your fingers and
hold them; now you should see 30 to 45.
Hold them in a moistened palm— about
50 now. Put them both on your tongue—
about 55.

Once you've got this little set up going,
try the program in Listing 1. The heart of
it is the two statements in lines 70 and 80
which take the resistance reading and
force it into one of six outcomes.

December 1982 • Creative Computing

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Love Meter, continued...

Apple II Computer

The device for the Apple II is built
exactly the same way as the one for the
Color Computer except that it uses 16-
pin DIP plug (or header) and a 150K ohm
resistor.

*Sv/-

tT

o

ISoK

GrouKcl L

for* O

o

■o

Figure 2. Circuit for Apple II.

Follow the schematic diagram in Figure
2. This shows the top (or solder) side the
DIP plug. Note that the notch is by Pin 1.
Be careful when soldering to the DIP
plug; the plastic has a nasty habit of
melting. Solder the resistor and 4-foot
wires right to the plug.

Plug the finished device into the game
I/O port (watch the alignment of the
notch) and run the following program:

5 HOME

10 PRINT PDL(O)

20 FOR I = 1 TO 100: NEXT I

30 GOTO 5

When the connectors are apart, the
screen should read 0. Putting them to-
gether should produce 255. Touching
them in different ways as we suggested
above should produce values in between.

Apple owners will have to make just
three changes to the program in Listing 1.
They are:

20 HOME

70 J = INT(PDL(0)/40) + l

1035 HOME

Atari 400 and 800

Although the Atari uses a one megohm
potentiometer, no load resistor is needed
at all, just two leads. The difficult thing
may be finding one of those elusive DB-9
plugs of the type on the joysticks. Your
best bet is an Atari VCS Service center or
an old Atari joystick. You'll also need
two wires and human connectors.

r © © o 6 6/

+5v

Por+ o

Solder the wires to the plug as indicated
in Figure 3, plug into the left port and run
the following program:

5 PRINT " } "

10 PRINT PADDLE (0)

20 FOR I = 1 TO 100: NEXT I

30 GOTO 5

Only one line in the love potency meter
program need be changed:

70 J = 8-((PADDLE(0))/32)

The length of the leads and type of
human connectors could necessitate ad-
justment of the last value (32) in Line 70.

Other Computers

The device described above may also
be constructed for the IBM Personal
Computer, VIC-20 and any other com-
puter that accepts input from a continu-
ously variable source. Simply follow the
general directions above but substitute
the correct input connector for your com-
puter.

Other Control Devices

Any device which produces two or
more resistance values can be "read" by
the computer game port input. One with
which you can have fun experimenting is
an infrared photo transistor or photo
resistive photo cell. Several are available
for about $1.00 to $2.00. Do not hook up

+ 5v

Paddle pov-t O

PWotoctUL?! )<r*

Figure 4. Control circuit to measure light
intensity with a photo cell.

a silicon solar cell which generates a
current; this can play havoc with your
computer. Rather, look for a photo resis-
tive cadmium sulfide photo cell or a
resistive infrared photo transistor (a PFT-
100, for example).

The resistance of such a device gen-
erally varies from something very low
(about 250 ohms) when light is shining on
it to a high resistance (12K ohms or more)
when no light is present.

Use the circuit shown in Figure 4 to
measure the light from the photo cell.
Use a potentiometer setting to give the
widest range of input values from various
intensity light sources. Experiment! Have
fun! □

Figure 3. Circuit for Atari 400 and 800.

10 REMARKABLE PROGRAM BY DAVID AHL

20 CLS

30 PR I NT "GRAB THE TEST PROBE."

40 PR I NT= PR I NT "NOW SQUEEZE HARD!"

50 FOR 1=1 TO 1200 'NEXT I

60 PRINT 'PRINT 'PRINT

70 J- 1 NK J0YSTKX V 1 >+ 1

80 ON J GOTO 100,150,200,230,300,350,350

100 PR I NT "MY GOSH! YOUR HANDS ARE"

110 PRINT "LIKE A CACTUS. "' GOTO 1000

150 PR I NT " I 'VE SHAKEN HANDS WITH A"

160 PRINT "LIMP FISH BEFORE, BUT "

170 GOTO 1000

200 PR I NT "LUKEWARM. -..BUT YOU'VE GOT"

210 PR I NT "REAL POTENTIAL" ' GOTO 1000

250 PRINT"UMMMMM. "

260 PR I NT "NOT BAD, NOT BAD AT ALL!"

270 GOTO 1080

300 PR I NT "OH MY GOODNESS! MY CIRCUITS"

310 PR I NT "ARE GOING TO OVERLOAD IN"

320 PR I NT "ANOTHER NANOSECOND!!"

330 GOTO 1000

350 PRINT"! DON'T BELIEVE IT! ARE"

360 PR I NT "YOU REALLY A HUMAN? I'VE"

37© PR I NT" ONLY GOTTEN THIS KIND OF"

338 PR I NT" TOUCH FROM ANOTHER COMPUTER"

390 PR I NT "BEFORE. OGLE, OGLE!"

1 080 FOR I ■ 1 TO 1 500 •• NEXT I • PR INT « PR I NT

1010 PRINT" IS THERE ANOTHER VICTIM IN"

1020 PR I NT "THE HOUSE <Y OR N>" > 'INPUT A*

1030 IF A*="Y" THEN 20

1835 CLS

1040 PR I NT "OH WELL, I GUESS NO ONE"

1050 PR I NT "LOVES ME ANYMORE."

1 860 PR I NT = PR I NT ■ PR I NT ■ END Listing I.

348

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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372 includes the same processor and
RAM plus a 43Mb fixed disk and a
14.5Mb tape drive. Several intermediate
models are also available. On any model,
RAM can be expanded to 512K. Printers
and other peripherals can be added. The
systems support up to three users.

Texas Instruments, P.O. Box 2909, M/S
2216, Austin, TX 78769.
CIRCLE 379 ON READER SERVICE CARD

DESKTOP COMPUTER

The Kontact executive workstation
from Mitel incorporates a 12" display,
5.25" 500K disk drive, modem, and a
sleek, 94-key keyboard.

The built-in phone provides: autodial,
display-based dialing, conference calls,
and hold calls. The system can log the
time spent on each call.

The electronic mail section can handle

simulated in and out boxes, scheduled
mailing, multiple recipient and group
mailing, automatic reply, forwarding, and
password protection.

The time management section of
Kontact simulates a desk calendar on the
screen. The user can map out an agenda,
set alarms, and edit the week's schedule.
$4000.

Mitel Corporation, Office Products Di-
vision, 302 Legget Dr., Kanata, Ontario,
Canada K2K 1Y6.

CIRCLE 380 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ASTRA 200 MINICOMPUTER

Astra 200, a low end addition to the
Astra series of business computers, is
available from NEC Information Systems,
Inc. The computer system is based on a
16-bit NEC microprocessor. Astra 200 is
upward compatible with the larger multi-
terminal systems in the Astra line.

The system includes a processor, 256K
of internal memory, a 2000-character 12"
monochrome display, two 8" double
sided, dual density diskette drives with 2
million bytes of formatted storage
capacity, and NEC's ITOS operating sys-
tem. The system supports ANSI Cobol,
Fortran, and Basic programming lan-

guages. Internal memory and disk storage
can be expanded. $4500.

NEC Information Systems, 5 Militia
Dr., Lexington, MA 02173.

CIRCLE 381 ON READER SERVICE CARD

NEW FAMILY OF OFFICE
COMPUTERS

The Electronic Office Products
Division of Tab Products Co. has
announced the Tab System 800 and Sys-
tem 1600 family of 8 bit and 16 bit single
and multiple user desktop office com-
puters. Using the Tab 132/15 terminal,
with its 15" screen and 132 column dis-
play, the computers are designed to be
highly flexible and upwardly expandable
to meet the needs of professional business
users.

The System 830 is a single user system
with one 8 bit processor and 64K of mem-
ory. It has a 5 1/4", 5 Mb hard disk for
files and a 630K, 8" floppy disk for data
input/output and backup. Base price is
$7500, plus $150 for the CP/M operating
system.

The System 1630 is a single user system
with a 16 bit processor and 128K memory.
It has a 5 1/4", 5Mb hard disk for files
and a 630K, 8" floppy disk. Base price for

350

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

the System 1630 is $7785, plus $250 for
the CP/M operating system.

The System 1650 is a multiple user, 16
bit system with 128K of memory organi-
zed on a shared logic basis. It has hard
and floppy disk capabilities similar to the
models 830 and 1630. The 1650, however,
can support up to six workstations, each
capable of accessing hard disk, floppy
disk, and system printer.

Price for a basic System 1650 with two
workstations is $9800, plus $650 for the
MP/M-86 operating system.

Electronic Office Products, 1451
California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304.

CIRCLE 382 ON READER SERVICE CARD

OLYMPIA HANDHELD AND PRINTER

Olympia USA Inc. has introduced a
portable computer and a new printer. The
Olympia Portable Computer is based on
a 6502 microprocessor, with a 65-char-
acter keyboard, a liquid crystal display
panel and an internal battery pack. It
weighs 21 ounces, and supports 52K bytes
of RAM, plus 64K of ROM.

By using the optional acoustic modem
or RS-232C interface, an Olympia Port-
able Computer can be connected to main-
frame computers, minicomputers or other
personal computers. It comes standard

with a 4K programmable memory, a 10-
digit calculator, a Clock/controller, and a
file system.

The Olympia ESW 3000 Printer was
developed for the midrange letter quality
printer market, and extends Olympia's
current line of lower speed printers.

The ESW 3000 incorporates an
Olympia print wheel with 100 characters.
Standard lettering in many typestyles,
proportional spacing, four pitches, bi-
directional printing and print wheel cas-
sette insertion are also included. Print
speed is 35 characters per second.

Olympia USA Inc., Box 22, Somerville,
NJ 08876.

CIRCLE 383 ON READER SERVICE CARD

TERMINALS & I/O

DISK CONTROLLER CARD

Rana Systems has announced the Elite
Controller Card with four drive capability
for any combination of Rana Systems
Elite Minifloppy Disk Drives or Apple II
disk drives. It automatically boots 13 and
16 sector diskettes, and is compatible with
DOS 3.3, Pascal 1.1 and CP/M 2.20B.
Other features include: improved data
separation, LED indicators of operating
modes and diagnostic aids, power

The Sensible Speller. . .

what a spelling verification program should be!

THE SENSIBLE SPELLER is the first COMPLETE spelling
verification program for the Apple Computer. NO other
spelling program includes as many options, or has a
dictionary (on diskette) as large as ours, and includes a
well known dictionary, too. THE SENSIBLE SPELLER now
features the complete CONCISE EDITION of the RANDOM
HOUSE® DICTIONARY. If you question the definition,
pronunciation, or spelling of any word, you can simply look it up
in the supplied hardcover dictionary.

Five versions of THE SENSIBLE SPELLER are available. There is
no need to MUFFIN or transfer your files from one operating
system to another.

Works with almost every word
processor, editor, or program
that generates standard DOS
3.3 TEXT or BINARY files

DOS 3.3

Works with Word Handler II

WORD
HANDLER

Works with all versions of
Super Text

SUPER
TEXT

Works with WordStar, ED, Type
Master, and any other word
processor that does not
compact text

CP/M

Works with the Pascal Editor
and Prose.

PASCAL

APPLE is a registered trademark ot APPLE Computer Company • CP/M is a registered trademark ot Digital Research Corp
SUPER TEXT is a registered trademark ot Muse Software • APPLE PASCAL is a registered trademark ot U C S C
RANDOM HOUSE and the House design are registered trademarks ot Random House. Inc Copyright 1982 Random House. Inc
WORD HANDLER is a registered trademark ot Silicon Valley Systems. Inc

THE SENSIBLE SPELLER package
includes:

• an easy to read instruction manual

• two copies of THE SENSIBLE SPELLER program

• a main dictionary diskette, containing 40,000 of the
most commonly used English language words (there is room
to add approximately 10,000 of your own words)

• a supplementary dictionary diskette, containing the remaining
40,000 words in the RANDOM HOUSE DICTIONARY

• the hard cover RANDOM HOUSE DICTIONARY, CONCISE EDITION

THE SENSIBLE SPELLER requires an Apple ll/
Apple II + equipped with 48K, DOS 3.3 and
1 or 2 disk drives. Two disk drives are
required to delete or add words to the
dictionary. The price is only $125.00

nrr Sensible
■" Software

6619 Perham Drive,
West Bloomfield, Michigan 48033

(313)399-8877

Visa and Mastercard Welcome
Add $1.25 postage and handling per program.

CIRCLE 308 ON READER SERVICE CARD

December 1982 e Creative Computing

351

r

New Products, continued...

reduction capabilities and an improved
interface buffering design.

Priced at $135., the Elite Controller
Card comes with a user manual and an
Elite Diskette Enhancer.

Rana Systems, 20620 South Leapwood
Ave., Carson CA 90746.

CIRCLE 384 ON READER SERVICE CARD

TRS-80 PT-210 PORTABLE
DATA TERMINAL

Radio Shack has introduced the TRS-
80 PT-210 Portable Data Terminal. It
includes a full typewriter keyboard, a
thermal printer, and a 100/300 baud (Bell
103A compatible) acoustic telephone cou-
pler. It generates 99 codes, including 67
printable characters, 32 terminal control
characters, and a switch-selectable
numerical keypad. $995.

An optional add-on RS232-C Interface
Module featuring plug-in installation is
available for $69.95.

Tandy Corporation, 180 One Tandy
Center, Fort Worth, TX 76102.

PRINTACOLOR PERSONAL
COLOR GRAPHICS

A color graphic ink-jet printer designed
to interface with the IBM PC, Apple II,
or Apple III computer has been intro-
duced by Printacolor. The PG-1000 en-
ables the personal computer to translate
computer graphics into color hard copy.
It can produce images containing over
125 shades of color, with the production
time of an 8 1/2 by 1 1 inch image typically
under two minutes.

Designed to be open-ended, the PG-
100 can be upgraded through software.
The ink-jet printer is packaged with an
interface card, software for the IBM PC,
Apple II or Apple III, 500 sheets of paper,
and a disposable ink cartridge.

Printacolor Corporation, 5965 Peach-
tree Corners East, Norcross, GA 30071.

CIRCLE 385 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ADD-ON KEYBOARD FOR ATARI

The Sidewriter full-stroke keyboard
looks and works like an Atari 800 key-

board and can be plugged into either an
Atari 400 or 800.

Retail prices are $249 and $169 for
installed and kit versions, respectively.

Screensonics, Inc., 14416 S. Outer 40
Rd., Chesterfield, MO 63017.

CIRCLE 386 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MICROCOMPUTER MOUSE

A high resolution digital Mouse input
device from Random Access, Inc., can be
used with Apple, IBM, and S-100 personal
computers. The Hawley Mouse moves the
cursor on a computer display screen in
direct proportion to its own movement. It
can be used for transferring drawings to
the computer, or for cursor placement. It
allows direct selection and activation of
functions in menu-driven software.

The unit is composed of a decoder and
a host interface card. The Mouse plugs
into decoder logic housed in a small cab-

inet located externally to the host system.
Random Access, Inc., 246 Highland
Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15235.

CIRCLE 387 ON READER SERVICE CARD

TYPEWRITER TO PRINTER

CONVERSION

Hollander Office Products has an-
nounced hardware enhancements and a
price reduction to the Tyrop, an adapter
designed to turn an electric typewriter
into a low-cost word processing printer
when interfaced with a microcomputer.

The Tyrop II has an external DIP
switch to allow conversion from serial to
parallel interfaces, and a new PROM that
includes a backspacing key for under-

scoring text. The adapter is compatible
with the IBM Selectric I, II, III or other
equivalent electric typewriters. The print-
ing speed for typewriters using the Tyrop
II is 600 characters per minute. $695.

Hollander Office Products, 41 Duesen-
berg Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91362.
CIRCLE 388 ON READER SERVICE CARD

SMART VIDEO TERMINAL WITH
AUXILARYPORT

Hazeltine Corporation announces a ter-
minal that emulates a Televideo 950 with
a green phosphor CRT. Unusual features
of the device include a printer buffer, and
a bidirectional auxilary RS-232 port.
$895.

Hazeltine Corporation, Commack, NY
11725.

CIRCLE 389 ON READER SERVICE CARD

EXPANSION MODULES
FOR ASTROCADE

Alternative Engineering offers the
Viper- 1 expansion kit for the Astrocade
(formerly Bally) home computer.

The Viper- 1 includes 16K RAM, power
supply, keyboard interface, switched AC
outlet, and extended Basic. Also avail-
able is the Viper system keyboard which
is a 62-key full-stroke model.

Alternative Engineering Corp., P.O.
Box 128, Gardiner, ME 04345.

CIRCLE 390 ON READER SERVICE CARD

GRAPHICS CARD FOR IBM PC

Frederick Electronics announces an
alternative to the IBM color graphics
card. The Colorplus can display four
colors in the 640 x 200 pixel mode. In the
320 x 200 mode, the new board can dis-
play 16 colors. These capabilties, which
correspond to the cne-color and four-
color modes of the standard board, also
apply to 80-column and 40-column text
modes.

Colorplus also contains a parallel print-
er port and is said to be completely com-
patible with existing IBM color applica-
tions. $995.

Plantronics / Frederick Electronics
Corp., PC+ Products, 7630 Hayward Rd.,
P.O. Box 502, Frederick, MD 21701.

CIRCLE 391 ON READER SERVICE CARD

GREEN SCREEN

The BM-12EN monitor is the latest
addition to the BMC line from Leading
Edge Products. It is a high resolution,
non-glare, green screen 12" model.

Leading Edge Products, 225 Turnpike
St., Canton, MA 02021.

CIRCLE 392 ON READER SERVICE CARD

352

December 1982 • Creative Computing

MISCELLANEOUS

PC PEDESTAL

V

Curtis Manufacturing Company has in-
troduced the P.C. Pedestal for the IBM
Personal Computer. Scientifically de-
signed, the P.C. Pedestal can be tilted or
swiveled in any direction for optimum
viewing angle and minimum glare.
Increased air circulation is provided by
cooling slots styled to match the system
unit. In addition, a 3' extension cable set

is available to allow for extra freedom in
arranging the system components.

The P.C. Pedestal is $79.95; the exten-
sion cable set is $49.95. Curtis Manu-
facturing, One Curtis Rd., Winchester,
NH 03470.

CIRCLE 393 ON READER SERVICE CARD

DISK SYSTEMS

NEW APPLE COMPATIBLE DRIVE

The Apple-Mate 5 1/4" floppy disk
drive has been introduced by Quentin
Research Inc. Apple-Mate is fully trans-

parent with DOS 3.3 and 3.2.1, as well as
Pascal and CP/M in full and half track
operation.

Apple-Mate also features a diskette
protection system, 40 track capability,
redundant write protection, and auto-
matic power-down. $335.

Quentin Research, 19355 Business
Center Dr., Northridge, CA 91324.

CIRCLE 394 ON READER SERVICE CARD

EXPANDED TRS-80 DISK STORAGE

m w»

Expanded disk drive storage for TRS-
80 computers with up to four megabytes
of floppy disk storage is available from
Interface, Inc.

For internal storage on the Model III,
there are four drives available: a single-

LET YOUR APPLE SEE THE WORLD!

The DS-65 Digisector opens up a whole new world for your Apple II. Your computer
can now be a part of the action, taking pictures to amuse your friends, watching your
house while you're away, taking computer portraits . . . the applications abound! The
DS-65 is a random access video digitizer. It converts a TV camera's output into digital
information your computer can process. The DS-65 features:

• High Resolution — a 256 x 256 picture element scan
• Precision — 64 levels of grey scale
Versatility — Accepts either NTSC or industrial video input
Economy — A professional tool priced for the hobbyist

* i

j

The DS-65 is an intelligent peripheral card with on-board software in 2708 EPROM.
Check these software features:

• Full screen scans directly to Apple Hi-Res screen

• Easy random access digitizing by Basic programs

• Line-scan digitizing for reading charts or tracking objects

• Utility functions for clearing and copying the Hi-Res screen

/>

HIRES PICTURE USING THE DS-65
AND PICTURE SCANNER SOFTWARE

Use the DS-65 for precision security systems; computer portraiture; robotics; fast to slow scan conversion; moving target indicators;
reading UPC codes, musical scores and paper tape and more! GIVE YOUR APPLE THE GIFT OF SIGHT! DS-65 Price: $349.95 / FSII
Camera Price: $299.00 / Combination Price: $599.00

ADDITIONAL SOFTWARE FOR THE DS-65
—Picture Scanner Provides a variety of different dithering algorithms for compressing the digitized image into the Hi-Res
screen. Available on 13-sector disk. Price: $39.95

— Superscan: Enables you to enhance the DS-65's Hi-Res pictures with colors! Choose from 21 different colors and assign them
to grey scale values, modify pictures, zoom, enhance contrast, etc. Print routines for the Anadex and Paper Tiger* are provided.
Comes on a 13-sector disk. Written for The Micro Works by Magna Soft. Price: $79.95

—Portrait System Software: This program includes captions and a credit line, reverse printing for T-shirt application and the
option to save portraits on disk. Specifically for use with a Malibu 165 printer. Call or write for more information.

■ mm « m .— *. _ ^-^ "Paper Tiger is a trademark of Integral Data Systems, Inc.

MasterCharge/Visa Accepted

StlSD^? P.O. BOX 1110 DEL MAR, CA 92014 714-942-2400

THE

W®

December 1982 c Creative Computing

CIRCLE 242 ON READER SERVICE CARD

353

New Products, continued...

sided drive with 40 tracks and 250K un-
formatted storage for $215; a single-sided
drive with 80 tracks and 500K unformat-
ted storage for $335; a double-sided drive
with 40 tracks and 500K unformatted
storage for $335; and a double-sided drive
with 80 tracks and one Mb of unformatted
storage for $435.

For external storage with the TRS-80
Models I and III, there are also four drives
available; they are priced slightly higher.

Interface, Inc., 765-30 Alabama Ave.,
Unit 3, Canoga Park, CA 91304.

CIRCLE 395 ON READER SERVICE CARD

15Mb DISK FOR APPLE II, APPLE III,
AND IBM

Davong Systems has announced a 15-
megabyte version of their Winchester disk
drives for three different computers. At
$2995, the new system sets a 5000 bytes
per dollar ratio. The 15Mb drive joins a
product line that also includes a 10Mb
drive for $2495, and a 5Mb model for
$1995.

Davong Systems, Inc., 1061 Terra Bella
Ave., Mountain View, CA 94043.

CIRCLE 396 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MODEL III HARD DISK

J&M Systems Consultants have de-
signed the JHD-III, a hard disk system for
use with the TRS-80 Model III. It utilizes
a 5 1/4" Winchester drive with either 5 or
10 Mb of storage. An LDOS driver is
used, that allows the storage to be divided
into individual logical units.

The system comes with controller, host
adapter, hard disk drive, all cables,
adapter software diskette, and an oper-
ator's manual. The price is $1895 for the
5 Mb system and $2095 for the 10 Mb
system.

J&M Systems, Ltd., 137 Utah NE,
Albuquerque, NM 87108.

CIRCLE 397 ON READER SERVICE CARD

EMORY

64K RAM BOARD FOR ATARI

Mosaic Electronics introduces a 64K
RAM board configured as 48K of fixed,
contiguous RAM, and four mappable
RAM banks which contain 4K each. Any
one of the mappable banks can be
addressed at a particular time. Since these
banks do not overlap the address oc-
cupied by ROM cartridges, they are
always available. $249.95.

Mosaic Electronics, P.O. Box 708,
Oregon City, OR 97045.

CIRCLE 398 ON READER SERVICE CARD

294K ON A CARD

Synetix Industries has announced a
294K byte memory card. The single board
Solid State Disk Emulator works with the
Apple II and Apple II -I- , and is available
in 147K and 294K versions. The SSD
plugs directly into any Apple I/O slot (1
through 7), and requires no external
power.

The SSD is software compatible with
DOS 3.3, Apple Pascal, and CP/M oper-
ating systems. Solid State Disks are for
enhancing applications such as database

* } "Z*. r> ^ *»-s"*-

■

.-«• » ;: rTfr-: ■■■■:::..

— -«* i ' - -«• > ' -• ■--.•.'.'•;••••••'■••.•. ■ i

.... ,

mrttti •
)

management, disk copying, program com-
piling, graphics, and other memory-
intensive tasks.

Synetix Industries, 15050 N.E. 95th,
Redmond, WA 98052.

CIRCLE 399 ON READER SERVICE CARD

PERIPHERALS

TELEPHONE OPERATORS
FOR APPLE II

Vynet Corporation offers two different
telephone operators for the Apple II.
Both the V100 and V101 can answer and
dial touch-tone telephones. They can also
interpret digits touched by a caller during
a connection. In addition, the V100 can
pronounce up to 1300 words.

The speech synthesizer in the V100
can make sounds said to be indistinguish-
able from those coming from a tape re-
corder. The standard V100 has a 300-
word vocabulary. A 1300 word vocabulary
is also available. A demonstration of the
V100 can be reached at (800) 538-7002.

Vynet Corporation, 2405 Qume Dr.,
San Jose, CA 95131.

CIRCLE 400 ON READER SERVICE CARD

BOOKS AND
BOOKLETS

WHOLE PET CATALOG

Over 500 reviews, along with the rest of
Midnite Software Gazette's first seven
issues, have been expanded into a 300-
page compendium called the Whole Pet
Catalog. The volume also contains mater-
ial from Jim Butterfield and other mem-
bers of the Toronto Pet User Group. $10.

Midnite Software Gazette, 635 Maple,
Mt. Zion, IL 62549.

NEWSLETTERS

COMMODORE NEWSLETTER

The Strictly Commodore Newsletter is
offered for owners of the Pet, Vic-20,
CBM, and Superpet computers. This
monthly publication contains at least five
recreational and educational programs,
plus feature stories, evaluations of hard-
ware and software, articles with program-
ming hints and tips, and information
requested by readers.

Included in each newsletter is the latest
news on what's happening in the
Commodore industry. Subscription rate
is $18 per year; sample copy $2.

Strictly Commodore, 47 Coachwood PI.
N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3H
1E1.

APPLICATIONS
SOFTWARE

EDUCATIONAL

Four software packages for young
people have been announced by Spin-
naker Software. A Christinas Sampler
brings a variety of holiday classics to life
on the Apple, Atari, and IBM personal
computers. Animated, hi-res graphic de-
pictions of "A Christmas Story,""The
Night Before Christmas," and a selection
of Christmas carols are accompanied by
screen texts for say and singalongs. Face
Maker is a software toy which presents
children with an interactive experience
with computers. Different faces are de-
signed from menus of eyes, ears, hair,
etc. Story Machine teaches young com-
puter users how to communicate with a
computer using the keyboard, while de-
veloping the ability to write sentences
and paragraphs. Using a list of words, the
child constructs sentences which are then
animated using color and sound. Snooper
Troops is a series of interactive mysteries.
Designed for ages 10 to adult, it stimulates
organized thinking and the development
and testing of hypotheses. Spinnaker Soft-
ware, 26 Brighton St., Belmont, MA
02178.

Card reader-based educational software
programs are available. The programs
include those for test scoring, grading,
and record-keeping tasks, daily and term
attendance accounting, and computerized
achievement monitoring. These software
programs are to be used on the Apple II
computer. HEI, Inc., Educational Systems
Department, Victoria, MN 55386.
(612) 443-2500.

School Attendance System is a program
that handles daily attendance accounting

354

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

BUY DIRECT

AT DISCOUNT PRICES
It's simple . . . •

NEW!

Radio Shack TRS-80

Hard Drives
Model I & III. . .from

$

2087

TRS-80 Color Computer

— ■ ■ - *

ilT-|

1

SAVE

55

1*1

BUY
DIRECT

PRICED
FROM

s

283

TRS-80 Model
Computer

PRICED
FROM

BUY
DIRECT

S99

Smith Corona TP-1
Daisy Wheel Printer

BUY
DIRECT

PRICED
FROM

TRS-80 Model
Computer

BUY
DIRECT

PRICED
FROM

TRS-80 Model 16
Computer

BUY
DIRECT

PRICED
FROM

FRANKLIN

ACE 1000

A ATARI

7= *

Qs commodore

CALL FOR PRICES

ALL TRS-80'S ARE PURE RADIO SHACK EQUIPMENT

1-800-841-0860

Write for our Consumer Discount Price List

Micro Management Systems, Inc.

PARCEL DIVISION ■ DEPT NO. 3

2803 THOMASVILLE ROAD EAST

CAIRO, GEORGIA 31728

912-377-7120

BUYING DIRECT-MAIL
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Why Purchase A Computer By Direct-Mail?

When buying a name-brand product - price is usually
the main reason. The product is the same quality no
matter where you buy.
Do I Really Save Money - If I Need Help?
When you buy by direct-mail the firm has geared its
operation to sell at low prices. The savings will give
you additional money to buy the extras you may need.
Automakers don't teach you how to drive a car - we
don't teach you how to use a computer. We do sell you
a name-brand computer at low, low prices. Buy the
computer and software you want, then you can learn to
do-it-yourself and consult a professional only when ad-
ditipnal help is required.

What About The Warranty On My Equipment?

If you purchase your computer equipment from a
direct-mail firm - make sure the firm is an authorized
dealer. Beware of firms selling modified or altered
name-brand products as the manufacturer's warranty
may no longer apply. Micro Management Systems
sells only original factory-pure name-brand products
covered by the manufacturer's warranty. Write us for
a free copy of the warranty on any product we sell.

Which Direct-Mail Company Should I Buy From?

Micro Management Systems - Cairo, Georgia. We sell
name-brand products. We offer low, low prices. We
have a large inventory to assure prompt delivery. Our

obligation to you QUALITY PRODUCT - PRICE

-HONESTY - RELIABLE.

Who Is Micro Management Systems?
Micro Management Systems has been selling com-
puter equipment to the consumer on a direct-mail basis
since 1978. Since that time thousands of consumers
have purchased from us. We are HONEST and
RELIABLE. If you plan to purchase by direct-mail
you owe it to yourself to call us. We offer quality name-
brand products, low prices, prompt delivery, toll free
phones for quotes and orders, references, convenient
ordering. All products we sell are factory-pure and
backed by reliable name-brand manufacturers.

WE SELL AMERICA - Call us 1-800-841-0860
Write for our CONSUMER DISCOUNT PRICE LIST.

TRS-80 COMPUTERS

•ft******************************

COLOR COMPUTER
Priced From '289

MODEL III TRS-80
Priced From '599

MODEL II TRS-80
Priced From '2899

MODEL 16 TRS-80
Priced From '4098

FRANKLIN

ACE COMPUTER
CALL FOR PRICE

A ATARI

Qz commodore

BBB SMITH CORONA

1-800-841-0860

Micro Management Systems, Inc.

PARCEL DIVISION - DEPT NO. 3 A

2803 THOMASVILLE ROAD EAST

CAIRO, GEORGIA 31728

912377-7120

CIRCLE 235 ON READER SERVICE CARD

New Products, continued...

and reporting for up to 2600 students. It
provides for eight periods per day,
absences, tardiness, excuses, and early
dismissals. The system for the TRS-80
Model II and Model III requires 64K of
memory with two disk drives and a
printer. The Model III version of the
program will handle 1000 students on a
48K two disk system. Model II price is
$995, and the Model III version is $650.
Bertamax Inc., 101 Nickerson, Suite 202,
Seattle, WA 98109. (206) 282-6249.

SofTeach is a computer-aided instruc-
tion package that helps programmers
learn to use and understand UCSD Pascal.
It supports application program software
written in UCSD Pascal as well as Fortran-
77 and Basic. The Aquizzes quiz questions
the student about various aspects of the
UCSD Pascal language. The Pquizzes quiz
tests the student's ability to implement
this knowledge by writing procedures and
functions. SofTeach is $125. SofTech
Microsystems, 9494 Black Mountain Rd.,
San Diego, CA 92126. (714) 578-6105.

Computer Assisted Instruction is avail-
able for the mentally handicapped. Color-
ful animated graphics programs use syn-
thesized speech and teach basic counting

and word recognition skills to those who
have learning problems. This software is
available for the Apple II Plus, Atari
400/800, Texas Instruments 99/4 and
99/4A, and the VIC-20 on disk and tape.
$29.95. The Upper Room Computer Con-
sultants, 907 6th Ave. East, Menomonie,
WI 54751. (715) 235-5775.

The Adventures of Oswald is a com-
bination game and story for Atari com-
puters that incorporates voice narration,
graphics, color, music, and sound effects
for children between the ages of three
and six. By using the joystick, a child can
make Oswald walk, climb, and jump. A
game, called "Oswald and the Golden
Key," is also included. The cassette ver-
sion, which requires 16K, retails for
$16.95. The disk version, which requires
24K, retails for $23.95. Program Design,
Inc., 11 Idar Ct., Greenwich, CT 06830.
(203) 661-8799.

T .E.S.T. is a worksheet and test author-
ing program for the classroom teacher. It
includes a maintenance program and a
test and drill program. T.E.S.T. is avail-
able for the TRS-80 Model III. A two
disk system is $24.95, and a cassette is
$13.95. TYC Software, 40 Stuyvesant
Manor, Geneseo, NY 14454. (716) 243-
3005.

RECREATIONAL

Mysterious Adventures Part 1 is an

adventure in which the player has 30
puzzles to solve within a context of 60
rooms. In it the player must try to alleviate
the blight and succeed where the King's
Sorceror has failed. It is available on
cassette or disk for the TRS-80 I/III for
$19.95. Acorn Software Products, Inc.,
634 North Carolina Ave. SE, Washington,
D.C. 20003. (202) 544-4259.

Hayden Software branches into the
realm of the arcade game with Kamikaze,
As commander of your ship, you must
ward off enemy bombs, mines, and
planes. As your score increases, so does
the frequency of enemy attacks.
Kamikaze runs on the Apple II with disk,
48K, and Applesoft. It costs $34.95. Hay-
den Software, 600 Suffolk St., Lowell, MA
01853.

Computerware has released Rail Run-
ner, a new arcade style game for the
Radio Shack Color Computer and TDP
System 100. The game pits the player, as
railroad engineer, against the toughest
train switchyard ever. Rail Runner is
$21.95 on cassette, and $26.95 on disk.
Computerware, Box 668, Encinitas, CA
92024.

STOP PLAYING GAMES

PET/CBM

APPLE

TRS-80 (Model I &

COLOR-80

VIC-20

"^

Calculate odds on HORSE RACES with ANY COMPU-
TER using BASIC.

SCIENTIFICALLY DERIVED SYSTEM really works TV
Station WLKY of Louisville. Kentucky used this sytem
to predict the odds of the 1980 Kentucky Derby See
the Wall Street Journal (June 6. 1980) article on
Horse-Handicapping This system was written and
used by computer experts and is now being made available to home computer owners This
method is based on storing data from a large number of races on a high speed large scale
computer 23 factors taken from the Daily Racing Form were then analyzed by the
computer to see how they influenced race results From these 23 factors ten were found to
be the most vital in determining winners NUMERICAL PROBABILITIES of each of these 10
factors were then computed and this forms the basis of this REVOLUTIONARY NEW
PROGRAM

SIMPLE TO USE Obtain Daily Racing Form the day before the races and answer the 10
questions about each horse Run the program and your computer will print out the odds for
all horses in each race COMPUTER POWER gives you the advantage 1
YOU GET 1} TRS . 80 (Leve | |,) color-80, Apple or PET/CBM or VIC-20 Cassette.

2) Listing of BASIC program for use with any computer.

3) Instructions on how to get the needed data from the "Daily Racing Form"

4) Tips on using the odds generated by the program.

5) Sample form to simplify entering data for each race.

MAIL COUPON OR CALL TODAY—

3G COMPANY, INC. DEPT.CC

RT. 3, BOX 28A, GASTON, OR 97119

Yes, I want to use my computer for FUN and PROFIT. Please send me
at $24.95 each.

I need a □ TRS-80 D Color-80 □ Applet PET/CBM □ VIC-20 Cassette.

Enclosed is check or money order Master Charge Visa

(503) 357-9889

programs

Card No
NAME

Exp date

ADDRESS
CITY

STATE

ZIP

START USING YOUR COMPUTER FOR

FUN and PROFIT!

DISK DRIVE WOES?

PRINTER INTERACTION?

MEMORY LOSS? te

ERRATIC OPERATION? \£ ^^V *^M iso-1

Don't ™ .r
Blame The '
Software! ,^«^

Power Line Spikes, Surges &

Hash could be the culprit! Floppies, printers,

memory & processor often interact! Our patented ISOLATORS

eliminate equipment interaction AND curb damaging Power Line

Spikes, Surges and Hash. MONEY BACK GUARANTEE!

• ISOLATOR (ISO-1) 3 filter isolated 3-prong sockets; integral
Surge/Spike Suppression; 1875 W Maximum load, 1 KW load
any socket $69.95

• ISOLATOR (ISO-2) 2 filter isolated 3-prong socket banks; (6
sockets total); integral Spike/Surge Suppression; 1875 W Max
load, 1 KW either bank $69.95

• SUPER ISOLATOR (ISO-3) similar to ISO-1 except double
isolation & Suppression $104.95

• SUPER ISOLATOR (ISO-1 1) similar to ISO 2 except double
isolation & Suppression $104.95

• MAGNUM ISOLATOR (ISO-1 7) 4 Quad Isolated sockets; For
ULTRASENSITIVE Systems $181.95

• CIRCUIT BREAKER, any model (Add-CB) Add $9.00

• REMOTE SWITCH, any model (Add-RS) Add $16.00

AT YOUR MasterCard, Visa, American Express

DEALERS ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-225-4876

(except AK, HI, PR & Canada)

/Sy Electronic Specialists, Inc.

171 South Main Street, Box 389, Natick, Mass. 01760

(617) 655-1532

CIRCLE 190 ON READER SERVICE CARD

356

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

You've invested a lot of time and money into your computer . . .

It 's time that investment paid off!

THE COLOR ACCOUNTANT

The Programmer's Institute introduces THE COLOR ACCOUNTANT, the only complete personal financial package
specifically designed for the Atari 400/800 and the TRS-80 COLOR computers. This unique package includes:

1. Complete Checkbook Maintenance 5. Payments/Appointments Calendar 8. Home Budget Analysis

2. Chart of Accounts Maintenance 6. Color Graph Design Package 9. Decision Maker

3. Income /Expense Accounts (graphs any files) 10. Mailing List

4. Net Worth Statement 7. Check Search

After the initial setup, THE COLOR ACCOUNTANT requires less than an hour of data input each month.

The checkbook maintenance program is the key to the entire package. Once your checkbook is balanced, the checkbook summary file will
automatically update the home budget analysis, net worth, and income/expense statements. You can then graph any file, record bills and
appointments, make decisions, print a mailing list, analyze various accounts or stocks, and even calculate taxes.

All programs are menu-driven and allow add /change /delete. Each file and statement can be listed to screen or printer, and saved to cassette
or diskette. THE COLOR ACCOUNTANT also comes with 40 pages of documentation that leads you step-by-step through the entire package.
The TRS-80 COLOR Ext. Basic requires 16K; the Atari 400/800 requires 24K for cassette and 32K for diskette ($74.95 cassette, $79.95 diskette).

See your local dealer or order direct:

THE PROGRAMMER'S INSTITUTE

a division of FUTUREHOUSE
P.O. BOX 3191, DEPT. A
CHAPEL HILL. NC 27514

The perfect supplement to THE COLOR ACCOUNTANT, The Tax Handler includes:

1. Complete Form 1040

2. Schedule A (Itemized Deductions)

3. Schedule G (Income Averaging)

This year let The Tax Handler prepare your taxes ($24.95 cassette, $29.95 diskette).

1-919-489-2198

CIRCLE 281 ON READER SERVICE CARD

NEW! For the Apple 48K

PSYCHOLOGICAL

DIARY

Including . . .

• Diary Keeper

• Dream Interpreter

• Personality/Relationship Testing

• Super-sophisticated ELIZA, programmed
by psychotherapists using techniques
from contemporary therapeutic schools

• Diary locked by user-supplied password

• Diary Search feature for user indexing

• Diary entries saved on disk, printed on printer

• Machine language for fast running

• For personal growth and self-exploration only;
not a substitue for professional psychotherapy

$39.95 Ohio residents add $2.60 sales tax

PSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

1519 Burlington Road - Cleveland Heights, OH 44118

CIRCLE 286 ON READER SERVICE CARD

December 1982 • Creative Computing

HOURS NOT TO
REASON WHY

VisiCalc Programming

NOW MASTER VISICALC®
PROGRAMMING IN
HOURS INSTEAD OF DAYS

Unique interactive software
and easy-to-understand
instructions for Apple II and
Apple II Plus. In no time at
all they'll have you and your
VisiCalc* program humming
along together. End the puz-
zlement. End the frustration.
Send for your package today.

LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY

34 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MA 02106

Send coupon to Janet W. Carlson, Little, Brown and Company
34 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02106

Please send me VisiCalc" Programming: No Experience Necessary.
by Tom Simpson.

□ I enclose a check for $49.95 plus $2.50 shipping and handling (plus
sales tax where applicable).

□ Please charge my □ Master Charge □ VISA □ American Express

No.

Exp. Date

□ I am a dealer. Please
send additional info.

1 2

Name

Address

City

State

Zip

CIRCLE 221 ON READER SERVICE CARD

357

r

v

New Products, continued...

A new, expanded version of the
Original Adventure game is available for
Heath/Zenith, Osborne and other CP/M
machines, from the Software Toolworks.
The adventurer explores the dangers,
seeks the treasures and solves the puzzles
of Colossal Cave, in this machine lan-
guage implementation. It contains all the
details of the original game, plus new
rooms and treasures, and an enhanced
endgame. Software Toolworks, 14478
Glorietta Dr., Sherman Oaks, CA 91423.

Mystery and adventure highlight Crypt
of the Undead, a new fantasy game for
the Atari from Epyx Software. The player
has twelve hours in which to set himself
free from a cemetery and return to the
land of the living. Should he fail, at dawn
he will fall back asleep in his grave. As
the player moves his joystick, the eerie
contents of the graveyard unfold before
his eyes in animated color graphics. Crypt
of the Undead is available on disk for the
Atari 400/800 with 32K and joystick con-
troller. $34.95. Epyx, P.O. Box 4247,
Mountain View, CA 94040.

Modec is a program which translates
Morse code into characters. Written in
machine language for the Apple II with

DOS 3.3, Modec features a tunable audio
filter that is keyboard tunable from 600 to

1500 Hz. Modec also converts Morse code
to serial ASCII and sends each character
to the game port. It comes on a 5 1/4"
diskette and requires a patch cord for
installation. $14.95. Cotec, 13462 Ham-
mons Ave., Saratoga, CA 95070.

Snake video game requires 48K of
RAM. The Snake moves about the
screen, avoiding obstacles and eating food
which appears at random for a short time.
It is available on 5" dual format disks for
Heath/Zenith computers and on 8" stan-
dard CP/M disk for systems with H19
terminals. $19.95. The Software Tool-
works, 14478 Glorietta Dr., Sherman
Oaks, CA 91423. (213) 986-4885.

K-Razy Kritters defies the player to
save the Command Ships through ten
increasingly difficult levels of play. This
game is in ROM cartridge form for Atari
400 and 800 Personal Computer Systems.
K-Byte, Division of Kay Enterprises Co.,
1705 Austin, Troy, MI 48084. (313) 524-
9878.

There are four games in the Rapidfire
line: Cytron Masters puts the player in
command of an army of cytrons who
battle other cytron armies, $39.95; Galac-

tic Gladiators features a collection of
bizarre creatures from the Bubble galaxy,
$39.95; the Cosmic Balance has the player
assume the dual role of commander and
architect of a starship fleet, $39.95; and
Shoot Tim Up In Space allows players to
build ships from a choice of six prototypes
to form squadrons and fleets, $39.95.
Guadalcanal Campaign is a monster com-
puter wargame that is a 40- to 80-hour-
long simulation of America's most devas-
tating conflict with Japan. $59.95. All
games are designed for the 48K Apple II
Plus, Apple III, or Apple II with Applesoft
ROM Card. Strategic Simulations Inc.,
465 Fairchild Dr., Suite 108, Mountain
View, CA 94043. (415) 964-1353.

Millionaire is an educational stock mar-
ket simulation game that both teaches
and entertains. The game includes margin
accounts, call and put options, news
reports, volume indicators, and more.
System requirements for Millionaire are:
for the IBM PC, one disk drive, PC DOS,
64K memory, and either video board; for
the Apple, one disk drive, DOS 3.3, and
48K memory; and for the TRS-80, a
Model III system, one disk drive, and
48K memory. $49.95. Micro-Z Applica-
tions, 22704 Ventura Blvd., Suite #141,
Woodland Hills, CA 91364. (800) 835-
2246.

Command Strategy
Football

An exciting 2-player game that
lets YOU BE THE COACH!

Easy for beginners and
challenging for veteran
armchair quarterbacks!

JUST $34.98

complete

Allow 3 weeks for delivery.

Comes complete with in-
struction book. Programmed
for APPLE II and APPLE 11 +
computer with 48K Ram FP.

Make check or money order payable to: RANCO SOFTWARE
games, INC. 4 Bartlett Ave., Roanoke, Al. 36274. For faster
service on orders only call: [205] 863-4718.

Master Charge or Visa accepted. Please give card number and
expiration date.

Ranco Software
Games, Inc.

No. 4 Bartlett Ave.
Roanoke, AL 36274

♦Apple is the trademark of the Apple Computer Corp.
CIRCLE 292 ON READER SERVICE CARD

TM

LEARN VISICALC

THE EASY WAY WITH READY-MADE TEMPLATES

Load your Visicalc™ with our templates,
then key your numbers in.

DO YOUR:

ESTIMATING IN CONSTRUCTION JOB COST - The Building
Site • Preliminary Costs • Site Clearing, Excavation, and Fill •
Footings • Foundation • Floor System • Super Structure •
Roofing • Electrical, Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning •
Brickwork • Energy Saving Materials • Interior Wall and Ceiling
Finish • Exterior Trim • Concrete Floors, Walks, and Terrace •
Interior Trim • Painting, Floor Covering and Appliances • Gutters,
Onsite Improvements and Misc. • Overhead Contingency and
Profit.

ANALYSIS IN FINANCE - Break-Even Analysis • Cash
Budget • Pro-Forma P&L • Pro-Forma Balance Sheet • Ratio
Analysis • Depreciation Tables (5) • Net Present Values.

PROJECTIONS IN REAL ESTATE - NIREB Forms: CID B
— Property Analysis • CID C — Comparative Investment
Analysis • CID D - Individual Tax Analysis • CID G - Excess
Depreciation • Net Proceeds • CID l-A - Internal Rate of
Return.

BUDGETS FOR THE HOME - Personal Budget • Shopping
List • Mortgage and Loan • Individual Retirement Account • IRS
Schedule A.

Future Templates -- Retailing • Energy Audit • Engineering •
Statistics • Multi-Level Marketing. Customize Templates $30.

Run on Apple II
Commodore

TRS-80 I, II, III • IBM PC • Atari 400, 800

358

Orders Only -{800) 525-9391 ext. 533
Inquiries - (714) 338-5075

COD — Cashiers Chk. or Money Order Only • Prepaid—
Personal Check O.K. • UPS - Add $2.50 shipping
and handling Street Address required • Calif. — add
6.5% sales tax

SOFTWARE MODELS

"The Template People"
P.O. Box 1029
Crestline, CA 92325
CIRCLE 325 ON READER SERVICE CARD

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Experience the Magazines

of the Future .

TODAY

\ TM

app

rM

for the Atari 400/800

for the TRS-80
COLOR, Ext. Basic

for the APPLE If +

The Programmer's Institute's magnetic magazines
will entertain, educate, and challenge you.

Each issue features ready-to-load programs ranging from
games, adventures, home applications and utilities to personal
finance, educational, and our unique teaching programs. Our
magazines include fully listable programs, a newsletter con-
taining descriptions and instructions for all programs, and notes
on programming techniques used.

— ORDERING INFORMATION —

Subscriptions* Cassette Diskette

$50.00 $75.00

$30.00 $45.00
$10.00 $15.00

* Add $2. 00 postage and handling.

ALL SOFTWARE REQUIRES 16K.

Note: Appletree is available only on diskette.

Year
Vi Year
Trial Issue

"Received my first copy
. . . it's great! Please
rush to me one of each
hack issue, so 111 have a
complete set. "

R.G., Chicago, IL

"Not only are the games

fun and the applications

useful, but the quality of

the programs is excellent. "

S.P., Midwest

Computer Software Sales

COMING SOON: VicVideo for the Vic-20 and PCM magazine

for the IBM personal computer.

Plus Educational Software for the Atari 400/800.

See your local dealer or order direct:

THE PROGRAMMERS INSTITUTE

a division of FUTUREHOUSE

P.O. BOX 3191, DEPT. A
CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514

1-919-489-2198

10 AM - 9 PM, Mon - Sat

CIRCLE 282 ON READER SERVICE CARD

THE

SINCLAIR ZX81

Programming for Real Applications

Randle Hurley

Here are 11 fully documented programs which will cast
away any beliefs that the Sinclair ZX81 is too small for
any real programming work.

These programs not only work, they are true work
horses— doing real jobs in a variety of environments.
Designed to run with the 16K memory module, the pro-
grams listed include a bulk storage program, word pro-
cessor, financial applications, banking uses, plus educa-
tional programs. Software is available on cassette, and
can be ordered from the back of the book. Programs will
also run on the Timex Sinclair.

ISBN 0-88056-090-8

New titles from dilithium Press

How to Use Supercalc

PET" Basics

How to Build a Program

166 pages $9.95 _ __

^ Yes, Please send me the Sinclair ZX81 by Randle Hurley. I understand
I may return it for a full refund if I am not satisfied.

□ I enclose $9.95 plus $1 to cover shipping and handling.

□ Or call our toll free number 1-800-547-1842 to charge your order on
Visa or M/C. Name

dilithium Press

P.O. Box 606
Beaverton, OR 97075

@

Please send
me your free
catalog—
Brainfood

Address

City, State, Zip

Mail to: dilithium Press, P.O. Box 606, Beaverton, OR 97075

December 1982 c Creative Computing

CIRCLE 179 ON READER SERVICE CARD

359

In prior "Forums," we have discussed
the impact of warranties on personal
computing systems. Unfortunately, one
of our conclusions was that without a
willing and friendly software or hardware
vendor, there may be no recourse for the
owner of software that does not run
properly or hardware that breaks down.

In this "Forum," the problem of eco-
nomically protecting the owner of an
expensive system from unexpected calam-
ities is addressed. In other words, we ask:
Is there life insurance for personal com-
puters?

In a letter to the "Forum, ,, Stephen P.
Arrants, Jr., of Oldwick, NJ, made the
observation that there was a dearth of
information about insurance for personal
computing systems. Steve writes, "I have
not seen an article — in either Creative
Computing or any other periodical — that
addresses the issue of insuring personal
computer systems." Steve then suggested
that this should be a topic for a future
column.

While Steve may have a personal inter-
est in this matter (he is the assistant editor
of Best's Underwriting Guide, published
by the A.M. Best Company, for the
insurance industry), his point is well taken
and I thank him for his suggestion.

If you believe legal topics are the most
boring and uninteresting topics in the
world, you have not been introduced to
the world of insurance. A sure cure for
insomnia is the reading of an insurance
policy. In order not to enter into the
practice of medicine, the question of
insurance for personal computing systems
and activities will be discussed with re-
spect to a specific fact situation.

Assume that the insured party, whom
we shall call Edward, owns a fairly sophis-
ticated microcomputer system worth over
$20,000. Such a system includes not only
a respectable amount of hardware, it also
includes a very respectable collection of
software. This microcomputer system is
used primarily for business purposes
which include the management of a num-
ber of condominiums and the writing of
development software under special con-

Harold Novick

Harold Novick, Patent Attorney, Larson and
Taylor, Arlington, VA 22202.

tracts. The system is kept in a special
room in Edward's home and contributes
substantially to his primary source of
income.

Disaster Strikes

Assume further the following: While
Edward was away from home one even-
ing, a very severe electrical storm
occurred. Lightning struck the house and
caused an electrical overload. This pro-
duced a voltage spike that was transmitted
through the entire computer system which
was on at the time.

While the house did not catch on fire,
the water from the storm flooded the
room in which the computer was kept. As
a result of the electrical storm and the
water damage, all of the hardware and
peripherals were totally destroyed, and
the media on which the computer pro-
grams were kept together with the sup-
porting documentation, were ruined.

The questions then arise: What insur-
ance should Edward have had and how
fully can he be compensated?

Every insurance policy or contract has
several parts. One part identifies the
particular items that are insured. Another
part identifies the risks that are being
covered. A third part specifies the exclu-
sions or those items and risks not covered.
The remaining parts of the insurance
contract specify the policy limits, the
premiums, any deductibles, and a plethora
of miscellaneous provisions.

So far the assumption has been made
that insurance policies are available for
personal computing systems. Believe it or
not, that assumption is probably valid.
Insurance companies with their terms and
provisions are very similar to banks with
their particular requirements for lending
money. Thus, while the Allstate Insurance
Company may not have the desired cover-
age for a microcomputer system, the St.
Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company
might have it.

Furthermore, the terms and conditions
of those companies which write such
policies vary greatly, even to the extent
that they may decide not to sell such a

policy to certain people. In short, there
are no standard criteria of insurability or
of the insurance provisions that are avail-
able. Still, insurance companies are in the
business to write insurance policies, and
if the coverage needed is not offered,
they may be convinced to provide it—
even by a small businessman like
Edward.

What Are The Damages

However, assume that in this hypothet-
ical situation there was insurance for the
destroyed microcomputer system. What
damages were suffered in this case? First,
there was the loss of the hardware system.
Being a commercially replaceable system,
the amount of the loss is easily ascertain-
able both by its initial purchase price and
by its replacement cost depending upon
how the insurance policy is written.

Second, the loss of the computer pro-
grams and the media on which they were
stored, must be considered. In this case,
the media were primarily floppy disks and
magnetic tapes. Presumably, the loss of
the hard disk could be included under
either the hardware or the media.

For those computer programs which
were purchased and used in their pur-
chased form, the amount of the loss can
be easily ascertained. On the other hand,
the cost for a computer program which
was either specially adapted or custom
written, may be harder to ascertain. This
is particularly true if the custom computer
program has not been commercially sold
and cannot be easily replaced. Pre-
sumably, the time and expense necessary
to rewrite the software could be used as a
guide as to its worth.

However, there are losses other than
just the hardware and the computer
programs. In this case, there was also a
loss of the supporting documentation —
the flowcharts, the comments to the
programs, and the instructions on how to
use the programs. The cost and replace-
ment value of these documents are often
not covered by commercially available
insurance policies.

Another loss is called the "Extra
Operating Expenses" loss. This loss is
usually defined as those expenses over
and above what it would normally cost
Edward to conduct his computer oper-

360

December 1982 c Creative Computing

-7Mnrn7?nmTnTn7mrTiiTiiiiii«Min\(«mu\
////// WWW

n ATAra

STOP BY AND VISIT OUR NEW STORE!

SOFTWARE STREET

14122 CENTRAL, SUITE E

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\^fc WE NOW CARRY SOFTWARE FOR THE APPLE AND VIC-20 COMPUTERS

800 16K 619 00

800 48K 639 00

810 429 00

400 16K 265 00

410 RECORDER 73"

MICRO TEK 32K BOARDS . 99 00
INTEC 48K BOARDS .... 175 00
850 INTERFACE 159 00

BLANK DISKS (10) 24*

PERCOM DISK DRIVE . . . 549 00
PERCOM SLAVE DRIVE . 339 00

AXCOM GP-100 279 00

AXCOM IMP-4 469 00

EDUCATOR 110 00

ENTERTAINER 65 00

PROGRAMMER 49*

THE ABOVE PRICES ARE

$ 2.50 MIN. SHIPPING ON SOFTWARE j j&atf

HARDWARE SHIPPING WILL VARY - PLEASE CALL .

BOOKKEEPER KIT 169 00

BOOKKEEPER PROGRAM 99 00
VOTRAX TYPE & TALK . 299 00

MICRO SOFT BASIC 62 00

ASSEMBLER/EDITOR 44*

MACRO ASSEMBLER .... 64*

BASIC CARTRIDGE 44*

PAC-MAN 32*

FOR PREPAID ORDERS

CENTIPEDE 32*

CAVERNS OF MARS 27*

MISSILE COMMAND 25*

ASTEROIDS 25*

MUSIC COMPOSER 29*

MY FIRST ALPHABET .... 25*
INVITATION TO PROGRAMMING
2 & 3 21*Ya

CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE PRICE LIST

CIRCLE 327 ON READER SERVICE CARD

SWEET-TALKER,
IT GIVES YOUR COMPUTER AN
LIMITED VOCABULARY.

uwmum

Parallel Version

Apple II Version
"as Featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar.
Byte Magazine, September 1981

The Sweet -Talker voice synthesizer allows you to add speech of
unlimited vocabulary to your computer Utilizing the Votrax SC-OIAchip,
you can output any message by programming individual phonemes
Comes in two versions; one plugs directly into your Apple II, the other
connects to any computer with an 8-bit parallel printer port + 12 volts
and + 5 volts required tor parallel board

• Contains 64 different phonemes ST01 Sweet Talker Parallel
accessed by a 6 bit code Port Board A 4 T $139.00

• Automatic and manual mflec- ST02 Sweet Talker Apple II

tion modes plug in board 149.00

• Parallel port driven or plug-m ST06 Text-to-Speech
compatible with Apple II algorithm on disk

• Super text-to-speech algorithm for Apple II 35.00

on disk for Apple II Makes SC01A Votrax Speech

Sweet-Talker equivalent to Synthesizer chip 50.00

units 3 times the cost 40.00 in 100's.

• On board audio amplifier UPS01 Universal Power Supply-

• Sample program on cassette A & T 35.00

with Apple II board 4^ $2 00 for shipping & handling

• Optional power supply for ^^^^^^^^^^
parallel board ^^M fc^^

To Order Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479 ^—^*^ ^ .^^ CS

(In N Y State Call 1516-374-6793) Ar /^ ~">^*QMC

For Information Call 1-516-374-6793 AW / ^~~ ^^fc jfrl^V

MICROMINTINC MM / / /^ ^^IjS^

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CIRCLE 236 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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CIRCLE 189 ON READER SERVICE CARD

V

Legal Forum, continued...

ations had no damage occurred.

For example, in this case, it was neces-
sary to rent an entire microcomputer
system located 30 miles away to handle
the condominium management task. The
cost of travelling to and from the new
site, the cost of any extra lodging or meals,
and the rental cost above that which
would normally have been paid are all
included under a coverage for Extra
Operating Expenses.

But that still is not everything. In this
case Edward could not work full time and
therefore lost part of his income as a
direct result of the disaster. If Edward
had "Business Interruption Insurance,"
then this loss would have been covered.

There is also the cost of replacing the
source documentation for the condo-
minium management business. This doc-
umentation includes the original bills and
receipts from the condominium manage-
ment operation and the payroll records
for the employees. To cover this loss,
some insurance companies offer "Valu-
able Papers Supplementary Coverage."

Finally, Edward may have lost some
money from accounts receivable that
could not be collected because of the lost
records. Again, some insurance com-
panies offer a supplementary coverage
that will pay for any of these losses.

Obviously, any supplementary coverage
must be specifically requested, and will
add to the cost of the basic policy.

Deductibles, Limits, And Exclusions

Edward was fortunate, because he had
coverage for all the foregoing losses.
However, that does not necessarily mean
that he will be fully paid for these losses.
Every insurance policy has at least two
limitations to recovery, deductibles and
coverage limits, and exclusions.

The deductible, simply stated, is an
initial sum of money for each loss that
must be borne by the insured and for
which the insurance company will not
pay.

Coverage limits are the maximum
amount that the insurance company will
have to pay for all losses due to one
event. For example, in a data processing
insurance policy written by the St. Paul
Fire and Marine Insurance Company, the
insurance company will be liable for all
damages in excess of $500 but not more
than $50,000 for the damage to the com-
puter system caused by the storm.

Exclusions, on the other hand, encom-
pass either certain risks that are not
covered, (e.g., acts of war, government
seizure, mechanical breakdown, program-
ming errors, rust, and nuclear radiation)

or some losses which are not covered
(e.g., flowcharts and other computer
program documentation).

A common exclusion which may have
been applicable in Edward's case is dam-
age caused by an electrical failure that
occurs outside of the premises in which
the computer system is located. For
example, if the lightning had struck an
electrical substation located a distance
from Edward's house and either caused
the damaging electrical voltage transition
or resulted in the inability to operate the
computer system and meet certain dead-
lines in preparing condominium reports,
the resulting business loss would not have
been covered.

In this case, the entire microcomputer
system was located and operated in
Edward's home and this fixed location
was stated in his policy. However, if
Edward had temporarily taken his micro-
computer system to another location
where the damage occurred, it is likely
that either the damage would not be
covered, or the maximum amount and
type of coverage would be different.

Because of the easy transportability of
microcomputer systems, this provision
may be important. The possibility of
damage away from the specified location
also emphasizes the necessity of carefully

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CIRCLE 255 ON READER SERVICE CARD

362

December 1982 e Creative Computing

reading the contract and understanding
the coverage.

Other coverage not provided might
include in specific cases, loss of data and
media that is irreplaceable, or damage
arising from a mechanical breakdown of
the system which occurs independent of
the perils. Thus, a mechanical breakdown
from the electrical storm would be
covered, but a mechanical breakdown
because of a part deficiency may not be
covered.

Another major part in an insurance
contract is the particular limits for the
policy coverage. The St. Paul policy
which can be written for a microcomputer
system has a $10,000 standard coverage
for hardware and an automatic coverage
of $7000 for the computer program and
media losses. If the value of the hardware
or the covered software is greater than
these limits, then additional coverage
must be obtained.

Other Provisions

Other provisions of the insurance con-
tract cover miscellaneous items such as
the right of the insurance company to
make inspections and conduct audits,
provisions for when the policy premiums
must be paid and renewed, and the con-
sequences if not done, and termination

situations.

Edward's policy included an "all perils"
coverage. Translated this means that the
general perils of fire, flood, wind damage,
water damage, and theft are covered.
However, insurance companies often
require installation of certain safety
devices or compliance with certain safety
standards before they will write the insur-
ance. For example, Edward may have had
to have installed a lightning arrestor or
electrical voltage peak suppressor.

Edward already had the insurance. How
did he obtain it? According to Marr T.
Haack of the St. Paul Fire and Marine
Company, Edward could have obtained
an insurance policy for his system in two
ways. If he had not used the computer
system in his business, then he could have
obtained a rider to his home owner's
policy from his insurance agent. Such a
rider, however, probably would not have
included such coverages as Business
Interruption and Extra Operating
Expenses coverage. Of course, there is
also the possibility that his insurance
company does not have a rider that
specifically covers computer systems.
While the hardware may be covered
under the general loss provisions of per-
sonal property in a home owner's policy,
it is questionable whether the computer

programs would be covered because they
may not be classified as tangible personal
property.

The other approach, and the one used
by Edward to obtain insurance, is to get a
standard business insurance policy that
specifically covers computer systems. The
insurance companies handling these
policies, such as St. Paul, normally do not
sell the insurance policies directly, but
deal through independent insurance
agents. The names of local insurance
agents can be found in the Yellow Pages
of the telephone directory under "Insur-
ance" and under either the agent's name
or in some cases under the name of the
insurance company. In any event, using
the Yellow Pages is definitely the first
step in obtaining the insurance coverage.
The second, more difficult step is finding
someone who is familiar with computers
and can write a policy.

Finally, who should obtain such a
policy? The cost for the above mentioned
St. Paul insurance policy might be as low
as $100 a year, and should cost within the
range of $100 to $250 per year, depending
upon the exact nature of the coverage.
At that price, anyone using a micro-
computer system in his business who does
not get the insurance is making a big
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December 1982 ° Creative Computing

CIRCLE 168 ON READER SERVICE CARD

363

In my last column, I indicated that
additional information about printing in
Pascal would be included. It will be this
month. Responses to the March '82
column were received from several read-
ers. At least two were from readers who
teach Pascal as a structured language.
Other items to be included this month are
the usual one-liners and more questions-
n-answers.

Rosa Pascal Sez

Printing to physical devices in UCSD
Pascal, especially the Apple version, is
sometimes complicated. The first time I
tried to do it was in response to a question
from James Pittman. Results of the inter-
change were published in the March '82
column. Listings 1 and 2 were sent in
response by Sharon Burrowes. Sharon
(one of the teachers) felt that even further
simplification and discussion were needed
for the beginner. Along with the listings,
she sent information from an article
explaining the method. The source of the
article has been lost, but the author is
James Hugard. Paraphrasing the article,
the rationale for this approach to printing
is something like this:

•To assign a variable name to a physical
device, use interactive type variables.
•Use REWRITE to assign the variable
(X) to the physical device (printer) and
open the file for output.
•Use the variable (X) with the command
WRITELN to identify the physical device
to receive the output from the REWRITE
statement.

The article goes on to say that
REWRITE is the key statement. It makes
the physical connection between the
PRINTER file, and the PRINTER:
physical device.

James Hugard also recommends the
book Beginners Guide for the UCSD

Chuck Carpenter. 3714 Bishop Hill Dr., Carroll-
ton, TX 75007.

Chuck Carpenter

Pascal System. It was written by Kenneth
L. Bowles (author of UCSD Pascal) and is
published by Byte/McGraw Hill. The
programs and information in the book
can be used with Apple Pascal. An appen-
dix shows the specific requirements to
use the text examples with the Apple.

Sharon also included information about
other printing problems. For instance, it
is not immediately obvious that you

should use the T(ransfer) function from
the F(iler) to get a listing of a program.
And, if you want a compiled listing print-
ed, you must insert (*$L PRINTER:*) in
your program. Also, if you want to print a
directory listing, you must specify the
physical device. The method for doing
this is shown on page 58 of the Operating
System manual.

Other Ways Too

Another approach to the Pascal print-
ing problem was sent by Karen L. Lopilato

Listing I.

(JKTHIS PROGRAM SHOWS HOW TO OUT PUT TO A PRINTER IN PASCAL*)

PROGRAM PRINTOUT?

VAR X ! INTERACTIVE?

(Null:-: THIS VARIABLE WILL BE USED*)

( k W H E R E V E R P R I N I E R U T P U T I S N L E D E D * )

PI GIN <x PR IN TOUT)
REMRITECX* 'PRINTER: ' ) \

WILT I I N < X , ' I II I S L I N E W 1 1 L A P P E A R N T H E P R I N T E R ♦ ' > J
WRITELN < 'THIS LINE WILL APPEAR ON THE SCREEN.');

END. (xFRINTOUTK)

Listing 2.

(XT HIS PROGRAM SHOWS ANOTHER OPTION POR PRINTER OUTPUT IN PASCAL*)
PROGRAM PRINTOUT;

VAR X J interactive;

(xngte: this variable will pi: used*)

(* wherever printer output is needed*)

DEVICE

♦ t

rRINGClOj; (XTHIS WILL BE USED TO DETERMINE *)

(XTHE DEVICE TO BE USED EUR OUTPUT*)

ESI GIN (XPRIN1 OUTX)

WRITU N( 'WHAT OUTPUT DEVICE DO YOU WISH? ')J
WRITELNC CP PRINTER, S * SCREEN)") J
READLNC DEVICE) ?

IF i:>; vice ~ 'P'

TIE N DEVICE *»
I I I DEVICE J =
Rl WEI II .( X, DEVICE ) J

printer: '

console: ■' ;

WR I 1 1: I ... N <> ♦ ' T II I S W I L I. A P P E A R N T II E D E V I C E S E I. E C T ED ♦ ' > j
Willi: EN- HITS LINE WILL DEFAULT TO THE SCREEN.')*

EDI

(xpRINTOUTx

364

December 1982 c Creative Computing

A

Listing 3.

(*

<* WITH

(X WRITE OU

(X THIS IS A SAMPLE
(KOUTPUT FROM WITHIN A
(xTHAN 0. ALSO, A WRI
(* DISPLAY, SO THAI LAS
( * T H I S P R GRAM D E M D N S I
(KOUTPUT ON THE PRINTE
(*FID IS DECLARED A TE
(XDESIRED* THIS TECHNI
(x APPLE PASCAL.
•R IN JEST

PR OCR AM
MAR

Y V 7

MODE
FID

APPL
(INPUT
INIECE
STRING
t e x t \

JAMES
RE VIS

T A TAB
PASCAL
PR OCR A
TEEN (EI
r LINE
RATES h
R. INI
XT FILE
QUE UTI
EC ART
t OUTPUT

r;
i: e ::i ;

C. PI TIM A
IONS
IE OF
PROS
M. MI

I A

SS

D )
WII
N I

ERACT
, AND
LIZES
•~ CRE
) \

A
IRA

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S

BE
EN
IV

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PUT
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PRIN
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r END
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MARC

PRIN I I '■■

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y ro I.

OP PRO i
LR" PRIN

ro optmi

SARYJ IN

RED TO f.
R MIAN ■

II 1982

UT AND

PA I IEP
EDUCE »
II R,
N

AD
I WHEN «)

PI I I Al K )

* )

♦ I
» >

« )

«)

* )
I I
f )

IK >

(* GET "LINE WIDTH" ENPUT.

r

) I

) ' )

(XMRITE SOME ulHI Ul « i

(x INITIALIZE LINE WIDTH
(* Y SET TO I. .

PROCEDURE DATA;
BEGIN

WRITELN < FID > ; (X "FILE ID" OR IDENTIFIER OF A PREVIOUSLY DECLARED FILE

W R I T E L N < E I D , ' E N T E R A N I N T E G E R B E T W E E N AN D 2 6 , ' ) J

WRI IE EN (FID, 'OR TO STOP

READLN(Z) f WRITE (FID, ' (

end;

procedure display;

PEC IN

y ; - l ;

WRITELN(FID) ;

EOR X J= 32 TO .1.27 DO
BEGIN (XFORX)

WRITE < FID, ' ' ,CHR<X) ,
IF Y > Z THEN
BEGIN

y ; ■■■■■■■ l ;

WRITELN (FID)
end; (XIFX)
end; (XFORX)

WRITELN (FID) (xWRITELN NECESSARY HERE, OTHEI W II AN

(XINCOMPLETE LAST LINE WON'T PI PRINTED
( * N S 1 1. I: i M Y I • E P R I N i E R , OR A NY R I N I I I •
< * T MAT PRiNTS LINE BY LINE.

* )

* )

I: 1

^ ♦ y * a

' § i ♦ —

Y+l S

i i

i i

END; <* DISPLAY X)
BEGIN (X MAIN X)

z ; * :i. ;

WHILE Z <> DO

PEC IN

wri teen;

w r i t e ln < ' s e l e c t e i t ii e r c n s 1... e j r p r i n 1 e r j

readln(mode) j

RE writ* (FID, MODE) J

data;

IE Z<> THEN

display;
close (fid) j
end (x while x)

END, <* MAIN *)

J*

^ e.g.: Centronics 737

MX-80

L

Listing 4.

O o o o o «

o o o O O OO

V

S^Wcc^ll

PROGRAM TYPEWRITER;
UAK STRANG : STRING J

p : text;

BEGIN

R E W R I T E ( P , ' P R I N T E R : XX « T E XT');

REPEAT

READLN< STRANG) ;

I F S I R A N G ■ ' x ' T II E N E X 1 T ( P ROGR AM > }

WRITELN (P, STRANG) J

UNTIL STRANG** 'x' ;

closl(P) ;

END. _ . -

now is the time ~) Example of
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December 1982 c Creative Computing

365

CIRCLE 350 ON READER SERVICE CARD

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Apple Cart, continued...

and is shown in Listing 3. This example, a
modification of the one by James Pittman,
shows how to print from a program
without interactive files. Karen also dem-
onstrated a technique for directing the
output to either the console or the printer
from within the program. It is a much
longer program, though, and I chose to
include the simpler, shorter one. The
program (Listing 3) is well annotated and
should be easy to understand.

John R. McClenon's contribution in
Listing 4 lets you use the Apple as an
uppercase typewriter. It accepts a line of
text which you can correct until you press
RETURN. When RETURN is pressed,
the line of text is passed to the printer.
With lowercase capability added you
could use this as a primitive text proces-

Listing 5.

sor. John also suggests using the Pascal
text editor to create a file. Pascal 1.1 has
upper and lowercase capability. Once you
have created a text file, you can transfer
the file to the printer using the available
F(iler) commands.

Our last contribution for this session
was sent by Verne Thomas. Verne was
experiencing some problems with his CPS
Multifunction card. He has to set the
printer parameters for use with Pascal
from Basic. The March '82 article stimu-
lated his thinking, and the program in
Listing 5 was the result.

With this program you can send char-
acter font and control codes to your
printer. According to Verne, "it is pro-
cedure SETPRINTER that actually sets
up the printer. Within is included a
procedure RESTORE which insures

PROGRAM PRINTER;
VAR CHOICE : CHAR;
OUTFILE : TEXT;
PROCEDURE SETPRINTER;
VAR PRINT : INTEGER;

PRINTERFILE: TEXT;
PROCEDURE RESTORE;
BEGIN

WRITE (PRINTERFILE, CHR (27) ,CHR(72) ) ;
WRITE (PRINTERFILE, CHR (27) ,CHR(70) ) ;
WRITE (PRINTERFILE, CHR (18) );
WRITE (PRINTERFILE, CHR (20) );
END;
BEGIN

PAGE (OUTPUT); GOTOXY(4,l);
WRITELNC **BE SURE PRINTER IS
GOTOXY(13,4) ; WRITELNC PR INTER

(•STORES PRINT STYLE CHOICE*)
(* SENDS CHOICES TO PRINTER*)
(*SETS DEFAULT CHOICES*)

(4SETPRINT*)

1.

2.
3.

DOUBLE STRIKE PRINT

EMPHASIZED PRINT. ') ;

COMPRESSED PRINT. ') ;

DOUBLE WIDTH PRINT. * ) ;

STANDARD PRINT. * ) ;
6- **EXIT**');

WRITELNC MORE THAT ONE MODE
ENTER CHOICES ONE AT A TI

TURNED ON**' );
SETUP'); GOTOXY(0,6>;
');

IS

' );

POSSIBLE. ' )

WR I TELN (
WRITELN(
WRITELN(
WRITELNC 4.
WRITELNC 5.
WRITELN(
WRITELN;
WRITELN(

WRITELN; WRITELN CENTER CHOICE: ');
REWR I TE ( PR I NTERF I LE , ' PR I NTER : ' > ; RESTORE ;
REPEAT
(**I-«) (*TURN OFF ERROR CHECKING TO AVOID FATAL ERROR*)
REPEAT
GOTOXY(14, 16); RE ADLN ( PR I NT ) ;
(♦SETS CURSOR, READS ENTRY*)
UNTIL (PRINT >0) AND (PRINT<7) AND (IORESULT = O) ;
(**I-*-«) (*TURN ON ERROR CHECKING AFTER GOOD ENTRY*)
CASE PRINT OF
1:WRITE(PRINTERFILE,CHR(27) ,CHR(71) ) ;
2: WRITE (PRINTERFILE, CHR (27) , CHR (69) ) ;
3: WRITE (PRINTERFILE, CHR (15) ) ;
4: WRITE (PRINTERFILE, CHR (14) );
END;

GOTOXY(14, 16); WRITE C ');
UNTIL PRINT = 6;
CLOSE ( PR I NTERF I LE ) ;
END;

((ERASES PRIOR ENTRY*)

BEGIN
REPEAT
PAGE (OUTPUT) ;
REPEAT
GOTOXY(0, 12);
READ (CHOICE) ;
UNTIL (CHOICE =

(•SETPRINTER*)
(•PRINTER*)

WRITE C SET PRINTER TYPE STYLE? (Y/N) — > ')
GOTOXY(32, 12) ; WRITE C *):

Y* ) OR

(CHOICE= 'N')

IF CHOICE= *Y' THEN
BEGIN
SETPRINTER;
REWRITE (OUTFILE, '
WR I TELN ( OUTF I LE , !
WRITELN (OUTFILE) ;
END;
UNTIL CHOICE = 'N' ;
END.

PRINTER: ' ) ;
THIS IS THE STYLE
CLOSE (OUTFILE) ;

THAT IS PRINTED.');

OPRINTER*)

366

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

\

default values each time the procedure is
entered. Thus, SETPRINTER could be
included as a block in any program 'as is'
since it requires no external parameters.
Of course, procedure RESTORE must
always have the appropriate entries to
maintain a default setting each time
SETPRINTER is called."

The program is for the Epson MX-80
but I think you could adapt it to other
printers without much trouble. Just sub-
stitute the control codes for your printer
for those of the MX-80. You can add
other codes and controls to the procedure
as required, too. My thanks to the con-
tributors of these Pascal routines. As I
have mentioned before, my skills in Pascal
are limited. Therefore, these programs
are included with very little checking.

Also, the disk sent to me by Karen, and
the neat single-page program from Verne
were greatly appreciated. The task of
preparation is greatly simplified when I
don't have to type the programs sent to
me for the column. Usually copies made
on thermal printers don't copy well.
Neither do things printed with blue ink.
Blue is optically invisible unless it has
some red or black in it. Note, too, that if
you want things returned, a stamped and
return-addressed package is required.

One Liners

Some of the single-line programs I have
received recently are quite elegant. It is

Listing 6.

2 REM HIRES PAGE1 TO EPSON MX76

4 REM TVPE ? INSTEAD OF PRINT
6 REM BVl BOB BARASH

5 REM

18 D* = CHRt '4>:E* = CHR* <27>
: PRINT D*"PR#l"s PRINT E*"A
" CHR* < 7 > ? : FOR I = 39 TO @

STEP - 1 : FOR J = 6 TO 80 STEP
40: PRINT E*"Kii" CHR* <8>H FOR
K = G TO 896 STEP 1281 FOR L

= © TO 7168 STEP 10241 WHIT
4960 1 - 1 28 , 1 28 : POKE 49296 , PEEK
C8192 + I + J + K ♦ L>: NEXT
: NEXT : NEXT : PRINT : NEXT
: PRINT E*"2": PRINT D*"PR#0

3 RUN

Cti.
U.I UJ

_J (-1
a. cc

Cl_ Z--

,Ci,

ft

OJ

V •^'-

amazing how much program you can pack
into 255 characters. Of course it takes a
great deal of creativity and effort to do it,
so maybe it is not so amazing after all.

Listing 6 is a screen dump routine for
the MX-70 printer from Bob Barash. The
sample run shows what the program can
do. As Bob points out, the program is a
one-liner if you type it in using the ? for
PRINT and eliminating the spaces. This
is fair for typing since the Basic Inter-
preter will list it in proper form anyway.
For hi-res page 2, use 16384 instead of
8192. Bob notes that some people pay as
much as $50 for programs that do this.

Steven Wong, a repeat contributor, sent
the program in Listing 7. This program
turns the Apple into a drawing pad using
lo-res graphics. We haven't had too many
lo-res programs, so this one is a refreshing
change.

The program in Listing 8 comes from
Ivan Rous. This program only works if
the random numbers work together. If all
the random coordinates are close to each
other, then the output is a mess. If the
colors are all the same or if the color is
black, the program can get quite boring.
The number and size of shapes are up to
the user, and can be changed as desired.
Perhaps someone can suggest improve-
ments to the program.

Listing 7.

10 REM LO-RES PAD

20 REM STEVEN WONG

30 REM BROOKLYN, N.Y.

40 HOME : GR : FOR C = 1 TO IE

9i VTAB 21 i PRINT "C0L0R=
% „ .. ,. x= ,. x .. »,»y=

PEEK ( - 16384) -

- 16368, 0:X = X -
X = X + (Z = 75) »Y
77) lY « Y - (Z

(0) / 255 * 15

+
"D
"Y M n «Z =
128: POKE
(Z = 74) :
= Y + (Z =
73)iD% = PDL
COLOR= 1 5 : PLOT

X,Y: FOR P = 1 TO 99: NEXT :
COLOR= D%: PLOT X,Y: NEXT

Draw by using the J K keys and

M

change colors by rotating Paddle

■id

II

O

o

l-M

I

®

CD

II

UJ

Cti
i i

ij'i

«ttl|

* 1 I * *
«ttl|

« * i * e

« I I * e

« t I « *

« * * ft *

« i I ft *

* I l ft ft

«■ t * ft ft

i

3

Listing 8.

10
20
30
40
50

FLOVERBURST
A ONE-LINER
BY IVAN ROUS

3

REM
REM
REM
REM

HGR2 : FOR D = 1 TO 5
( 1 ) * 189 ♦ 45 : Yl «

* 100 ♦ 45 R ■ RND
0+33 HPL0T XI ♦ R
INT ( RND (1) * 20)
C / 4 : FOR Z * TO
. 0157 : J = COS (Z »
« COS ( Z) » J * 1
SIN (Z) * J: HPL0T
X.Y1 * Y NEXT Z,D

XI = RND

RND ( 1 )

( 1) * 1
, Yl : C =

♦ 4: HCOL0R=
6 28 STEP
C) * RX
217 : Y =

TO XI ♦
GOTO 50

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

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^Apple Cart, continued...

One Pagers

Some of the contributions are not
programs in one line, but will fit in one
page on the CRT screen. Listings 9 and
10 were sent by Ron Picardi. They are
the same program done in Integer Basic
and Applesoft, respectively. I had to do
some digging to find out what the call to
-12288 did. It is a call to the lo-res graphics
routine. Line 5 and the call in line 10 can
be replaced with GR. These programs
illustrate some of the differences needed
to do the same program in either of the
Apple Basic languages.

One additional graphics program is
shown in Listing 11. Jim Horning sent this
program which appears to have been
printed on a Silentype printer. Using odd
numbers for N creates a circle pattern in
the center. Even numbers cross through
the center.

Quest ions-'N -Answers

Some interesting questions have been
asked recently. I would like to share my
responses to some of them.

About Disks

Using a modified design of a standard
Shugart Associates drive, Apple has made

it possible for us to use any good-quality
5 1/4" disk. Standard drives use at least
the index hole for soft-sectored systems.
In hard-sectored systems, there is an index
hole and as many other holes as there are
sectors.

Apple uses a system of pulses to mark
the beginning of a track, so the index
hole is not used. In fact, the index sensor
has been removed (as have the head-load
solenoid and the track zero sensor).
Because index and sector holes are not
required in the Apple Disk II system, you
can use any disk.

And a reminder too about storing
programs on both sides of disks. In a
single sided system the head mechanism
is not designed for rerecording on both
sides. A felt head-load pad is used to
force the disk against the head. This head-
load pad collects dirt and becomes
abrasive.

Also, when you turn the disk over it
must spin in the opposite direction. Any
dirt collected by the liner now comes
loose and passes under the head to the
other side of the disk. With the abrasive
head-load pad rubbing on both sides of a
disk, you could be asking for trouble.
The other side of single sided disks is not

Listing 9.

1 REM

5 CAL

10 CAL

A = l

< 81

)/6

20 FOR

< 2 )

N< A

A >»

Listing 10.

REM T

10

DIM N

STE

1 ) *

INT

: NE

20

FOR A

< RN

POK

: GO

30

POKE

TWINKLING STARS
L -93<f>
L -12288: HIM N<400)t FOR

TO 400 STEP 2:N(A>* RND
92 ) + 8193tN< A+l )== RND (255
4: NEXT A

A==l TO 400 STEP 2tB« RND
t IF B=l THEN POKE N<A)y
+ 1 >: IF B«0 THEN POKE N(

o: next a: goto 20

WINKLING STARS

%<400): FOR A * 1 TO 400

P 2tN%< A ) ■ INT ( RND (
8192 + 8193>:N%<A f 1) *
< RND < 1 ) * ( 255 / 64 ) >

XT t HGR
■ 1 TO 400 STEP 2. IB ■ INT

D ( 1 ) * 2 K IF B = 1 THEN

E N%<A)»N%(A f 1): NEXT

TO 20

N%(A)>0: NEXT I GOTO 20

3REM APPLESOFT RUNS MUCH SLOWER

Listing 11.

I J—* : 2jHMI| < 4j-v_...

5 REM

6 REM

1 HOME

** BY JIM HORNING **

100

120

170

: DIM X(30),Y<30)
HGR2 J HC0L0R* 7\H ■ INT ( RND

(1) * M + 7) J PI ■■■■■■■ 6*28318 /

N

o TO N 1 : Z m pi *
COS (Z) * 107 ♦ 14
SIN (7) * 95 + 96t

FOR I

I : x < I )
o : y < i )

NE.-XT
FOR I
I TO N

-** ^\ t.s\

JlU

«£4

:*<_ A / l >Oft

X-fc§

fM

TO N 1 : FOR M ■
l: HPL0T X<I),Y<I) TO

■J X 3«1JI ..*. :

X<M),Y(M>: NEXT

NEXT

1 TO 1000 : NEXT

FOR
GOTO 1

Sample Run of graphics
program by Jim Horning.

certified either. Modern technology is
such that you will find the second side
good most of the time. But, it is not
guaranteed.

About Assembly Language

Most of the questions I get are about
how to do specific things in assembly
language. One of the recent questions
asked how to generate a random number.
Because Applesoft has a random number
function, the code used in Applesoft can
also be used for assembly language. The
problem is to locate the addresses for the
code in the Applesoft interpreter. But
first, let me digress to provide some
background information.

Assembly language as I know it requires
the use of 6502 operation codes (opcodes)
and related mnemonics. Mnemonics are
the three letter codes assigned to each of
the 55 opcodes of the 6502. See pages 118
thru 128 of the Apple II Reference
Manual for a complete summary of 6502
opcodes and instructions.

The opcodes are the codes used by the
6502 internal microcode to perform
various functions in machine language.
Machine language is the result of assem-
bling—at some memory location — the
assembly language mnemonics (opcodes)
and the operands. Operands are the
addresses or data used with the opcodes
to define each function to be performed.

If you examine a listing from the Apple
disassembler, you can understand all these
words much better. Figure 1 is an example
of such a listing. A more detailed tutorial
about assembly language was included in
the May '80 column.

There are many good books and
sources of information about 6502 assem-
bly language. Among them are Apple
Machine Language by Inman and Inman,
6502 Software Design by Scanlon, and
Apple Assembly Line. This last one is a
newsletter available from S-C Software,
P.O. Box 280300, Dallas, TX 75228. Sub-
scriptions in the U.S. are $15 per year.

My favorite 6502 assembler is also
available through this source. If you
choose the newsletter, be sure to get all
the back issues. There are many other
6502 books on the market; some are very
good. Which ones you choose depends
on your specific requirements. The
answer to the random number question
was found in the first issue of Apple
Orchard the magazine of the International
Apple Corps. (I understand that copies
are still available.)

Random Numbers

Pages 12 thru 18 of the Mar/Apr 1980
IAC magazine include the Applesoft
internal entry points. Since it was pub-
lished, some errors have been found, but
for our use there is no problem. First,
look at the program in Figure 1 . You will

1

368

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

see the steps used to generate and display
the random number. Function RND is
located at address $EFAE. Remember
that the $ symbol means Hex in 6502
assembly language.

In my attempts to make random num-
bers, I found that I could not call RND
directly. The program worked for me
when the RND function and the output
display were called separately.

Two other routines are needed to get
the random number on the screen. First
you find that the output of RND is stored
in memory locations called the Floating
Point Accumulator (FAC). Next, you
determine that you need to get FAC into
a location called FBUFFER. FOUT is the
routine that does this in the form of a
string.

Once you have FAC in FBUFFER you
can print the string on the screen using a
routine called STROUT. From the pro-
gram in Figure 1, you can see operands
representing the addresses of these rou-
tines. Once you know where these pro-
grams are, you can examine them in
detail.

For instance, if you want to use the
string of numbers in FBUFFER for your
own program, you can find the area of
memory by reading the code for the
STROUT routine. I would expect to find
an indexing routine pointing to a table in
memory.

New Hardware

If you want to add another drive to
your system, it is easy to do with an
adapter kit. Depending on what you have
available, the cost of adapting varies from
$60 to $320. If you have a Shugart
SA 400 (or 400L) drive, the cost is lowest.
A matching case is $20 more. By changing
the drive select block, changing the
terminator pack, adding four wires, and

plugging in the adapter board, you have
an Apple compatible disk drive. You can
buy the drive modified or unmodified.
Because of added power supply require-
ments, only 1 SA400 is recommended for
each system. This means you can have a
standard Apple and one modified unit.
To connect more units, use an external
power supply. The kits are available from
RJ Electronics Laboratory, Box 186,
Naperville, IL 60566. (312) 393-4385. □

Machine
Language

Assembly
Language

K30 0L

3
30 3
30 6
0307-
30 A
030B-
D30E-

7
0B

3

3

2

2A)

6

2

6

2 34 ED

2 3 A DB

AE EF

JS
JS
RT

JS
RT
JS
JS

R
R
S
R

B
R
R

6

Fv'T!

OPCODES

3 1 1 -

MEMORY
ADDRESS

RELATES TO
OPCODE *300G

.4140625
K30 0G

♦36371932
X30 0G

♦ 07367:->7227
*30 0G
."674532106

* 3 G
.904458937

* 3 7 ^

$0 30B-^Ope rands

♦EFAE — Call RND Function to FAC

*ED34 — Put FAC as string in FBUFFER
$DB3A - Print the string in FBUFFER

^Mnemonic
Instructions

Figure 1. Sample program and example RUN to
generate and display random numbers from
machine language. Applesoft routines used are:

EFAE = RND
ED34 = FOUT
DB3A = STROUT

V

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December 1982 c Creative Computing

CIRCLE 238 ON READER SERVICE CARD

It's getting to be the holiday season
here at the outpost, and visions of
hardware, software, and peripheral
sugarplums are surely dancing in our
heads.

As a service to our readers with
extremely clear specifications to Santa
regarding items for placement under
the tree, Figure 1 is presented. Simply
fill in the blanks, and leave the
magazine in an obvious spot, con-
spicuously open to this page. The
bathroom offers an inescapable point
of sale, but be creative. (Warning:
those desiring software may avoid
last-minute disappointment by under-
scoring to loved ones the fragility of
diskettes. Sure, you can stuff stockings
in your boots, but you won't be able
to boot disks that have been stuffed
in your stocking.)

Self-Modifying Programs

Original Atari Basic has its strong
and weak points, as do all computer
languages. Because Atari Basic is a
somewhat renegade dialect, however
(as opposed to the orthodoxy of
Microsoft Basic), it is subject to
especially intense scrutiny. Those who
dislike it tend to detest it; even those
who like it tend toward ambivalence.
C'est la langue.

There is at least one good reason
why Atari Basic is a "splinter
language." It was designed in tandem
with and in order to squeeze the most
from the Atari operating system. And
as such, it is capable of some exotic
tricks — that much is undeniable.

One of these tricks is the ability to
write-code that in turn rewrites itself.
Imagine the possibilities.

The Atari has a very open-minded
operating system. It will allow the
screen editor to operate, from sources
other than a human at the keyboard.
The editor will go so far as to accept

John Anderson

data pushed to the screen from Atari
Basic, and Atari Basic can then
execute commands directly from the
screen editor.

Figure 2 is a short example of how
this feature can work. First we clear
the screen, and position the cursor.
Then we straightforwardly print code
lines to the screen. These lines will act
as if the Atari has automatically
pushed the RETURN key over them,
thus incorporating them into the pro-
gram (and eliminating any previous
lines with the same line numbers).
Notice the inclusion of a CONTinue
command. You must print this com-
mand at the bottom of any list of
modifications or the program will
terminate before modification takes
place. The program run must actually
stop, accept the new data, and start
itself again.

The trickiest facet of the technique
is placement of the cursor. If you

Figure 1.

position it incorrectly, you can lose
modifications, or get locked into a
loop. A bit of experimentation will
lead to successful results.

Only now is the potential of this
capability being fully explored. Two
new programs from Artworx Software
make use of the technique: Drawpic
saves four color user drawings in
graphics modes 3 through 7, by saving
modified strings; Player / Missile
Editor does the same for player/
missile shape tables. You can get more
information concerning these pro-
grams from Artworx, 150 North Main
Street, Fairport, NY 14450.

A hint on how you might simply
utilize the technique in your own pro-
grams is shown in Figure 3. Here the
user is asked to input data, which is
then incorporated into the modified
program. This program can then be
saved, thus saving the input in-
formation.

IVe used the simplest possible
approach in this example, saving up
to one hundred phone numbers as
REM statements. You might wish to
improve radically on this approach.

Another use of the technique would
be to delete lines when they are no

To Whom It May Concern (That Means You)

Let's face facts. Your

, usually known as

, has been

(relationship) (name)

reading Creative Computing non-stop for weeks now. The bug has bitten, the hook
is in. It's hopeless, the addiction has been fostered. Things could be worse, right?
As hobbies go, microcomputing fares pretty well. Maybe the time has come for you
to acknowledge this.

Make a hit this

(holiday)

Get

(source)

Otherwise,

(product)

, at a cost of $

It is available at

(name)
like extortion? Not at all. But don't chance it

(address) (dineros)

will probably sulk through the whole holiday. Sound

370

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

^WIFT LEARIMINGIA/ARE

"Boy, am I excited!. . .1 have finally seen a program for microcomputers
that is really worth something." "I was ecstatic to find that somebody is
creating quality educational software." ". . .an outstanding user manual
which presupposes no prior knowledge of computers." Those are some of
the words Creative Computing magazine used to describe Swift's Elemen-
tary Mathematics Classroom Learning System.
THEY APPLY EQUALLY TO SWIFT'S ARITHMETIC CLASSROOM.

Both are made to be the best
elementary classroom learning
programs available to the most
forward-thinking schools. The
ARITHMETIC CLASSROOM
is also made to be the best arith-
metic learning program for home
use. . .made for the children of
parents who care, who want
to watch with pleasure a
child's growth in interest
and understanding of to-
day's basic skills in mathe-
matics.

The Arithmetic Classroom is the
unmanaged version of its Classroom
Learning System counterpart, and
parents or schools can buy all or
any one of the eight programs:
Addition, Subtraction, Multi-
plication, Division, Fractions
(Basic Concepts), Fractions {Ad-
dition and Subtraction), Frac-
tions (Multiplication and
Division), Decimals. Each
program: $49.95. Plus a
three-game disk for rein-
forcement-$29.95.

S SWIFT

DIAL-A-COMMAND

Are you "into" Apple programming?
If so, use D-A-C instead of thumbing
through your manual. $9.95.

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING for
KID$ and OTHER BEGINNERS is

for 3rd graders or any beginner. Intro-
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Apple II, TRS-80 Model III, Radio
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TEACHING COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING to KIDS and
OTHER BEGINNERS. Methods, ac-
tivities, suggestions, plus Be the
Computer simulation games. $9.95.

HOW TO PROGRAM IN BASIC

For Apple II, TRS-80, PET Commo-
dore, T 1-99/4 A. Priced as sets (hands-
on workbook and diskettes or cas-
settes)-$74.95.

STE RLING

PUBLISHING COMPANY

Hot Line (512)444-7570

or write for catalog

1 600 Fortview Road
Austin, Texas 78704

CIRCLE 337 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ATR8000: THE DOUBLE DENSITY DISK
INTERFACE FOR THE ATARI® 800/400

The ATR8000 disk interface converts the ATARI
800/400 into a double density business machine
... at an affordable price. The ATR8000:

• Comes with 16K RAM for disk and printer buffer
memory. A 64K upgrade is available.

• Operates with standard 5%" or 8" drives.

• Has a Z80 4MHz controller.

• Gives dual processor flexibility: Z80 or 6502.

• Comes standard with a serial or parallel port.

• Is software compatible with existing ATARI
software.

• With the addition of OSA+ Version 4, the
ATR8000 is a double density system that
doubles disk storage capacity.

• Is CP/M compatible (with the 64K upgrade).

PRICING: ATR8000 $499.95 5Va" disk drive $399.95

64K upgrade -Call- 5Va" drive cable $ 35.00
OSA+ Ver. 4 $ 49.95 8" drive cable -Call-
Parallel or serial printer cable $29.00

CONTACT:

SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS. INC.
2500 E. Randol Mill Rd.
Suite 125

Arlington, TX 76011
(817) 469-1181

ATARI is a trademark of ATARI, Inc.
CP/M is a trademark of Digital
Research, Inc.

CIRCLE 326 ON READER SERVICE CARD

COMPUTERS:

PERSONAL & BUSINESS

PRINTERS;

LETTER QUALITY & MATRIX

MONITORS:

GREEN PHOSPHOR & COLOR

SOFTWARE:

IBM, APPLE, ATARI, CP/M

BOOKS & SUPPLIES

\COMPUTERTIME, INC.\

P.O. BOX 216
KENTF1ELD, CA. 94914

800-227-2520 TOLL FREE
IN CALIF. CALL

(415) 459-8082

CIRCLE 152 ON READER SERVICE CARD

J/u?t/al

* X WE DEAL EXCLUSIVELY IN PRODUCTS
FOR THE ATARI (THE BEST) COMPUTER

YOUR MARKETPLACE FOR:

SHAMUS

' -

D

&

Uf-

32 Rooms with four levels of INTENSE
arcade action with this game. Every
room bristling with DANGER.

16K Disk or Tape

$31.50

FROGGER

■<)i

This is the (<*&*&£ J\ *\m >

genuine FROGGER

game that you see

in the arcades. Made by the same people

that made Jawbreaker (One of the top ten

sellers.)

32K Disk 16K Tape $31.40

^W

C«£>

Just like the arcade game that has been
so popular. This is one of our BEST sellers
for all ages.

$35.10 ofsk $39.90 ca".

HARDWARE

Prices listed with (*) are the CASH
discount price, charge prices are higher.

400

800 Computer 16K

800 Computer 48K

400 Computer (used)

810 Disk Drive

850 Interface

410 Recorder

16K Ram module

32K Ram module

Percom Disk Drive

48K Ram module for

WICO JOYSTICK

Trac Ball controller

800/400 Dust cover

10 Blank Disks

Mark II Modem

Alien Group Synthesizer

Epson MX-80FT/Plus

Amdek Color 1 monitor

12' Joystick Extension Cord

Computer Paper 1000 8^x11

Trade in your 400 for a NEW
800 Computer Call for details.

CALL
CALL
CALL
$448
$178
$ 78
$ 69

$ 97
$648
$197

$153
$588
$387
$ 10
$ 17

SOFTWARE

ZAXXON
Now you can get that powerful 3-D
game for the Atari. Made by one
of the BEST game makers Datasoft.
Order early to get yours D $35.10

EASTERN FRONT
The MOST popular of all the APX
programs and truly one of the best
war games for the Atari. D,T$27. 90

SAMMY THE SEA SERPENT
A must for the little computensts
ages 4-7. The kiddies LOVE this
one and "Sammy" too. Tape $15.90

BAJA BUGGY
If you have been waiting tor a good
Car racing game for the Atari then
this is it ! Disk or Tape $29.90

BUG ATTACK
You must defend your garden from
hungry bugs. But, look out these
bugs shoot back' Disk /Tape $26.90

ATARI PRODUCTS CATALOG

with any order or

send $1.00 refundable with order.

METEOR

^N

STORM

NSl

A

The city is about to be destroyed and
ONLY you can save its people from
destruction. FAST, arcade type action
game.

16K Disk or Tape $29.95

16K
Disk

or
Tape

$31.50

-..*&

A SUPER graphic game in which you are
the miner and must watch out for mine
flooding and monsters of the deep.

The aliens have
landed and it's
your job to save
the city.

(If you

canl) TOP RATE
GAME. ARCADE
QUALITY. HI-
RES Graphics &
Sound. 16KTAPE

32K DISK

$26.90

l. I.*

ViSA 9

master charge i

TO ORDER CALL (503) 683-5361

HOW TO ORDER: Send check or money order or phone your order using your charge
card. Ask about our 48 hour delivery service. Shipping on programs is $2.00 per order
in USA or $3.90 for the 48 hour AIR service. Call for Hardware shipping costs. Prices
subject to price change without notice.

Store Hours

8 am - 6 pm

Mon. - Sat.

*yu?f/a/ Oq/ievaae.

2160 West 11th Ave., Eugene, Oregon 97402

yioi/al

*S WE C

YOUR MARKETPLACE FOR:

WICO JOYSTICK

.FIRE BUTTON

HANDLE

FIRE BUTTON

NEW

FOR

ATARI

'26.90

The ultimate in a one handed controller.
The bat handle grip fits comfortably in your
hand and offers smooth, quick movement.
Two fire buttons, one on the handle, and
the other on the base.

^

^A^

»VJ

Descend through mazes
Into the Oungeons with
your squadron ol warriors
to battle with visible and
invisible monsters.

ft

ar fj of Wot

$39.90
$35.10

16K Cartridge
24 K Disk

PERSONAL FINANCE

and record keeping

This package can be used for home or a small business.
A general ledger which allows you to set up data bases
to match your own needs. Much more versatile than
other packages we've seen. You have the ability to add
categories as conditions change. You can produce
reports at any time, which can cover any month or year
to date and may be formatted to your desires. This
system also has graph charts for display of up to ten
items and color bar charts. Automatic scaling and label
ir\g vs included for the graphs. The 60 category data base
should be sufficient for most purposes.

32K DISK $67.50

Order Form

name

DEAL EXCLUSIVELY IN PRODUCTS
FOR THE ATARI (THE BEST) COM PUTER

AIRSTRIKE mm^amm

This is the one you've been reading
about. NOW available. Like a most
popular arcade game. D/T $35.10

De Re Atari
This manual is a favorite among the
serious programmers. Learn the many
secrets of the Atari. $17.90

STAR RAIDERS
The all time classic space game for
the Atari. No other computer can
even copy this one. Cart. $38.20

MATCH RACER
Drive your racer around rocks and
other obstacles. 4 levels of play and
a scrolling screen. D,T $26.90

WIZARD & the PRINCESS
A terrific HI-RES graphics adventure
that is one of the best for the Atari
40K Disk $29.90

friends.
$36.90 Cart

POOL 1 .5
A real time pool simulation that is
truly amazing in it's graphics. One
you'll want to show your
$31 40 Disk

ALI BABA
A Hi-Res graphic adventure game
with up to 17 players. A real favor
ite with Lg. groups Disk $28.90

THRESHOLD

Superb graphics
the BEST space games
Fast paced and arcade
this a must. 40K Disk

makes this one of

for the Atari
quality make
$35.10

PAGE 6
Finally! A powerful hands on tutor-
ial for beginning assembly language
programmers. Packed full with 12
routines, source code listings and
40 page manual. Disk 24K $26.90

LETTER PERFECT
The BEST word processor on the
Atari that we've found. File merge
right justify, block movement, auto
page numbering, underlining, headers
& footers, superscripts and much,
much more' D$133 Cart. $175.00

HUNDREDS OF ITEMS
IN OUR CATALOG

CHOPLIFTER

4 H,

48K DISK

$31 .50

The smash hit game on the Apple is now
available on the Atari. SENSATIONAL
3-D graphics make this one of the most
exciting games for the Atari.

♦26.90

-«u

GHOST

ENCOUNTERS
16K

TAPE

OR

DISK

You, as a

ghost, travel

through a

network of

30 rooms in search of valuable prizes

while, at the same time, try to survive

the many perils that await you.

Ma/7 Manager

MAIL MANAGER is a SUPERIOR mailing list and
telephone number utility program. The display and
ease of use is superior to any program we've seen. The
versatility is unmatched by any we've tried. Novice
users will be delighted with the excellent on-screen
prompts and ease of use. The many features include.
Search mode; Sort mode; Create subfiles; Add to ex-
isting file: Delete files; Edit records; View records; Print
records; Print file copy and more!!

If you're looking for a strong and versatile mailing list
program then we highly recommend this one to meet
your needs.

24K DISK

$34.95

address
city

state

zip

</?,>„„/ 2160 W. 11th Ave.

% *E&? € Eugene, Oregon 9740:

Oe/AiWie > CALL 503-683-5361

Card #

Expire

Phone # (.
Item

J

Tape/Disk/Book

Price Postage $2.00 minimum

Total

□ CHECK

□ VISA
MAS (CARD

ATARI PRODUCTS CATALOG

with any order or

send $1.00 refundable with order.

CIRCLE 302 ON READER SERVICE CARD

('

Outpost: Atari, continued...

to

2

30

4

5

6
70

8

9
100
105

110

120
13
140
ISO

REM SELF
GRAPHICS

MODIFYING EXAMPLE
0: POSITION 2, 5 J REM

OLE:

Y COOP DIN A I
? 110 J"
? 120 J"
? 130?"
'•' 14 J"
? 150 J"
? "CONTSREM
POSITION

POKE

POKE

AR
TO

SCREEN
CHANGE

AND
(5)

POSITION CUR SO

\ ♦

THESE

NUMBER OF LINES
ARE THE LINES"
THAT WILL REPLACE"
THE LINES AT THE"
END OF THE PROGRAM*"
NOTE ABBREVIATIONS REMAIN

THIS STATEMENT IS CRUCIAL, AND MUST

2,0 J REM REPOSITION CURSOR AT TOP OF SCREEN

842, 13: STOP :REM DON'T PUT ADDITIONAL COMMAND

842, 12: REM POKES HALT PROGRAM, ENABLE EDITOR,

ACCEPTABLE ,
NOT BE NUMBI

RETURN TO PROGRAM
REM WATCH THESE LINES CHANGE
REM TO THE LINES STIPULATED
REM IN LINES 30 THROUGH 70,
REM DON'T FORGET THE "CON!"
REM COMMAND AFTER LINE CHANGES

i ON THI

ACCEPT

:red»*

S LINE":
COMMAND;

s ,

Figure 2.

longer needed. Line numbers devoted
to user input of variables, for example,
could be deleted after the variable table
has been constructed. This would help
conserve memory.

Countless other applications await
your entry into Atari behavior mod-
ification. The limits are set by your
imagination only.

Souping Your Machine

Although the Atari does most things
well, you can now customize it to do
things better. The idea may seem to
you akin to putting slicks on a BMW,
but let me tell you about a few prod-
ucts we've tested that can make your
machine faster and more versatile.

The Fastchip, from Newell Indus-
tries, replaces the floating point chip
on the operating system board. Float-
ing point routines, which involve
mathematical operations with real
numbers as well as integers, run
extremely slowly on a standard Atari.
Newell Industries claims that execu-
tion of these routines is boosted to
three times the original rate.

I played Hail To the Chief twice on
the same machine, once with the
original chip, and once with Fast-
chip. Calculations within the program
involve lengthy breaks in the action.
Fastchip cut the waiting at least in half,
from a maximum of 1 1 seconds to a
maximum of about 5 seconds. It may
not sound like much of a difference,
but when you're waiting it is.

If you are into floating point
routines and don't have a lot of time,
Fastchip will help. It lists for $39.95,
and installation in an Atari 800 takes
less than five minutes. For more
information, contact Newell Indus-
tries, 3340 Nottingham Lane, Piano,
TX 75074.

You should resist with all your
strength the temptation to confuse
Fastchip with Fast Chip, the disk
drive upgrade chip from Binary
Corporation. This product will
interest Atari owners with original

810 disk drives, as it provides a disk
format 30% faster than the original.
The company claims that the custom
chip is 10% faster than even the new
Atari upgrade chip.

It took about a half an hour for me
to perform the upgrade, and was a bit
more involved than I had initially
anticipated. Still, the instructions are
clear, and the process is broken into
logical steps.

Binary Fast Chip without a doubt
provides a faster format for your disks.
I found that it cut about twenty
seconds off the load time of a 12K file.
But the disks are also rather sensitive
— cases arose wherein Fast Chip-
formatted disks took much longer to
read or write. This was without excep-
tion true with disks for use with
Valforth. It might therefore be
advisable to wait until you have two
drives, then install a Fast Chip in one.
You can then choose the format to
match the application.

The product lists for $39.95. For

Figure 3.

no

120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
2
210
220
23
240
25
260

27

28

29

30
310

32

33

34
350
360
370
380

39

40

DEMONSTRATION

REM A PRACTICAL

DIM A* (10) ,Nt<20) ,P*(18)

GRAPHICS

?

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
'?

X)K.)K*)*C)K)K)K)K)»:)K)t(*>K^;«)«<)«>t<)«<>K)«(*:)t(>«<

'*
'*

'*

'*

TELEPHONE DIRECTORY

(L)IST
( A ) DD
(D)ELETE
(S)AVE

*"
*"

*"

*"

'******x*x***x*** ********#.

130

THEN 30

THEN 36

THEN SAVE

more information, contact Binary
Corporation, 3237 Woodward Ave.,
Berkley, MI 48072.

Perhaps you've wondered if ROM
cartridges could be copied to disk.
Well they can now, with the Block
from Protronics. The Block allows
you to transfer from a ROM to a
binary disk file. Up to ten ROM
cartridges can be saved to a single disk.
I was unable to find anything that the
Block couldn't copy.

Potential pirates should take note:
the Block itself is a ROM cartridge,
and no cartridge file will run unless
the Block is installed.

The Block lists for $99.95. For more
information, contact Protronics,
17537 Chatsworth, Granada Hills, CA
9 1 344.

The Library Grows

I remember, in the dim recesses of
my mind, a time when information
about the Atari was an extremely rare
commodity. This was in ancient times,
of course: maybe a year and a half ago.
Now it seems a new book about the
Atari arrives here every week. These
are six of the best:

Atari Games and Recreations, by
Herb Kohl, Ted Kahn, Len Lindsay,
and Pat Cleland, Reston Publishing,
Reston, VA 22090. Excellent starter
for novices and kids, with an emphasis
on fun programs the user can type in,
play, and understand. Includes some
nifty appendices.

Atari Sound and Graphics, by Herb
Moore, Judy Lower, and Bob
Albrecht, John Wiley and Sons, 605
Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158.
The authors pace the text so that new
concepts are introduced at a rate that
can be absorbed. Sound and graphics

INPUT A*: TRAP

IF A*(l ,1 )=="A"

IE A* (1,1 )=="[)"

IE A*<1,1)="S"

LIST 1,100

? "PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE" t INPUT A$tGOTO

? "WHAT WILL BE THE LISTING NUMBER" ;: INPUT

? "NAME"; : INPUT N*:? "PHONE NUMBER" J I INPUT

GRAPHICS OPPOSITION 2,2

? Nj" rem",n*; m ";p$:';> "cont"

P S I T I ON 2,0: P K E B*2 , :l. 3 t S T P

POKE 8*2, 121 GOTO 130

? ' ■ I... I S T ING N U M B E R T D E L E T E " It I NP U T N : T R A P

GRAPHICS 0: POSITION 2,2

' 3 NJ? "CONT"

P S I T I ON 2,0: P KE 8* 2 , 1 3 : S T P

POKE 8*2, 12: GOTO 130

D I D I R E C T GRY" J R E M C A S S E T T E U S E R S " C S A V E "

1 3

N

PtlTRAP

3 1

360

374

December 1982 c Creative Computing

For the best
Talking Game

For the Atari®
or Apple 11+

t\tt>e

Using the VOICE BOX

Nowyou can make your \ ^*

Atari® 400/800 or
Apple® II games and
other programs come
alive with the VOICE BOX i

by the Alien Group — the first
low-cost, smart speech synthesizer
with unlimited vocabulary.

Add jokes to your programs. Insults.
Compliments. Help messages. Stories.
Alien voices. Animal roars. Have your
computer talk to the fire department
or police in emergencies. To kids. Or blind
people. Teach touch typing with immediate
spoken feedback. Or just about any other
subject — the fun way. Or help a speech-
impaired friend communicate . . . the poss-
ibilities are limitless.

The VOICE BOX plugs into your Atari's serial
port. And talks directly through your TV set. Or
into any Apple II slot. No power supply or
special interfaces needed.

Just select from its simple screen menu. A
dictionary with thousands of common words
(on diskette or cassette) automatically
translates your text into speech. It's that easy.

But don't let its friendliness fool you. The
VOICE BOX has all 64 phonemes (basic
sounds, like "ah" ) built in. So you can precisely
create any word or sound you can imagine.
And store it all on diskette or tape. Names or
foreign language words, for example. Or
wierd non-human languages.
Let me entertain you — The VOICE BOX is
creative too. It will crack you and your friends
up with non-stop random, grammatically
correct sentences, using words you specify. It

Speech Synthesizer

^y\ also has an amusing talking

^ | face with lip-sync animation

m — a real crowd-stopper. Best of

all you can call the VOICE BOX
from any BASIC program and make
f your program really hum —literally!

Singing Apples? — Apple owners get all these
capabilities too — as a plug-in card plus
diskette. Or there's a deluxe version with the
dictionary in ROM (no diskettes to bother
with), speaker, and ability to "sing" (hey we're
not making this up folks) in any key. (Both
Apple versions require 32K or more. Applesoft
and DOS 3.3).

Don't confuse the VOICE BOX with "dumb"
speech synthesizers that can't learn new words.
Or software-based ones with lower speech
quality — and an annoying tendency to blank
out the display when they talk. The VOICE BOX
is a true breakthrough in speech synthesis.
Small wonder thousands of Atari and Apple
owners have already bought the VOICE BOX.

The VOICE BOX is available now at leading
computer stores throughout the world. Or
direct from the Alien Group, with 10-day
money back guarantee if you're not com-
pletely satisfied.

VOICE BOX For Atari. $169.00

1 6K and 32K versions included
(Specify diskette or cassette).

VOICE BOX for Apple 11 + $139.00.

(Requires speaker.)

VOICE BOX for Apple II+. $215.00

(Includes dictionary in ROM and singing capability

Comes with speaker. )

Enclose check or money order, Visa or
Mastercard #. Please include expiration date.

CHECK YOUR LOCAL COMPUTER STORE FOR TALKING "VOICE BOX" VERSIONS OF YOUR FAVORITE
GAMES FROM LEADING GAME COMPANIES

# Win a $5,000 prize — plus royalties — for the best Atari 400/800 or Apple II"*" game using the VOICE
BOX. Deadline: May 30, 1983. Write for contest details.

Please mail to: The Alien Group, Department CC-5 , 27 W. 23 St., N.Y., NY. 10010 J

Or call in order to (212) 741-1770 circle 107 on reader service card

Atari is a registered trademark of Atari Inc. Apple is a registered trademark ot Apple Computer. Inc VOICE BOX is trademark of the Alien Group

Outpost : Atari, continued...

are a motivating force with kids, but
many hobbyists will want this one too.

The Atari Assembler, by Don
Inman and Kurt Inman, Reston Pub-
lishing, Reston, VA 22090. Best
beginners machine language book
available for Atari owners. Assumes
you have Basic and an editor/ assem-
bler. Assembly language is tough stuff,
but authors manage to keep things
fresh with humor and good examples.

Games for the Atari, by S. Roberts,
W. Hofacker, 53 Redrock Lane,
Pomona, CA 91766. Includes good
examples of player/ missile movement
from Basic, priority detection, and
patching from Basic to machine
language subroutines. Includes ten
games to be typed in, unfortunately
without much explanation.

Picture This, by David D. Thorn-
burg, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA
1 867. A kid's introduction to graphics
through Atari Pilot. Excellent as a
supplement to "Student Pilot/ 1 the
reference guide supplied with the Pilot
cartridge.

Your Atari Computer, by Lon
Poole, Martin McNiff, and Steven
Cook, Osborne McGraw-Hill, 630
Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94710. It
may have taken two and a half years,
but there is finally a manual available
which thoroughly documents the rudi-
ments, as well as a number of advanced
topics, concerning Atari personal
computers.

Following a remarkably steady
pace, the book progresses through
beginning operation, getting started in
Basic programming, and includes
comprehensive chapters on the pro-
gram recorder, disk drive, and
printers.

The main body of the book deals
with advanced Basic programming,
and stands to serve the proficient Basic
programmer as well as the novice.

Next the book focuses on the
goodies. Graphics and sound are given
a clear and thorough treatment — with
a chapter devoted to advanced
graphics techniques. Character set
animation, display lists and player-
missile graphics are explained simply
and thoroughly, with examples help-
ing to illuminate the way. Those of
you (like myself) who need every last
thing spelled out for you, are bound to
benefit from this approach.

Later chapters examine sound
routines and summarize Basic com-
mands.

The book concludes with nine
appendices, each of value to the Atari
programmer. Finally we can turn to a
single resource for an annotated list of
error codes and their meanings, status
, and keyboard codes, memory usage

charts, and a listing of important
memory locations.

Your Atari Computer should be
packed with each and every unit Atari
ships, alongside or in lieu of current
documentation. No Atari owner
should be without it.

Scuttlebytes

In the November issue, we gave a
phone number for a Sunnyvale bul-
letin board system called TEAM
Atari. Begun by an Atari employee,
the board is unfortunately no longer in
service. Apparently some Atari execs
felt it was inappropriate, which is too
bad.

You might try Bay Area Atari at
(408) 244-6229. Sorry if we caused any
inconvenience, but it is tough to
compile a BBS list that remains totally
accurate for any length of time.

A question many people are asking
concerns the new Atari 5200 video
system: is it or isn't it a 400 without
a keyboard? The answer: well, yes and
no. It does have 6502, Antic, GTIA,
and Pokey chips. It does run nearly
identical ROM software. However,
for reasons somewhat difficult to
fathom, the 5200 has had enough
changes made to ensure incompat-
ibility with Atari computers. The most
dramatic evidence of this is a rede-
signed game controller, which uses an
analog input, in addition to a tele-
phone-style keypad.

The advantages to a handheld key-
pad are obvious: the advantages of an
analog joystick perhaps less so. A
potentiometer-controlled stick allows
for better control in games such as
Missile Command, but a digital stick
is faster in quick-turning games like
Pac-Man. The 5200 controller ports
are necessarily redesigned, as are the

cartridges themselves. Whether this
incompatibility is utterly surmountible
remains to be seen, but it certainly
would be a formidable task.

Another topic we hear a lot about is
the "next generation" Atari. Have you
heard about the Atari 600? We have,
although we haven't been able to con-
firm anything. It will be a single board
computer, totally compatible with the
400 and 800. It will have RS-232 cap-
ability built-in, and a full-stroke key-
board. It will come with 48K standard,
and sport programmable function
keys. We have even heard about an
Atari WOO, with a built-in dual density
drive, and CP/M capability!

Smalltalk

What, you may ask, has become of
Dave and Sandy Small? They are
responsible for some of the most
informative articles concerning the
Atari that have ever appeared in any
magazine. I first learned about player/
missile graphics, display lists, rede-
finable character sets, and a half dozen
other topics from their series of
articles, which began in the June, 1 98 1 ,
issue of Creative Computing.

Well Dave was unhappy with the
speed of the 810 disk drive, and so
he did something about it: he designed
his own. His system is aimed at pro-
fessionals, and in addition to its many
other capabilities, is about seven times

faster than an 810 drive. If you'd like
more information concerning the sys-
tem, you can contact Dave at the
Leading Edge, 8642A Spicewood
Springs Road, P.O. Box 10998,
Austin, TX 78766.

All of us at Creative Computing
wish you the best this holiday season,
and a happy, healthy new year. And to
all a good night! □

c=to

"Some damn computer decided we are the average American family!"

376

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

1983 is just around
the corner

•r,

u

[A

>>

The ACCOUNTANT

Finance Data Base System $129

Optional VisiCalc" Interface $20

Allows you to define up to 63 codes.

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VisiCalc * is a trademark of VisrCorp Inc

Apple Version circle 197 on Reader Service card
IBM Version circle 374 on Reader Service card

INVESTMENT
ANALYSIS

New Software

How do you know when to be in Cash? Stocks?
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The Graph Paper

Part 6: The Power

David Lubar

This is where the fun begins. That

these two things, you have it licked. The left-most pixel of the set, the highest

mysterious mid -memory chunk of hi -res

memory map for hi-res comprises loca- plotting bit plots the rightmost pixel. The

graphics becomes clay which we can mold

tions $2000 to $3FFF. Whenever graphics best way to see this is with an example.

to fit any whim. I could ramble on about

is enabled, the video image produced by First, get into the monitor. From here,

the great feeling derived from taking full

the Apple is based on the values found in typing SC050 (return) SC054 (return)

control of the screen, but will avoid

this area. SC057 (return) will put up the graphics

proselytizing and instead pass on an

The hi bit of each byte determines page.

example. Granted, every programmer

which color group to display for that byte. (Weird happenings department: When

tends to preach his favorite language, be

The remaining bits determine whether or you type in a memory location and press

it Assembly, Forth, Pascal, or whatever;

not to plot a pixel. So each byte controls return, the Apple does two things. First,

still, the following example should con-

seven dots on the screen. These bits are it reads and displays the value in that

vince unbelievers that machine language

displayed in what seems to be a back- location. This is what toggles the soft

is the only way to go.

wards fashion. switches to turn on graphics, etc. Second,

Listing 1 shows a Basic program that

The lowest bit of each byte plots the it sets monitor pointers to the next mem-

fills the hi-res screen in sequence with

values from to 255. Listing 2 does the

FiQure 1.

same thing in machine language. I will

i

discuss this second program in detail later.

For now, try them both and savor the
difference. Awesome, isn't it? O.K., I've
vented my preaching for the month. From
here on down 111 try to refrain.

This month's prize-winning question,

I

Jit Number

i i i

■♦

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

He;

; va

lue -i

8

4

2

1

8

4

2

1

* F

it (

1 \tr

11 V

■w

/

1

8

k

sftmost whei

i bvte

from Chns Pedonesi, pretty much encom-
passes all the material covered below. He
wants to know "how the memory in the
hi-res graphics pages are related to the
display, and how to use this information
to draw shapes and characters on the

/

•

•

3

C

is plotted.

/

7

E

cole

>r

•

•

5

A

bit

•

•

5

A

7

E

screen directly. It will take more than
one article to cover this topic, so let's get
started.

Bit Maps

There are two components to hi-res
graphics: the memory map and the bytes
within the map. Once you understand

•

•

2

4

•

•

2

4

378 December 1 982 • Creative Computing

ory location. Pressing return again will
produce a read and display of more bytes.
This innocent feature can produce an
annoying result. Let's say you typed 5C050
(return) to set the graphics mode. If you
next hit return again, the Apple will read
SC051 and reset the text mode. Thus an
innocent return can pop you into places
you didn't expect. The quickest cure is to
type 00 (return) after accessing graphics
switches. This gets the monitor pointers
safely away from the soft switches.)

Listing 1.

10 REM PROGRAM TO FILL THE HI-R

ES SCREEN
20 HGR
30 POKE 49234,0: REM FULL SCREE

N
40 FILL = 1
50 FOR I = 8192 TO 16383: POKE I

,FILL: NEXT I
60 FILL ■ FILL + 1: IF FILL > 256

THEN FILL = O
70 GOTO 50

Depending on what was in memory,
you will be greeted with either a blank
screen or some patterned or random
display. To clear things up, the following
trick is handy. Type 2000:00 (from here
on, return is assumed unless otherwise
noted). This puts the value $00 into
location $2000. Now, well use the monitor
MOVE command to trick the Apple into
filling the rest of the screen area with that
same $00.

The memory move feature of the mon-
itor normally operates by taking each byte
of the source and moving it to the destin-
ation. By placing the destination area
within the source area, the Apple can be
made to fill memory with any value. In
this instance, the command is 200 1<
2000.3FFEM.

You have just told the Apple to move
into the area starting at location $2001
everything from $2000 to $3FFE. First, it
takes the value from $2000 (which we set
to $00) and places it in $2001. Next, it
takes the value from $2001 and places it

Listing 2.

:ASM

1

*

PROGRAM

FILL THE

2

*

HI -RES

SCREEN WITH

3

*

A SEQUENCE

OF VALUES

4

*

i

5

ORG

♦ 6000

6

BYTE

EQU

*F8

7

DESTLO

EQU

*F9

8
9

io

DESTHI

*

EQU

UFA

*

INITIALIZE

THE SCREEN

11

*

6000:

8D

50

CO

12

STA

SC050 ; GRAPHICS MODE

6003:

8D

52

CO

13

STA

*COS2 ;FULL SCREEN

6006 :

8D

54

CO

14

STA

♦C054 ;PAGE 1

6009 :

80

57

CO

15
16

*

STA

*C057 ; HI -RES

17

*

SET UP

POINTERS AND COUNTERS

18

*

600C:

A9

OO

19

LDA

#S00 ; INITIALIZE VALUE THAT WILL

600E:

: 85

FB

20

STA

BYTE ;BE STORED TO THE SCREEN

6010!

; A8

21

TAY

6011:

: 85

F9

22

STA

DESTLO

6013!

: A9

20

23

LOC

LDA

#♦20

6015!

: 85

FA

24

STA

DESTHI ;SET POINTER TO *2000

6017:

: AA

25

TAX

;X IS USED TO COUNT *20 PAGES

6018:

: A5

F8

26

LDA

BYTE ; RESTORE DESIRED SCREEN BYTE

601A:

91

F9

27

LOC

STA

(DESTLO) , Y

60 1C:

CB

28

I NY

601D:

DO

FB

29

BNE

L0OP1 ;DO ONE PAGE

601F:

E6

FA

30

INC

DESTHI ; POINT TO NEXT PAGE

6021:

CA

31

DEX

; DECREASE COUNTER

6022-

\ DO

F6

32
33

*

BNE

LOOP1 ;DO *20 PAGES

34

*

SCREEN

HAS

BEEN FILLED.

35

*

*

6024

: E6

F8

36

INC

BYTE ;SET UP NEXT VALUE

6026:

: A9

FF

37

LDA

#*FF ; DELAY A BIT

6028:

: 20

A8

FC

38

JSR

♦FCA8 ; USING MONITOR ROUTINE

602B:

: AD

00

CO

39

LDA

*COOO ; CHECK FOR KEYPRESS

602E:

: 10

E3

40

BPL

LOOP ;NO KEY

6030:

: 2C

10

CO

41

BIT

4C010 ; CLEAR KEYBOARD

6033:

8D

51

CO

42

STA

*C051 ; RESTORE TEXT MODE

6036:

: 60

43

RTS

END ASSEMBLY

TOTAL ERRORS: O

55 BYTES GENERATED THIS ASSEMBLY

in $2002. Thus, the original value propa-
gates throughout the desired range.

Anyhow, to see the way bytes are
interpreted graphically, try placing dif-
ferent values in location $2000. Start with
2000:01. One pixel will light up. Change
the number to $02. The pixel will move to
the right. The hex values 01,02,04,08,10,
20,40 in sequence turn on each bit of the
byte in order from left to right. Isolated
bits are in color.

You will notice that as the pixel moves
through its seven positions, the color
alternates. Bits set at an odd coordinate
produce one color, those on an even
coordinate produce the other color. Any
two bits in a row will be white. If the high
bit is set (by adding $80 to the byte), the
other color group will be produced.

To put up any specific pattern of seven
bits, you merely change the pattern into
ones and zeroes, then convert this binary
value to hex. That's all there is to it.

Suppose you want a line of two colored
bits at the leftmost part of the screen.
Remembering that the lowest bit plots
the leftmost pixel, and that solid color is
obtained by alternate bits, the pattern
would be 00000101 or $05. To get the
other color set, use $85. For the other two
colors, shift the pattern by one bit so it
becomes 00001010 or $0C.

One of the problems you will encounter
is due to the fact that 7 is an odd number
(I'm not sure who discovered this pro-
found mathematical tidbit). To get a
graphic idea of what the problem is, enter
the following 2000:01 01. This puts the
value $01 into locations $2000 and $2001.

Notice that the two pixels are not the
same color. Since the Apple displays one
set of colors at even locations and another
set at odd locations, and since there are
seven bits plotted for each byte, as any
byte is moved through screen memory,
its bits alternate between having even and
odd positions.

If you place $01 in location $2000, the
set bit occurs at horizontal location 0.
Move the byte to $?001 and the set bit
lights up a pixel at location 7. Move to
$2002 and the bit is even again and
lighting up location 14. This won't affect
us much right now, but will come into
play a great deal as we progress.

The simplest graphic manipulations are
those, such as Listing 1, which access the
whole screen. In such cases, the screen
can be treated as nothing more than an
8K block of memory. The next step is to
access the screen in order, line by line.
Unfortunately, memory order and screen
order do not coincide. Well explore that
soon enough. For now, let's go through
some simple manipulations.

Massive Changes

Listing 1 is a typical example of simple
screen manipulation. It first sets up a

,er'

° Zor~

379

Graph Paper, continued...

pointer to location $2000. I have used a
few standard shortcuts in the code which
are mostly a matter of preference rather
than any hard and fast rules.

For example, LDY #$00 could have
been used instead of TYA. But since the
zero was already in the accumulator, the
TYA operation saves space.

The use of the X register as a counter
is another shortcut. In this case, I know I
am dealing with $20 pages of memory, so
it is convenient to move the $20 into X
and use that register as a counter.
Another method would be to check the
hi byte of the pointer after each increment
and stop when it reached $40.

Anyhow, working through one page
(256 bytes) at a time, the program places
a byte (initially zero) in screen memory.
The command STA (DESTLO),Y is an
example of indirection, a common tech-
nique that is used extensively in graphics.
The memory location within the paren-
theses points to the actual location used
by the operation.

At the start, DESTLO and DESTHI
point to location $2000. The value in the
Y register is added to this. If Y contains
5, the command operates on location
$2005. In general, this method is very
handy for stepping through a page of
memory. The only drawback is that such
commands are slower than those that do

Listing 3.

ASM

1

*

PROGRAM TO F

PRODUCE

2

*

A ' NEGATIVE

' SCREEN IMAGE

3

*

4

ORG

*6000

5

DESTLO

EOU

*F8

6

DESTHI

EOU

*F9

7

*

6000 :

3D

50

CO

8

STA

*C050

6003 :

8D

52

CO

9

STA

*C052

6006 :

8D

54

CO

10

STA

*C054

6009 :

8D

57

CO

11

STA

*C057

600C :

A9

00

12

LDA

•♦00

600E :

A8

13

.

TAY

600F :

85

F8

14

STA

DESTLO

6011:

A9

20

15

LDA

#*20

60 1 3 :

85

F9

16

STA

DESTHI

6015:

AA

17

TAX

6016:

Bl

F8

18

LOOP

LDA

(DESTLO) , Y

6013:

49

FF

19

EOR

#*FF

601 A:

91

F8

20

STA

(DESTLO) , Y

601 C:

CB

21

I NY

601D:

DO

F7

22

BNE

LOOP

601 F:

E6

F9

23

INC

DESTHI

6021:

CA

24

DEX

6022:

DO

F2

25

BNE

LOOP

6024:

60

26

RTS

— END ASSEMBLY

TOTAL ERRORS: O

37 BYTES GENERATED THIS ASSEMBLY

not use indirection. While a difference of
one machine cycle is not crucial now,
you will encounter cases in which the

slight delay, compounded by a looping
structure, might cause noticeable delays
in a program.

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CIRCLE 223 ON READER SERVICE CARD

December 1982 c Creative Computing

While filling the screen is fun for a bit,
it does seem to be a rather limited pro-
gram. But it is a step in the right direction.
With a slight modification, things become
more interesting.

Rather than just store a value into each
location, let's modify existing values. Put
your favorite picture on the screen, then
try the program in Listing 3. This one
produces a "negative" of the screen
image.

The basic setup is the same. The dif-
ference is that the program reads each
screen byte, performs an exclusive or with
$FF, then stores the result. By using
various logical operations, you can pro-
duce different interesting effects. Since
logical operations are one of the keys to
graphics, it will be worthwhile to take a
short side trip through the topic.

A Bit At A Time

The three logical operations, AND,
ORA, and EOR, have a rather beautiful
symmetry. Each can either change a bit
in a certain way or leave it alone, depend-
ing on the values used. Rather than go

Listing 4.

6100-

6108-

6HO-

6118-

6120-

6128-

6130-

6138-

6140-

6148-

6150-

6158-

6160-

6168-

6170-

6178-

6180-

6188-

6190-

6198-

61AO-

61A8-

61B0-

61B8-

61C0-

61C8-

61D0-

61D8-

61EO-

61E8-

61F0-

61F8-

6200-

6208-

6210-

6218-

6220-

6228-

6230-

6238-

6240-

6248-

6250-

6258-

6260-

6268-

6270-

6278-

20 24

20 24

21 25

21 25

22 26

22 26

23 27
23 27
20 24

20 24

21 25

2E
2F
2F

21

25
26

22 26

23 27
23 27

20
20
21

24
24
25

21 25

22 26

22 26

23 27
23 27
OO OO
80 80
00 00
80 80
OO OO
80 80
00 OO
80 80
28 28
A8 A8
28 28
A8 A8
28 28
A8 A8
28 28
A8 A8
50 50
DO DO
50 50
DO DO
50 50
DO DO
50 50
DO DO

28 2C

28 2C

29 2D
29 2D
2A 2E
2A
2B
2B
28 2C

28 2C

29 2D
29 2D
2A 2E
2A 2E
2B 2F
2B 2F
28 2C

28 2C

29 2D
29 2D
2A 2E
2A 2E
2B 2F
2B 2F
00 00
80 80
00 00
80 80
OO OO
80 80
00 OO
80 80
28 28
A8 A8
28 28
A8 A8
28 28
A8 A8
28 28
AS A8
50 50
DO DO
50 50
DO DO
50 50
DO DO
50 50
DO DO

30 34

30 34

31 35

31 35

32 36

32 36

33 37
33 37
30 34

30 34

31 35

31 35

32 36

32 36

33 37
33 37
30 34

30 34

31 35

31 35

32 36

32 36

33 37
33 37
OO 00
80 80
00 00
80 80
OO OO
80 80
00 00
80 80
28 28
A8 A8
28 28
A8 A8
28 28
A8 A8
28 28
A8 A8
50 50
DO DO
50 50
DO DO
SO 50
DO DO
50 50
DO DO

38 3C

38 3C

39 3D
39 3D
3A 3E

through truth tables, let's look at the
situation in a practical way.

There are three things you might want
to do to a bit; force it to be 1, force it to
be 0, or flip it (making 1 into or into
1). ORA can force a bit to be 1. Wherever
there is a 1 in the operand, there will be a
1 in the results. Where there is a 0, there
will be no effect.

Let's say you want to set the hi bit of
each byte on the screen. This, plugged
into Listing 3, would be done with ORA
#$80 (remember that $80 is 10000000 in
binary). The hi bit of each byte will be set
to 1, no matter what it was before. The
rest of the bits will be unchanged.

To force a 0, use AND. Any bit set to
in the operand will produce in the
results. A value of 1 leaves the result
unchanged. Following the above example,
we can set all the hi bits to using AND
#7F (again $7F is binary 01111111).

Finally, EOR is used to flip a bit. A 1 in
the operand will flip a bit, a has no
result. So, the EOR #$FF in Listing 3 flips
all the bits in each byte. If you wanted to
flip everything except for the hi bit, you
would use EOR #$7F.

Sometimes a combination of operations
is necessary. If you wanted to produce a
negative of the screen and set all hi bits to
0, you would use EOR #$FF followed by
AND #$7F. Try some combinations on a

Listing 5.

picture and see if you can predict the
results. What would AND #$0F do? What
happens if you EOR a screen byte with
itself?

Order, Please

Here comes the big one. The toughest
obstacle to doing Apple graphics is that
the screen is not mapped in contiguous
fashion. The first 40 screen bytes occur
normally enough in locations $2000 to
$2027. But if you put a byte into $2028, it
won't appear on the second line. Strange
as it may seem, the address of the first
byte of the second line is $2400. The third
line starts with $2800.

I don't know the exact reason for this
mapping, but it basically ties in with the
video hardware and the fact that the
screen has 40 bytes across and (another
staggering mathematical discovery) 40
does not go evenly into 256. Anyhow, this
is the mapping we have to live with.

The pattern is actually not that bizarre.
Starting at $2000, each successive line is
found by adding $400 (or adding $04 to
the hi byte). After reaching $3C00, the
sequence goes to $2080 and again begins
adding $400. After $3C80 comes $2100.
So far the pattern seems to be; add $400
for each successive line until the number
becomes too large. Then add $80. Then
go back to adding $400 again.

3A 3E

3B 3F

3B 3F

:ASM

38 3C

1

*

PROGRAM TO

PRODUCE

38 3C

2

*

A 'NEGATIVE

' SCREEN IMAGE

39 3D

3

*

39 3D

4

ORG

S6000

3A 3E

5

DESTLO

EQU

*F8

3A 3E

6

DESTHI

EQU

*F9

3B 3F

7

TABHI

EQU

•4100

3B 3F

8

TABLO

EQU

♦6 ICO

38 3C

9

*

38 3C

10

*

NOTE:

LOOKUP TABLE IS NOT INCLUDED

39 3D

11

*

IN THIS FILE. IT MUST BE

39 3D

12

*

BL0ADED SEPARATELY.

3A 3E

13

*

3A 3E

14

*

3B 3F

Hi bytes

6000:

8D

50

CO

15

STA

SC050

3B 3F

6003:

8D

52

CO

16

STA

•C052

OO OO

6006:

8D

54

CO

17

STA

SC054

80 80

Lo bytes

6009:

8D

57

CO

18

STA

*C057

00 00

600C:

A2

00

19

LDX

#*00 ;USE X TO INDEX TABLE

80 80

600E:

BD

CO

61

20

LOC

LDA

TABLO, X ;SET UP POINTERS

OO OO

6011:

85

F8

21

STA

DESTLO

80 80

6013:

BD

OO

61

22

LDA

TABHI, X

00 OO

6016:

85

F9

23

STA

DESTHI

80 80

6018:

AO

27

24

LDY

#*27 ; PREPARE TO DO A LINE

28 28

601A:

Bl

F8

25

L00P2

LDA

( DESTLO ),Y ; GET SCREEN BYTE

A8 A8

601C:

49

FF

26

EOR

#SFF ;FLIP IT

28 28

601E:

91

F8

27

STA

( DESTLO ),Y ;PUT IT BACK

A8 A8

6020:

88

28

DEY

28 28

6021:

10

F7

29

BPL

L00P2 ; REPEAT FORTY TIMES

A8 A8

6023:

E8

30

INX

28 28

6024:

EO

CO

31

CPX

#*C0 ;D0 192 LINES

A8 A8

6026:

DO

E6

32

BNE

L00P1

50 50

6028:

60

33

RTS

DO DO

SO 50

DO DO

ENE

—

50 50

DO DO

TOTAL

ERRC

50 50

DO DO

41 BYTES

GENERATED

THIS ASSEMBLY

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

381

Graph Paper, continued. ..

Eventually, you will reach S3F80. The

7 .*«,*.•

next number is $2028. The sequence now
goes through $2428 and so on. Now the

Listing /.

low bytes alternate between $28 and $A8.

After this series taps out, the lo bytes

:ASM

become $50 and $D0. Finally, the last line

1

* EXAMPLE OF SIMPLE

starts at $3FD0.

2
3
4

* CHARACTER GRAPHICS
*

ORG 46000

If you have followed this pattern you

might have noticed that there are 16

5

DESTLO EQU 4F8

unused bytes on each page. These occur

6

DESTHI EQU 4F9

from $78 to $7F and $F8 to $FF for each

7
8

XLOC EQU 4FA
YLOC EQU 4FB

page of hi-res memory.

9

OLDX EQU 4FC

In the old days, programmers used a

10

OLDY EQU 4FD

calculation method to find the starting

11
12

OLDKEY EQU 4FE
TEMP EQU ♦FF
TABHI EQU $6100

address of the line. The current method

1 *-

13

is to use a lookup table. This table con-

14

TABLO EQU 46 ICO

tains the starting address of each line of
the screen in order. The table requires

15
16

*

* NOTE: LOOKUP TABLE IS NOT INCLUDED

17

* IN THIS FILE- IT MUST BE

192 each for lo bytes and hi, or two entries

18

* BLOADED SEPARATELY.

for each line of the screen.

19

«

While it is a bit tedious to type in the

20
21

* CLEAR SCREEN

g

table, it will be used in almost any graph-

6000:

! A9 20

A* ■*

22

LDA #420

ics program you write. I would suggest

6002:

! 85 F9

23

STA DESTHI

saving a copy, either as a binary file or as

6004 :
6005:

: AA

: A9 00

24
25

TAX

LDA #400

a set of assembler data statements, then

6007:

: 85 F8

26

»^— mm w w ww ^^ ^* ^"

STA DESTLO

just patching it into future programs.

6009:

: A8

27

TAY

Rather than repeat the whole table in
all programs that require it, I shall list it

600A:
600C:
600D:

s 91 F8

: ce

i DO FB

28
29
30

CLEAR STA < DESTLO ),Y
I NY
BNE CLEAR

once here, and just refer to it in future

600F:

: E6 F9

31

INC DESTHI

programs. For a hex dump of the lookup
table, see Listing 4.

6011:
6012:

: CA

\ DO F6

32
33
34

DEX

BNE CLEAR

*

Sequential access of the screen can be

35

* ENABLE GRAPHICS

applied to Listing 3. Rather than change

36

*

the picture in interleaved fashion, we can

6014:
6017'

: 8D 50
: 8D 52

CO 37
CO 38

STA 4C050
STA 4C052

do it smoothly from top to bottom. Listing

601A:

i 8D 54

CO 39

STA 4C054

5 shows the program.

601D:

s 8D 57

CO 40

STA 4C057

The lookup table, combined with indi-

41

*

rect addressing, allows us to access any

42
43

* INITIALIZE VARIABLES

*

part of the screen selectively. If you can

6020:

! A9 13

44

LDA #413

access a specific area of the screen, and

6022:

: 85 FA

45

STA XLOC

put what you want on that area, you are a

6024:
6026'

: 85 FC
» A9 60

46
47

STA OLDX
LDA #460

good way toward full animation. Since

6028:

! 85 FB

48

STA YLOC

there are a few additional concepts need-

602 A:

: 85 FD

49

STA OLDY

ed for smooth animation, let's stick with

50

*

the byte level for the moment and look at

51
52

* ERASE /REDRAW CYCLE FOLLOWS.

* FIRST TIME THROUGH, ERASE COULD

character graphics.

53
54
55

* BE SKIPPED.

*

ERASE LDX #407 ; SHAPE HAS 8 BYTES

Cast of Characters

602C:

: A2 07

602E:

: A4 FD

56

LDY OLDY ;GET VERTICAL ADDRESS

As a first taste, get into the monitor,

6030:

: 84 FF

57

STY TEMP

clear the screen, and type the sequence

6032:

! B9 CO

61 58

ERASE 1 LDA TABLO, Y ; SET UP POINTERS

shown in Listing 6. In a slow fashion, you

6035:
6037

: 85 F8
s B9 OO

59
61 60

STA DESTLO
LDA TABHI, Y

have just performed a feat of character

603A

: 85 F9

61

STA DESTHI

graphics. That's all the computer does; it

603C

: A9 00

62

LDA #400

takes a series of bytes and puts them on

603E
6040

: A4 FC
: 91 F8

63
64

LDY OLDX ; GET HORIZONTAL LOCATION
STA ( DESTLO ),Y ; ERASE A BYTE

the screen.

6042:

: E6 FF

65

INC TEMP

w * • ^

6044

i A4 FF

66

LDY TEMP ;NEXT LINE

Listing 6.

6046:

! CO CO

67

CPY #4C0 ; CHECK FOR END OF SCREEN

6048

! FO 03

68

BEQ DRAW

2000: 18

604 A:

: CA

69

DEX

24C)0:3C

604B-

\ 10 E5

70

BPL ERASE 1

2800: 7E

71

*

2C00:5A

604D

s A2 07

72

DRAW LDX #407

3000: 5 A

604F:

i A4 FB

73

LDY YLOC

3400: 7E

6051

t 84 FF

74

STY TEMP

3BOO:24

6053:

! B9 CO

61 75

DRAW1 LDA TABLO, Y

3COO:24

6056:

i 85 F8

76

STA DESTLO

6058:
605B:

: B9 OO
: 85 F9

61 77
78

LDA TABHI,Y
STA DESTHI

The bytes come from a shape table,

605D:

' BD E6

60 79

LDA SHAPE, X ; GET A BYTE OF THE SHAPE

but it is unlike an Applesoft shape table.
The shape tables we will be using from

6060:

: A4 FA

80

LDY XLOC

6062 :
6064:

: 91 F8
i E6 FF

81
82

STA (DESTLO), Y ; PUT BYTE ON SCREEN
INC TEMP

now on are bit mapped images of the

6066:

: A4 FF

83

LDY TEMP

382

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

6068.

1 CO CO

84

CPY #*C0

desired shape. The best way to construct

606A:

i FO OB

85

BEQ READKEY

such a table, for now, is to use graph

606C:

: CA

86

DEX

paper. See Figure 1 for an example.

606D:
606F:

! 10 E4
i A5 FA

87
88

BPL DRAWl
LDA XLOC

For simple character graphics, the

6071:

85 FC

89

STA OLDX

figure is one byte wide and eight bytes

6073:

, A5 FB

90

LDA YLOC

deep. This is by no means a requirement,

6075!

• 85 FD

91
92
93
94
95

STA OLDY
*

* SHAPE HAS BEEN DRAWN.

* TIME TO CHECK KEYBOARD AND

* ADJUST LOCATION.

but will help keep things simple for the
moment. The bytes are placed sequen-
tially in a table and looked up in order.
Character graphics can be used for

6077:

AD 00 CO

96
97

*

READKEY LDA «C000 ; CHECK KEYBOARD

doing simple animation and for placing

607 A:

30 02

98

BMI FOUNDKEY ; IF MINUS, KEY HAS BEEN PRESSED

text on the graphics screen. For an intro-

607C:

A5 FE

99

LDA OLDKEY ; USE LAST VALID VALUE

duction, see Listing 7. This program

607Es
6080:

C9 CI
FO 17

100
101

FOUNDKEY CMP #*C1 jA
BEQ UP

moves a character on the screen under

6082:

C9 DA

102

CMP #SDA ; Z

keyboard control. Use A and Z to move

6084:

FO 23

103

BEQ DOWN

up and down, the arrow keys to move left

6086:
6088:

C9 88
FO 2F

104
105

CMP #*88 ;LEFT ARROW
BEQ LEFT

and right. The space bar can be used to

608A:

C9 95

106

CMP #«95 ; RIGHT ARROW

stop the motion and escape exits the

608C:

FO 37

107

BEQ RIGHT

program.

608E:

C9 AO

108

CMP #»A0 ; SPACE

The program isn't actually a pure exam-

6090:
6092:

FO 4A
C9 9B

109
110

BEQ PAUSE

CMP #*9B ; ESCAPE

ple of character graphics, since while the

6094:

FO 3F

111
112
113
114
115

BEQ GETOUT
*

* NO VALID KEY HAS BEEN FOUND
*

J MP KEYDONE

shape moves a byte at a time horizontally,

it moves a single line at a time vertically.

Try playing with the delay value to

6096:

4C DE 60

produce the smoothest image. You will

116

*

notice that the color problem created by

117

* ROUTINES TO HANDLE THE

odd and even positions is evident in this

118
119

* VARIOUS KEYBOARD ENTRIES

*

*

program. We'll look at that, go into

6099:

85 FE

120

UP STA OLDKEY

further depth on character graphics, and

609B:

C6 FB

121

DEC YLOC ;TOP IS SO USE DEC TO MOVE UP

look at other methods of screen manipu-

609D:

: A5 FB

122

LDA YLOC

lation next month.

609F:

i C9 FF

123

CMP #*FF ; CHECK FOR WRAPAROUND

M %,M, V M ^~S MM MM ^S * m %. M M M V J M M *- M M •

60A1:

i DO 3B

124

BNE KEYDONE

60A3:

! A9 BF

125

LDA #*BF

Other Stuff

60 A5

: 85 FB

126

STA YLOC

Again, I must thank those who wrote

60A7i

8 30 35

127

BMI KEYDONE ; ALWAYS TAKEN

60A9

: 85 FE

128

DOWN STA OLDKEY

with questions or comments. Due to the

60AB:

i E6 FB

129

INC YLOC

nature of magazine schedules, this article

60AD

: A5 FB

130

LDA YLOC

is being written several months before it

60AF
60B1

: C9 CO
: DO 2B

131
132

CMP #*C0
BNE KEYDONE

will be published. So, if you send a

60B3

: A9 00

133

LDA #*00

question this month, there's a chance the

60B5

: 85 FB

134

STA YLOC

answer is covered in next month's article

60B7
60B9

i FO 25
: 85 FE

135
136

BEQ KEYDONE
LEFT STA OLDKEY

which, by the time you read this, will

60BB

: C6 FA

137

DEC XLOC

already have been written. (In other

60BD

r 10 IF

138

BPL KEYDONE

words, those of us involved with this sort

60BF
60C1

: A9 27
: 85 FA

139
140

LDA #»27
STA XLOC

of temporal madness have a hard time

60C3

: DO 19

141

BNE KEYDONE

even telling what month it is.) But there

60C5

: 85 FE

142

RIGHT STA OLDKEY

are probably some things I have either

60C7

: E6 FA

143

INC XLOC

missed or glossed over, so some answers

60C9
60CB

: A5 FA
: C9 28

144
145

LDA XLOC
CMP #*28

will be appearing a bit out of order.

60CD

: DO OF

146

BNE KEYDONE

When necessary, I will devote some

60CF

: A9 00

147

LDA #*00

space to backtracking and answering

60D1
60D3,

: 85 FA
: FO 09

148
149

STA XLOC
BEQ KEYDONE

questions that reached me after the topic

60D5i

: 2C 10 CO

150

GETOUT BIT *C010

was covered. A few readers have asked

60D8:

i 8D 51 CO

151

STA *C051 ; RESTORE TEXT

about the prize given each month, won-

60DB:
60DC:

; 60

: 85 FE

152
153
154
1 55

RTS
PAUSE STA OLDKEY
* DELAY FOR A WHILE, THEN JUMP BACK

*

dering exactly what Shape Master is. In
answer, it is a program from Creative
Computing for developing shape tables.

60DE

: A9 80

156

KEYDONE LDA #*80 ; TRY DIFFERENT VALUES HERE

Several people have asked if I could

60E0
60E3

: 20 A8 FC
: 4C 2C 60

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

JSR *FCA8 ; MONITOR DELAY ROUTINE
JMP ERASE
*

* SHAPE DEFINITION FOLLOWS.

* IT IS STORED UPSIDE DOWN SINCE

* IT IS INDEXED FROM BYTE 7 TO

* BYTE 0.
*

JT mV

review the various graphics packages that
are on the market. While I appreciate
such requests, my present position pre-
cludes such work. I'm sure such areas will
be well covered by others.

Finally, you may have noticed that

60E6

: 00 41 49

165

SHAPE HE X 004 1 495D7F5D494 1

there has been no mention of Pascal or of
graphics tablets in these articles. These

I

END ASSEMBLY

—

are two areas with which I really don't

have much experience, and will again

TOTAl

_ ERRORS: <

have to leave to others.

238 1

3YTES GENERATED

THIS ASSEMBLY

That's all for this month. □

Dece

mber 1982

Creative Computing 383

r

im8ges...ibm images... ibm kn;

Stay with me now — it's time for
another time warp.

This is the Christmas issue of
Creative which you have received in
November, before Thanksgiving. I am
writing this column in late August (my
editor is holding her breath — I'm too
close to the deadline, as usual). So for
you, Christmas season is in progress
(on TV, in toy stores, etc. ) while for me,
it is pretty far off. And it's not even
Thanksgiving yet. Wait a minute, for
you it's not Thanksgiving but for me
. . . no, that's wrong, it's Christmas for
me and . . . hold it, it's ... oh forget it.

One thing is sure. It's Christmas for
IBM and everyone else in the IBM
game.

In a way, it is Christmas for me. This
month's column is dedicated to my
now-(in)famous mini-reviews of con-
sumer software, so my table is heaped
full of software of all descriptions, just
waiting to be tried. I hope this brief tour
of games and educational programs is
of some value to you. I just want you to
know that I have spent countless hours
pouring over manuals, running the
programs, and losing sleep so that you,
my faithful readers, could have the best
possible information. No sacrifice
with these games, uh, er, that is, these
consumer products, has been too great.

I have tried each of the software
packages reviewed here. Many of the
games have been reviewed in Creative
and other publications before, so I
didn't feel compelled to examine them
in detail. I have pointed out special

W. H. Fastie, 7110 Sheffield Road, Baltimore,
MD 21212. Correspondence can only be acknow-
ledged when a stamped, self-addressed envelope
has been provided. Source Address: TCP394

Will Fastie

features, if any. Please take my com-
ments as preliminary information, and
look closely before you buy.

Reference Materials

Although the IBM documentation is
very good, in many ways setting a new
standard, there is always something to
learn. I have encountered a number of
books and other sources of information
which I think might prove useful.

Books

First of all, there are the books which
have been written specifically about the
IBM Personal Computer. One of the
first is IBM's Personal Computer
(DeVoney and Summe, Que Corpora-
tion, 1982) which provides a general
look at the IBM PC. I consider this
book valuable if you are considering
the PC, but less so if you already
own one.

Another is IBM Personal Computer:
An Introduction to Programming and
Applications (Goldstein and Gold-
stein, Robert J. Brady, 1982) which is a
reasonable introduction to pro-
gramming in Basic on the PC.

The best Basic book for novices is
Elementary Basic (Ledgard and Singer,
Vintage Books, 1982). Although the
book does not specifically relate to
the IBM PC or the PC dialect of Basic,
it is an excellent learning vehicle.

Ledgard and Singer also have
Elementary Pascal, which is exactly the
same book for Pascal. That too is
excellent. Some might think the notion

of "Learning to Program Your Com-
puter In Pascal/ Basic With Sherlock
Holmes" is a little cute, but the books
are entertaining, as well as effective.
The programs that Holmes has you
writing are quite sophisticated
more than you might think should be
in an introductory text and more than
you might think you could handle, but
you will.

IBM/ PC Survivor's Manual: A
Primer for the IBM Personal Com-
puter (Mayer, Mayer Associates, 1982)
is a very light and easily read tutorial
which was written by John Mayer when
he became frustrated with the IBM
documentation. When I first read this
book I wasn't impressed, but later I
went back and tried to read it as though
I had never seen a computer before. In
that context it is quite good, defining
lingo and helping the reader find his
way through the IBM books. It has
only 35 pages, so the price of $1 1.95 is
somewhat high.

Finally, Practical Basic Programs:
IBM Personal Computer Edition
(Poole (ed.), Osborne/ McGraw-Hill,
1982) is a rewrite of a previous work.
The rewriting was primarily in the
programs, which were converted to
the IBM Basic. No games here: the
book will appeal to a business or
scientific/ technical audience. It is very
well done. You can determine its value
to you by reading the table of contents.

I have seen two VisiCalc reference
books. The first is An Introduction to
VisiCalc Matrixingfor Apple and IBM
(Anbarlian, McGraw-Hill, 1982). I
found it difficult to work with and a
little hard to read. It contains nine
matrices each for the Apple and the

384

December 1982 c Creative Computing

{

IBM PC, a total of eighteen different
models. If the models are of interest,
the book might have some value.

A more carefully considered and
constructed book is The VisiCalc
Book: Apple Edition (Beil, Rest on,
1982). Professor Beil writes that the
IBM Edition is in the works and due out
by now, as you read. I think the book
is usefu\ to any serious student of
VisiCalc and is suitable as a self-
teaching guide. This is a good one for
business users, especially because of
Chapter 11, "What Our Client, Secre-
tary, or Supervisor Needs to Know:
How Others Use Our Templates Suc-
cessfully."

For the consumer, graphics is usually
a passion. For those wishing to get all
the technical details, Fundamentals of
Interactive Computer Graphics (Foley
and Van Dam, Addison- Wesley, 1982)
is excellent. You can learn whatever
you need to learn from this book, but
be warned — it is serious stuff. A little
computer science background, with
above average math skills, is helpful.

A little less intimidating, but in-
formative nonetheless, is Micro-
computer Graphics (Myers, Addison-
Wesley Microbooks, 1982). This book
has a ton of programs, all for the Apple.
Get it anyway: the programs can be
translated to the IBM by having your
buddy with the Apple tell you what the f
peculiar statements mean. Most are
simple, like HPLOT, which can be
replaced by PSET on the IBM.

Periodicals

I really do love Creative Computing,
but it is certainly not the only place to
learn about the PC. PC: The Inde-
pendent Guide to IBM Personal
Computers is devoted to the IBM
system. The August issue was the best
so far, helped considerably by Andrew
Fluegelman. It is very slick and sexy,
but in general the content could be
better. But the ads, gad, the ads are
great. It is like Byte, except that all the
ads have something to do with the PC.

Then there is Softalk for the IBM
Personal Computer, which is just
getting started. I like Softalk, but the
IBM version has a way to go before it
matches the Apple version. Then there
is Personal Computer Age, which tries
hard but lacks editorial strength.
Finally, Dr. Dobb s Journal seems to
be carrying more content related to 16-
bit microcomputers. For technically
oriented people it is very good.

For timely information on new
product releases and what is going on
in general, the weekly newspaper
Info World is hard to beat. It also has
regular reviews of software and hard-
ware, which I have mostly come to
vrespect.

December 1982 c Creative Computing

And Now, The Reviews

Although it will probably mean that
you will run right out to your
LIBMPCD (local IBM Personal Com-
puter Dealer) to buy some of these
instead of finishing this column, 111
start the reviews with (dast I say it?)
games.

First, some ground rules. Under the
"system" entry in the profiles below, I
have included only the most basic
information, relying on your intuition
to fill in the details. I have specified
how much memory is required, how
many disk drives are required, and
which display type is needed.

The disk drive is always 160K unless
otherwise specified. Display size is
specified only when the width is mean-
ingful; an entry which says either dis-
play (that is, either the IBM mono-
chrome display, or the color/ graphics
adapter with a TV or other monitor)
means either display at either width
(80 or 40 columns). The operating
system is either IBM DOS, or is not
needed (for example, Microsoft
Decathalon loads itself from disk and
does not require DOS).

The "language" entry is purely
informational. If Basic is required, I
have only said Basic; the distinction
between Advanced Basic and Disk

Basic is unnecessary since owners of
DOS have both anyway. Simply
consult the instructions with each
product. Mention of other languages,
for example C, provides the more
technical reader with some insights into
performance. Except for Basic, you do
not need to own the language men-
tioned.

Games

Here we go. Be careful: buying too
many of these games could be danger-
ous to your financial health.

*\

creative coraparfcf r#

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Microsoft Decathalon

Type: Game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
color/ graphics display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: A classic

Price: $35

Manufacturer:

IBM Corporation

P.O. Box 1328

Boca Raton, FL 33432

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( IBM, continued...

Hal 1 way
'This is Ms. Dunbar's room,
additions indicative of Ms
•Ms. Dunbar is lying on her

T i me : 4 : I ifj
If is furnished in the usual style, with a
Dunbar's taste. The bedroom door is open,
bed.

hello ms dunbar
Ms. Dunbar nods at

you.

>ms dunbar, tell me about mr robner

Ms. Dunbar looks you in the eye. and then looks down at the ground. She
sniffles softly. "I've known him for years. He's been tremendously nervous
and depressed lately about business. I don't think all was well with his
personal life either. George has always been a problem for him. He even
mentioned suicide once, although I never took it seriously. It shows you
can never tell." She wipes her eyes with her hands.

n. close the door
Hal lway

Which door do you mean, the south door or the bedroom door

Zork.

Microsoft's Olympic Decathalon on
the Apple and TRS-80 computers is a
great game, and the IBM version is
every bit as good. One to six players
compete in the Summer Olympics
marathon of 10-events, you know, the
one that got Bruce Jenner's picture
on a million boxes of Wheaties.

Each event is shown with superb
graphics, so good that the movement
in some seems real. Of all the games
reviewed here, Decathalon was most
heavily played. My wife Sandy, who
is not overly fond of computer games,
is hooked. On two separate occasions,
guests at our home ended up in front
of the computer hurling shot, javelins,
and "themselves" through the air. The
game induced friendly competition,
and enormous fun. We discovered that
three couples could easily make an
evening of just playing this single
game.

If you buy no other game, buy
Decathalon. It's money well-spent.

I

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Zork I, Zork II

Type: Adventure game

System: 48K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display

Format: Disk

Language: Interlogic machine
language

Summary: Excellent adventures

Price: $39.95

Manufacturer:

lnfocom. Inc.
55 Wheeler St.
Cambridge, MA 02138

M

I have mentioned these games in my
column before. They are just as good
now as they were then. These are text
adventure games. The word "text
refers to the fact that graphics are not
used, so the games can be played on
either the monchrome display or a
display attached to the color/graphics
adapter. They are fun, well-written,
and challenging. Commands to the
programs are given in English sen-
tences, with the program recognizing
over 600 words.

lnfocom should have released two
new products by the time you read
this. Zork ///completes the trilogy (is
this a trilogy of trilogies guys?).
Starcross is a new game — a science
fiction adventure.

For those who want to try an
adventure but who would rather not
invest the 40 (?) or so hours that it
takes to solve all the problems, the
Zork Users Group (P.O. Box 20923,
Milwaukee, WI 53220) can help. The
group has a complete line of products
to complement the lnfocom line. Maps
are available and are a big help, and
ZUG has just recently announced
InvisiClues. These are books with
commonly asked questions about, say,
Zork I, but they also include the
answers in invisible ink. A marking
pen is included and is used to reveal
the answers. ZUG also has supplies for
Deadline (see below) and will have
similar products for Zork III and
Starcross by the time they are out.

Marshall Robner is dead. The
official report says it was suicide. But
Mr. Robner's attorney writes you, the
chief of detectives of Edindale,
Connecticut, stating that he has no

Deadline.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Deadline

Type: Mystery game

System: 48K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display

Format: Disk

Language: Interlogic machine
language

Summary: A new genre, and
excellent to boot

Price: $49.95

Manufacturer:

lnfocom, Inc.
55 Wheeler St.
Cambridge, MA 02138

reason to doubt the police report
except that Mr. Robner called him
several days earlier to change his will.
The plot thickens. Was Mr. Robner's
death a suicide? Can you prove other-
wise?

If you don't like the ordinary
adventure game, you might like this
one because it is a real situation, not
a fantastic one. I particularly like the
interaction with the characters en-
countered in the game during the
course of play. I know of no other
game that can boast such a level of
realism.

The game is hard and offers chal-
lenge. As I have said before, your
intuition will work, and you will not be
surprised by unexpected monsters.
The tradition of the Zork games is
carried in Deadline; a big vocabulary,
sentences (including compound ones),
and interaction with people in the
mystery are strong features.

386

Crec ; v^ Computing

Slynx.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Slynx and Viper

Type: Arcade-style games

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
any 80-column display

Format: Disk

Language: C

Summary: Excellent

Price: $34.95 (Slynx),
$29.95 (Viper)

Manufacturer:

Ivy Research, Incorporated

88 Yale Station

New Haven, CT 06520

I was a little skeptical about these
games at first, because I didn't think a
good arcade-style game could be
written using only the character
graphics set. I was wrong. Both these
games are challenging and fun. They
are also very fast, and you'll have a lot
of trouble getting proficient enough
to play them at the fastest level.

In both games, the object is to
collect points by "eating" them off the
screen. In Slynx, you are the snake and
you get longer as you eat the points.
You lose at Slynx whenever your head
hits the wall or your snake's body. In
Viper, the snake is the enemy, prowl-
ing around and generally making a
nuisance of itself. You lose at Viper if
the snake touches you.

The sound can be suppressed in
these games, making them suitable
for office play. Joysticks are sup-
ported. Ivy is also working on
Dungeoneer, an "interactive, full-
screen sword and sorcery adventure";
Medusa, something like the arcade
game Qix; and Cashman, a maze
game.

Temple of Apshai is quite well-
known and apparently very popular.
It is interesting because it is done with

SLYNX
SOLO

IUY Research

Version 1.1

Bounce: OFF
Level: 8
Ualue: 3

Length: 88

Score: 284

Nigh: 8

•7 pt. BONUS
Ualue: 44

Tupe CTRL END
to quit <j*jw

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Temple of Apshai

Type: Adventure game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
color/graphics display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Well-implemented,
but slow paced

Price: $39.95

Manufacturer:

Automated Simulations

P.O. Box 4247

Mountain View, CA 94040

animated graphics and sound. You
move a player through a maze of
rooms, facing dangers at every turn.
You are armed with a sword, with
which you can thrust or parry, and a
bow, with which you can shoot arrows.
Swords swish and arrows fly as you
fight spiders, skeletons, and other
monsters. All this is very well done,
and exciting, especially the first few
times you play.

1 have two negative feelings about
the game. The first is that it does not
keep me as interested as, for example,
Zork. The Apshai graphical repre-
sentation of the rooms is limited to a
display of wallsand hallways. Although

Temple of Apshai.

Room •» 3
Mounds 180 V.
Fatigue 9Z K
1*9 1 : 39

arrows : IS
9 *«•%•» : S

Total Slain

[otal si
ileal* ton

Viper.

Zork has no display, the descriptions
evoke the sophisticated picture system
called human imagination. I see more
with Zork than with Apshai. The
second is the pace of the game, which I
found very slow. Especially frustrating
was my player's fatigue level, which
seemed to rise quite rapidly. Frequent
rest stops were necessary to reduce
fatigue, slowing the progress of the
game even more.

One thing I did not like was the
necessity to have the manual on hand
at all times to provide me with addi-
tional information about the rooms
and the treasures. I thought that
information should have been avail-
able interactively from the program.

One thing I did like was the opening
dialog between you, a traveler to the
temple, and the Innkeeper, who pro-
visions you for your journey. It is very
well done, and extremely entertaining.
I found the Innkeeper's negotiating
skills very funny.

This game may be particularly
appealing to younger players who will
be attracted by the graphics. Adults
should try it first, and buy only if the
features prove interesting.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Millionaire:

The Stock Market Game

Type: Game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Complex and realistic
stock market simulation

Price: $49.95

Manufacturer:

Micro-Z Applications

22704 Ventura Blvd., Suite 141

Woodland Hills, CA 91364

December 1982 c Creative Computing

387

Outstanding computer books for

PROGRAMMER'S

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— ^^^

Programmer's Guide to CP/M R)

edited by Sol Libes

Here's an important collection of CP/M
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in Microsystems magazine. This guide
gives you an in-depth look at CP/M from
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creates the software that interfaces with
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200 pages. $10.95 ($2 P&H) ^14C

Computers for Kids

by Sally Greenwood Larsen

Computers for Kids is written for the
elementary age child who is fascinated by
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Published in four editions (Apple", Atari
TRS-80 B or Sinclair ZX81), this delightful
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Also explains how to save and load
programs, write flow charts and use

BASIC language.

Softbound. $4.95. ($1 P&H) Specify: Apple,

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Basic Computer Games

edited by David Ahl

A complete anthology of 101 favorite
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with sample runs, program listings and
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with any computer. There are games just
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200 pages, softbound. $7.95. ($1.50 P&H) «6C

More Basic Computer Games

edited by David Ahl and Steve North

84 new games to challenge you. All are
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200 pages, softbound. $7.95 ($1.50 P&H) s?6C2
TRS-80 Edition of More Basic Computer
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In this delightful full-color adventure,
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36 pages, hardbound. $8.95. ($2.00 P&H) :*12A

Getting Acquainted with Your
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This book leads the reader from the
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132 pages, soifoound. $o.95. ($2.00 P&H) ^15R

Computers in Mathematics:
A Sourcebook of Ideas

edited by David Ahl

This best-selling book contains scores
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Covers probability, problem solving,
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224 pages, softbound. $15.95. ($2 P&H) =12D

Best of Creative Computing,
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edited by David Ahl

All the articles, stories, learning
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200 contributors, from college professor
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328 pages, softbound. $8.95. ($2 P&H) =r6A

Best of Creative Computing,
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edited by David Ahl

The best features from Creative
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in education and computers and the arts.

Many puzzles and games.

336 pages, softbound. $8.95. ($2 P&H) ^6B

Best of Creative Computing,
Volume III

edited by David Ahl & Burchenal Green

Articles, fiction, games, programs and
more from Volume EI of Creative
Computing. Features on technology,
public access, educational use of
computers, medical applications and
computer music. Reviews of calculators,
games, equipment, software and books.
Many puzzles, programs and games.
336 pages, softbound. $8.95 ($2 P&H) ^12C

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Th « Best of

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r

IBM, continued...

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Stocks & Bonds

Type: Game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Simplistic stock market
simulation, but
entertaining.

Price: $25

Manufacturer:

Microcomputer Games/

Avalon Hill
45 17 Harford Rd.
Baltimore, MD 21214

Both of these games are simulations
of investment trading in the stock
market. The similarity between them
ends here.

Millionaire is a very complex game
and has obviously been put together
with much care. The simulation is
detailed, and the player can invest by
buying and selling stocks, calling and
putting options, and by borrowing
against his net worth. However, these
investment opportunities must be
earned. You begin the game as a
"novice," and by improving your net
worth advance to "speculator," "pro-
fessional," "broker," and ultimately
"millionaire" (the object of the game).
As you attain each new level you gain
new abilities.

The game is played by one player at
a time. However, the system can save
the game status for up to 14 players.
The saved games are stored by player
initials and are easily retrieved. As you
might expect, the games can be quite
long. A side-effect of the complexity is
that it takes about five minutes to set up
a new game.

Stocks & Bonds is a much simpler
game. Up to six may play at one time,
and the game moves rapidly. The simu-
lation is not complicated at all, but the

"/ like you a lot. I'm just not ready for the
sedentary life. "

number of possible combinations of
events makes detecting the playing
patterns difficult.

I recommend Stocks & Bonds for
someone looking for entertainment
and Millionaire for someone who is
serious about playing and willing to
invest the necessary time.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Lost Colony

Type: Simulation game

System: 48K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display, 80-columns

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Complex but interesting
simulation

Price: $29.95

Manufacturer:

Acorn Software Products, Inc.
634 North Carolina Ave., S.E.
Washington, D.C. 20003

Lost Colony is a simulation of a
population of humans stranded on a
planet far from Earth. You have been
elected the "economic manager" and
given the primary responsibility forthe
development of the planet. It is up to
you to juggle all the resources and try
to keep the standard of living, and the
population's morale, up.

It is a tough job, though, and a
careful balance and even hand are

Lost Colony.
required. And you must balance your
time too, because the game can be very
long. Games can be saved; the saved
game always has the same name so dif-
ferent saved games require different
disks.

The game is primarily a text game,
but a map of the colony can be dis-
played on either a graphics display or
on the standard IBM monochrome
display. The screen image shown here
was derived from the monochrome.

All in all, the Lost Colony is a good
simulation that will require thoughtful
play to master.

creative GompatiRg

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Casino Blackjack

Type: Game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
color/graphics display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Very good, with minor
deficiencies

Price: $24.95

Manufacturer:

Survey Systems, Inc.
7507 Princeton Ave.
College Park, MD 20740

Casino Blackjack.

There are quite a few Blackjack
games on the IBM PC market already. I
don't understand this, but maybe that's
because I'm not a high roller. Both of
the game collections reviewed here
(see following profiles) include Black-
jack, and there are at least four other
versions which I have seen advertised
but have not tried. My friend Rich even
wrote himself a version as one of the
very first programs written on his PC.

Casino Blackjack is a pretty good
version, and may be the package to
buy for someone who wants to learn all
the details of the game. The documen-
tation claims that the program simu-
lates casino rules "exactly," something
I can't verify. It comes set to play by
Atlantic City rules, but all the para-
meters can be adjusted to whatever
casino rules might be more interesting
to you.

What's really interesting about this
version, however, is its ability to show
you the odds of a hit or stand decision,
to show you the cards remaining in the
deck, and to keep count of the cards to
assist you in learning how to become
a "counter."

My play of this version was pretty
simple, and since I am not interested in
learning a technique which will get me
thrown out of any casino inthe world, I
didn't examine the advanced features
at any great length. My only criticism

390

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

IBM, continued...

of the game is its requirement for a
graphics display, since the versions
from the packages below did very
nicely on the monochrome display. I
found Survey's graphics a little hard to
read, especially in black and white.

>v

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Games Package I

Type: Game set

System: 48K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Good games; extra-
ordinary value

Price: $29.95

Manufacturer:

Ensign Software

23 12 N. Cole Rd., Suite E

Boise, ID 83704

This package is a great buy. The
games included are Qubic (three-
dimensional Tic-Tac-Toe), Othello,
Kingdom, Cribbage (!), Black Box,
Space Trek, Blackjack, Mastermind,
and two facts quizzes, Americans and
Presidents.

I PL»V A 8t • SUM 8 PTS

SCORE. VOU 19 PTS
IBM 5 PTS

YOUR DEAL AW YOUR CRIB

YOUR CARDS:

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Cribbage.

V

I love Cribbage, which is a card
game, and 1 played quite a few of the
games. The program plays quite well,
as it won a majority of games against a
very good player (me!). I found it to be a
little slow, but not intolerable. The
representation of the play is very well
done.

Space Trek is a pretty good version
of the Star Trek game. The display is
clean and the game is smooth. Black-
jack play is represented very nicely,
perhaps better than the others I have
seen. I didn't like the display of Qubic,
since it is hard to see diagonals. Black
Box, a game in which you must locate
invisible objects in a box by shooting
rays in and seeing where they come out,
was very nicely done. Othello was a
little slow, and since I won with my
limited experience, 1 assume the game

could be better. Other players (I do try
to get other opinions) say they liked it.
These games share one thing in
common: they are very well engineered
and are mostly idiot proof. A menu is
included from which each game can be
invoked, and the menu returns at the
end of each game. The instructions are
clear and the human factors are above
average.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: FriendlyWare: P.C.
Introductory Set

Type: Game Set (and more)

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display, 80-columns

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: A lot of programs,
medium quality

Price: $49.95

Manufacturer:

FriendlySoft, Inc.
213 Pebblebrook
Arlington, TX 76014

My reaction to this package is mixed.
Of all the games, my favorite was
Dominoes, which was surprisingly
good with a very satisfactory screen
display. The FriendlySoft versions of
games which I have tried in other
packages, such as Othello or Blackjack,
were not as good as their competitors.
None of the included games were
action games, although there was some
limited animation in Sea Battle.

The only other game in the package
that I had real fun with was Match, a
version of the Concentration television
game show. The game was a very faith-
ful recreation of the TV version, and
summoned up visions of Hugh Downs
and the famous clacking gameboard.
In fact, the computer display looks just
like the TV board.

The strength of the product lies else-
where, it turns out, in the program
called "Introduction to Computers. "

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Dominoes.

This is an on-line tutorial, paralleled
by the manual, that describes how the
PC works and provides some history of
computing. The best part is "Anatomy
of a Program'Mn which Friendly Ware's
version of Mastermind is dissected and
explained.

I would have rather settled for fewer
programs (there are 25 on three disks)
but better versions of those included.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Programs #1: Nine

Programs for the IBM
Personal Computer

Type: Programs for personal use

System: 48K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display (some games
require graphics)

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: You can probably write
them yourself.

Price: $19.95 ($2 shipping)

Manufacturer:

Pittsburg Computer Exchange
112 Marble Dr.
Bridgeville, PA 15017

This package of games loses out by
comparison with Ensign's Games
Package I. The nine programs (IRA
calculator. Math Practice, Guess the
Number, Target Practice, Sketch Pad,
Mortar and Tank, Box Game, Gas
MPG Comparison, and RaceCars)are
not of professional quality. Only one
game. Mortar and Tank, held my
interest for any length of time, and I was
still frustrated by the way in which the
game worked. I suppose my biggest
objection to the set is the fact that all
the programs could be written in short
order by a relatively inexperienced
programmer, and I don't like to spend
money when that's the case.

The package was out early in the life
of the PC, and perhaps it was hasty. I
have not seen any other products from
the same manufacturer.

C*»Uib. Lnrm, tank oooroochiM* "•£•**«* >*•*»:, _
Mm! rwar io ■» sot it for' <3a» 3IW VorJs)' I

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Mortar and Tank.

December 1982 c Creative Computing

391

f

IBM, continued...

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Andromeda Conquest
Type: Game

System: 48K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Interesting, but difficult
to understand and play
Price: $25

Manufacturer:

Microcomputer Games/

Avalon Hill
4517 Harford Rd.
Baltimore, MD 21214

* *

*» «

Pro I* Readout

Hfr X

6
3

System

Lite: Hunanoid
Tech : 6

Pliability : IS

Defenses : 21

Resources : 10

Colony Cost: 18

Operational
Space Fleets

F:»l N: 8 E: l R: 3

l:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:

Tactical
Strategic

Attack
Probe

Navigation
Join Fleets

Andromeda Conquest.

You must take these comments with
a grain of salt. I can't believe the game
is as difficult to play as I found it, and I
think maybe I have a blind spot. I just
couldn't get going, couldn't understand
the instructions, and couldn't see the
point. However, Avalon Hill has built
the game for TRS-80, Atari, Apple,
and Pet, and I can't believe they would
have bothered with the PC version if
the game hadn't been popular.

My main problem was figuring out
how the game worked. I really got
twisted up, and since I couldn't
immediately see the effect my moves
were having, I wasn't getting the feed-
back needed to learn the game. I also

Mind: 3.7 <=

LAST SNOT -7.9

f

Left

Total
Points

Hill 69.8 -7.9

One Person Cane: Fa Ik lands

* <&<<<<<<<<$ ^

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Hill's shot • 2

Power?

Projectile.

thought that there was not enough
information on the screen, or at least
available on-line.

You might want to check with some-
one you know who has the game and is
familiar with it. They can help you
decide if the game is worth the invest-
ment. The fact that I couldn't get the
hang of it is no indictment.

I love Projectile. I played against
Rich and he likes it too.

The game is simple. A very pretty dis-
play, considering it uses only the
character graphics set, is drawn show-
ing terrain (which varies from game to
game), cities, and combatants. You
must specify the power of your shot,
and the angle of your cannon. You must
consider the wind, which varies in
intensity and direction; the terrain,
which may includeamountainorvalley
or two; and the location of cities, which
result in penalties if hit. The object is to
obliterate your opponent (the game is
considerably less violent than these
words make it seem).

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Projectile

Type: Game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display, 80-columns

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Excellent game; very
entertaining

Price: $20

Manufacturer:

KK Games
251-DQuinby Rd.
Rochester, NY 14623

P-^Qa^Q

aa

"...so it only stands to reason that if the same thousand chickens pecked on keypunches for a thousand
years that one of them would end up working for IBM. "

The program loading instructions
are on the disk label, and the operating
instructions are provided by the pro-
gram. It is very easy to use and very
smooth in operation. You can play
against an opponent or by yourself.

Although simple, the game is very
entertaining. There are many little
features that are very well done. The
only improvement I could think of was
a better way to select the force and
angle of shot so that a non-reading
child could play. My son likesthe looks
of the game, but can't play it yet. This
is adifficult problem tosolveforagame
which uses only the charactergraphics.

I found Podlaserium to be addictive
in the extreme. I think the concept is
good, although once you understand a
few principles of the game, you can
develop a strategy that will maximize
points provided luck is with you. That
is the essence of the problem, in that the
winning strategy doesn't always win.

392

December 1982 tc Creative Computing

creative GontpatiRtf

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Podlaserium

Type: Game

System: 64K IBM, PC, disk drive,
either display, 80-columns

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Addictive

Price: $34.95

Manufacturer:

DP Computer Services Co.
5019 North Washington Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22205

"Pods" appear at random in the sky
above you. You have one laser cannon
at the bottom of the screen, a supply of
shots, and fuel to move the cannon
from side to side. The cannon will also
wrap from right to left and vice versa, a
fact not mentioned in the instructions.
As the pods appear, you shoot them.
Each 1000 points earns you additional
fuel and each 2000 points earns you
more shots. The game is over when
either fuel orammunitionisexhausted.

The pods have different values: 10,
50, 100, or 300 points. Since you have
about 40 shots initially, it is obvious
that shooting at 10-point targets won't
ever earn you an ammunition bonus.
So the trick is to get the high scoring
targets at all times, leaving the other
pods in place. Ifthegamedoes not offer
sufficient high-value targets, you are
stuck. In addition, it is critically
important to make every shot count. A
missed shot reduces significantly your
chance of attaining a high score.

Of all the games 1 tested, I had the
most objections to this one even though

1 played it a lot. 1 found it slow, and
somewhat tedious. There were too
many questions to answer between
games, making getting to the next
game an annoying experience. Upper
case input is required. The use of the
F7, F9, and F10 keys is preposterous,
although .left-handed players might
like it. The end game processing, in
which the game subtracts remaining

pods from your score, takes 90 seconds
far too long (I used the BREAK key
and restarted the program to avoid this
phase, even though it meant losing the
ability to store high scores).

The game requires a password to
operate. The purchaser must call the
company to obtain the password for his
version. I understand the motive, but
consumer products can't really work
that way.

creative GomputAng

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: CompuCube

Type: Game

System: 48K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
color/graphics display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Very good Rubik's Cube
program that can solve
a scrambled cube

Price: $29.95

Manufacturer:

Stoneware, Incorporated

50 Belvedere St.

San Rafael, C A 9490 1

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Polycube

Type: Game

System: 48K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
color/ graphics display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Fast cube program with
seven cube sizes

Price: $26.95

Manufacturer:

Linear Aesthetic Systems

P.O. Box 23

West Cornwall, CT 06796

These two programs enable you to
manipulate Rubik's Cube. Compu-
Cube is the more sophisticated of the
two because it also will solve a

COMMAND ?

Polycube.

scrambled cube that you set up. It can-
not be fooled — an impossible cube
configuration will be identified assuch.
The program allows either 2x2 or 3x3
cubes to be manipulated.

The biggest problem with the pro-
gram is that each move is displayed
rather slowly. The entire screen is
cleared and the cube is redrawn.
CompuCube also displays the back-
side of the cube, a nice feature that
sometimes can also induce some con-
fusion.

Polycube allows cubes from Ixl to
7x7. The display is very fast as only the
faces that change after a move are redis-
played. The back of the cube is not
visible.

Polycube is for those wishing to have
a computerized version of the cube, and
more sizes than the physical game
device allows. CompuCube is for those
wishing to have the computer solve the
puzzle from any starting point. This is
the strongest feature of CompuCube:
it can show you, step by step, how to
solve a cube you set up.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Galaxy Master

Type: Arcade game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display, 80-columns

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Reasonable concept,
but too slow

Price: $29.95

Manufacturer:

Info-Pros, Inc.

2102 Business Center Dr.

Suite 132

Irvine, CA 92715

Podlaserium.

CompuCube.

In Galaxy Master you control a ship
which can move anywhere on the
screen with its laser pointing toward the
top at all times. Enemy ships move
across the screen from right to left and
will file on you if they get too close.
The object is to score as many points as
possible without getting destroyed.

December 1982 ® Creative Computing

393

f

IBM, continued...

I would have enjoyed the game more
if it ran faster. I think this is one game
that could benefit from the Basic
Compiler. The main problem is that
keystrokes don't necessarily take effect
the instant you make them. They are
stored by the PC keyboard buffer, and
Basic sees them when it gets around to
it. This creates the situation in which
you are directly under the enemy ship
and you hitthe fire key, only todiscover
that the program is not listeningtoyou.
Result: you are zapped, but left
wondering how it could have been
avoided. The answer is to fire before
the target is actually in front of you.
Torpedoes also suffer from the slow-
ness of the game it is tough to learn
when they should be fired.

Unless the game becomes more
responsi ve in a future version, it is hard
to recommend.

"N

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Football Predictor

Type: Serious game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: For those interested in
predicting game
outcomes

Price: $39.95

Manufacturer:

C&C Software

3 1 6 Nancy Lynn Cr., Suite 26-B

Knoxville, TN 37919

I haven't had time to really try this
program, and I list it here only because
by the time you read this it will be well
into the football season. The program
runs smoothly, asking clear questions
about the information it wants. It pro-
vides a simple answer: which of two
teams will win, and by what score.

The only problem I have with this
game is that it cannot save data, so you
must manually record all the data and
re-enter it each time. The program
admits to real value only after four or
so weeks worth of information has
been collected. Once the data isentered,
the program compiles the statistical
result.

Educational Products

IBM has been the most aggressive so
far in the announcement of products
for the education market. Of the six
packages I have, four came from IBM
and a fifth from IBM subsidiary, SRA
(Science Research Associates). Actu-
ally, three of the four IBM offerings
were also written by SRA. Here they
are.

Fact Track.

H

ENTER
PASSWORD -
HAVE A CANAPE-
ENTER DATA-
HAVE A DRINK-
VALIDATE
DATA.

I can say with some authority that
this is an excellent product. I tried it
myself for a while, but the acid test
came when I took my computer to my
son's school for a demonstration. The
class was pre-first, in between kinder-
garten and first grade. The children
have some reading skills, and all know
their numbers. They have some ability
to add and subtract small numbers, so
Fact Track was not beyond their
abilities.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Fact Track

Type: Educational game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
color/graphics display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Excellent arithmetic
facts teaching game

Price: $90

Manufacturer:
IBM/SRA
P.O. Box 1328
Boca Raton, FL 33432

What amazed me was the readiness
with which the kids played at the drill.
They really liked it, and those who
played again improved. The program is
very well-written and extraordinarily
well-engineered. I think the part that
shows each kid the score for the round
by running a flag proportionally up the
flagpole both amused them and gave
them a competitive objective.

I did not have the time to try all the
game options on that class, but my son
has tried several of them, and he is
willing to play for quite reasonable
amounts oftime,consideringthat there
are no space ships or monsters.

Both of these game sets include two

"Now that's my idea of a user-friendly' system!"

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Arithmetic Games (Set 1
and Set 2)

Type: Educational game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
color/graphics display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Excellent arithmetic
facts teaching game

Price: $60 each

Manufacturer:
IBM/SRA
P.O. Box 1328
Boca Raton, FL 33432

394

December 1982 c Creative Computing

1

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P»*« s s ENT ER

Arithmetic Games.

games. I liked Set 1, with Beano and
Rockets, best.

Both sets have the same objective.
They try to teach arithmetic relation-
ships in an entertaining fashion. I'll use
Beano as an example.

Beano is a Bingo-like game. The
computer issues you a card with a 5x5
grid and numbers in each square of the
grid. Some of the squares are marked
FREE and have no number; the level of
the game being played determines how
many free spaces are given. The com-
puter then rolls the dice for the player.
The numbers from the dice must be
used to write a formula that will yield
one of the numbers showing on the
card. If such a formula can be built, a
"bean" is placed on that square. The
object is to get a row of beans in any
direction.

The formulas can include addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and divi-
sion, and parentheses can be used to
force a desired order of evaluation.
Simply stated, these games teach
"How can I put these numbers together
to get a result that will help me win?"

A single player can play against the
computer or two players can compete.
There are different levels of play; 1
found that the hardest level for me
against the easiest level for Josh (age
6) was fair — he won.

As with Fact Track these games are
well-written and well-engineered.

V

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Cross Clues (Set 1)

Type: Word game

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Original word game

requiring fast thinking

Price: $29.95

Manufacturer:

Science Research Assoc, Inc.
155 North Wacker Dr.
Chicago, I L 60606

IIW :17i

Try a moi>4 guess.
Mhrr* dots th» «ord
start? Set the arrows

so thry point to tkr
first square.

Use * H t

Cross Clues.

SRA is marketing this one on their
own, unlike the products they did for
their parent which then carried the
IBM logo. Cross Clues is also available
for the Apple, which may account for
the difference in marketing strategy.

I think the game is interesting, but it
received mixed reactions from my wife
and our guests one evening. The game
can be very tough, and you play against
the clock (as well as an opponent). The
object is to find as many of the wordsas
possible and achieve the highest pos-
sible score while doing so.

The game displays a grid much like a
crossword puzzle. You must randomly
guess letters to get started, as there
are no crossword puzzle clues.
As you get letters, and then words,
those letters showing on the board
begin to provide clues about sub-
sequent words. As you succeed or fail,
you also provide information to your
opponent, so some strategizing is
necessary.

Fifty different sets of words are pro-
vided, and any game can be called up
randomly. A chart is provided in the
instructions so you can keep track of
which sets you have played.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: Typing Tutor

Type: Educational product

System: 48K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Microsoft's famous
program for the IBM

Price: $25

Manufacturer:

IBM/ Microsoft

P.O. Box 1328

Boca Raton, FL 33432

I can keep this one short. Typing
Tutor has been reviewed many times,
and always favorably. All I'll say about
the IBM version and my use of it is that
I am very impressed.

creative computing

SOFTWARE PROFILE

Name: The Speed Reader

Type: Educational product

System: 64K IBM/ PC, disk drive,
either display

Format: Disk

Language: Basic

Summary: Learn to speed read
by computer

Price: $74.95

Manufacturer:

Davidson and Associates
6069GoveoakPl.,#14
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274

The Speed Reader is a product that
allows you to learn to speed read with
your IBM PC. It includes all the fea-
tures I remember from my speed read-
ing course, and provides excellent eye
movement exercises (eye movement
is critical for speed reading). The
product is a combination of the soft-
ware programs on the disk and the pro-
gram of study in the manual. Follow-
ing the program carefully, in the order
prescribed by the manual, should result
in the improvement of your reading
speed with no loss of comprehension.

I think the program is well-en-
gineered and will be a very satisfactory
investment for someone wanting to
improve his reading skills. It is less
expensive than a course and has the
advantage of allowing you to work at
your pace with an instructor who will
not tire.

The program is also available for
Apple Computers.

That's it. Next month, more games,
home financial programs, and more.
Til then, Merry Christmas (or is it
Happy Thanksgiving?). □

"This machine is guaranteed for ten thousand
operations or until it malfunctions, whichever
comes first.*'

December 1982 e Creative Computing

395

3EK

Greg Yob

Personal
Electronic

Transections

I am happy to hear from you, and encourage
your correspondence. I will try to acknowledge
all correspondence, and a SASE makes things
easier for both of us. Please send your letters
to "Personal Electronic Transactions" c/o PO
Box 354, Palo Alto, CA 94301.

Well, this is the Christmas issue of our
favorite magazine, so I thought I would
help the VICfolk in finding appropriate
holiday gifts. I did NOT realize what I
was getting into— I found over 55 manu-
facturers and eventually looked at over
200 products. That's right, this column
has 200 products listed and evaluated for
your purchasing pleasure . Doing this took
nearly a man-month of my time, so this
folly will not be repeated.

First, some comments concerning the
evaluations. A fair and complete evalua-
tion of each product was impossible to
do. Instead, I took a brief look at each
product and used it for a few minutes. In
most cases this was enough to assign a
Stars rating to the item— my six years in
the PET world has acquainted me with
most of the varieties of software, so
getting the 'feel' of a product by taking a
brief look is more accurate than you
might think.

The Stars ratings work about like this:

6 Stars: This is an incredibly well done
and superb product. If you have any
interest at all, get it.

5 Stars: This is a well done product.
You will enjoy its use and the style is
good also, so understanding it is not a
problem.

4 Stars: A solid product though it could
be improved.

3 Stars: This will do the job and is quite
adequate. In some cases the product is
good, but not very interesting.

2 Stars: This product works ok, but
there's no reason to get it unless it fits
your needs.

1 Star: Either the idea is poor, the
execution shows a total lack of style or
knowledge of the VIC, or the product has
serious bugs or shortcomings. Use only if
you are desperate.

No stars: Hopelessly bad or has cat-
astophic bugs.

Now, I am not an objective reviewer.
In fact, my 'hidden agenda' is probably
longer than yours. I can describe a few
prejudices, so here goes: First, the VIC is
a small machine, and many applications,
particularly business and education are
very, very hard to do on an unexpanded
VIC. That's why the cartridges and pro-
grams requiring memory expansion tend
to do better. In fact, education is the
hardest area to do good software for, and
business is the second hardest area.
Games lie in the middle and physical
hardware is also medium in difficulty.

Third, I look for style, creativity and
usefulness. A product that is adequate
tends not to be seen, and you will find
these at two and three stars. If a product
does not really use the VIC's facilities, I
get bored. Fourth, I am intolerant of poor
or boring programs being fobbed off as
educational or business applications and

396

will not accept the excuse that," well, It's
for children."

Lack of space prevents me from giving
any mini-reviews of the top 20 products
—doing so would double the length of
this column. However, here are a few
notes to consider while browsing through
the lists:

1. If two products in the same category
have the same number of stars, the pro-
duct listed first is somewhat better. For
example I consider Chomper better than
Trashman in Figure 1.

2. 8K RAM refers to having the 3K or
8K expansion cartridge mounted in the
VIC. Some programs will require one or
the other specifically. If it is a business
program, the 8K or 16K or 24K will suf-
fice.

3. Get a joystick.

4. Read the Manufacturer's Code care-
fully. The Manufacturer's List is arranged
in the order of the Codes which is not
quite alphabetic.

5. Astroblitz is far and away the best
cartridge game. It requires a joystick.

6. Vic Forth is the FORTH language,
which is for those involved in program-
ming work. FORTH is fascinating, \>u\
not for the casual user.

7. Chomper, Snakman and Trashman
are variations on Pac-Man.

8. The VIE and Promqueen are for
really serious VIC users.

9. If you buy something based on these
lists, let me know how it all came out for
you.

December 1982 c Creative Computing

r

™\

Figure I. The Top 20 VIC Products.

Rank Stars Product Name

1 ******

jL- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

3 *****

4 *****
^j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

o "*¥ II

7 *****

8 *****

9 *****

10 *****

11 *****

12 *****

Jl •^^' ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^

14 *****

X t-J ^ ^ ^ ^ v

16 * * * *

17 ****

18 ****

19 ****

20 * * * *

Astroblitz

VIC Forth

Alphacom Printer

Defender on Tri

Chomper

Tr ashman

Hopper

Snakman

VIE (IEEE-488)

PromQueen

Terminal 40

Public Domain Vic

HesWri ter

BUT I

VIC Carrying Case

Sof tpedal

Printor

Ex pan dor

Turtle Graphics

Typing Tutor

*
*
%
%

Price

* 46.95
% 59.95
*2 1 9 . 00

* 12.95
12.95
46.95
12.00
24.95

* 79.95
♦174.50

* 29.95

* 10.00

* 39.85

* 34.95

* 89.95
*145. 00

* 49.95

* 59.95

* 39.95

* 9.95

Manufacturer

Type

CSW Game Cartridge

HES FORTH in Cartridge

ALP 40 col Printer

NUF Game Tape

RAC Game Tape

CSW Game Cartridge

DES Game Tape

MDG Game Tape

MCS Interface Cartridge

GCB Development Cartridge

MMA Terminal Tape

PUD 80 Progs on Tape

HES Wordproc Cartridge

UMI Utility Cartridge

CAY VIC Suitcase

PAC Exercycle system

UMI RS 232 Interface

PTI 3 Slot Motherboard

HES Turtle Cartridge

ACS Educational Tape

Figure 2A. Cartridges.

VIC Cartridges - Games and Entertainment

Rating Product Name

Description of Product

Needs

Price

$ 46.95

HUM Astroblitz Joystick required

An excellent arcade gate sinlar to 'Defender'
Mflt Trashian Joystick optional % 46.95

Variation of PacNan using garbage trucks It big California flies
till Aggressor Joystick optional % 39.95

Siiilar to 'Defender' arcade gaie
llll Sargon II Joystick optional % 39.95

Plays chess on the VIC - reasonably well
llll Black Hole Joystick optional % 46.95

Shoot down debris near a Black Hole without falling in
llll Satellites It Meteorites Joystick optional % 49.95

Like asteroids with lore interesting goodies to shoot at
llll Renaissance Joystick optional t 49.95

Plays a hard gate of Othello, choice of level of play
llll Cloudburst Joystick optional $ 39.95

Destroy nasty stuff falling froi clouds before they zap you
llll Radar Rat Race Joystick optional % 29.95

Hove a louse thru a laze, eat cheese, avoid cats and rats
III Super Alien Joystick optional % 29.95

6o about a laze and trap aliens
III VIC Avenger Joystick optional % 29.95

Space Invaders in color for the VIC
III Jupiter Lander Joystick optional $ 29.95

Like Lunar Lander with sote extensions
II Road Race % 29.95

Like the 'Night Driver' arcade gate but not as good
II Poker * 29.95

Plays 5 card draw poker with liiited betting options
I SuperSlot Joystick optional % 29.95

Simulates a Slot Hachine - All you do is pull the handle

Mfr.
Code

CSW

CSH
HES
CSJ
CSH
UHI
UNI
UHI
CBH
CSJ
CBH
CSJ
CBH
CBH
CBH

SRA Educational
Courseware:
Because learning

«.<.

99

matters

Computer Drill and Instruction: Fart
Track™ (Grades 1-6)
For your Apple*, Atari*, IBM* and Radio
Shack* personal computers.

Fact Track gives timed drill on the facts
of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division and reports student speed and
performance. Choice of difficulty level.
Choice of competitive or noncompetitive
format. Choice of drill type: facts, mixed
practice with facts, extension skills. Bin-
der with Diskette and Teacher Guide,
$100.00.

*Reftisl«Tf<t trademark*.

□ Yes! I want Fact Track!

Please contact me immediately.

f~) Send me literature about Fact Track.

Name

School

Address

City, State, Zip.
Telephone

For faster service, call SRA toll-free

<800> 621-0476
Or mail this coupon to:

SRA

I <D

J

SCIENCE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES. IV*

155 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago, \\ 0O0O0

CIRCLE 334 ON READER SERVICE CARD

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

397

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Disks
with maximum quality.

Dealer inquiries
invited. GO.D's
accepted. Call
FREE (800) 235-4137.

a

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis
San Luis Obispo. CA 93401.
In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or
(805)543-1037.

CIRCLE 262 ON READER SERVICE CARD

DAISY WHEEL

TYPEWRITER/PRINTER

SMITH CORONA® ULTRASONIC™

Use with CBM®, PET®, APPLE®. VIC®.

ATARI®. TRS-80®. OSBORNE-1®, IBM®
Excellent typewriter with automatic lift-off
correction; changeable daisy print wheels

only $4.05; 120 words per minute. Uses
same print mechanism as Smith-Corona®

TP-1 T ". Rugged carrying case included.

TP-1 TEXT PRINTER $599.00
CENTRONICS PARALLEL

Business Machine Consultants

Mail.ng address:

1 735 N. Broadway - Walnut Creek. Ca 94596

415-930-9600

CIRCLE 131 ON READER SERVICE CARD

SOFTWARE

FOR

TRS-80I+

PEDESTRIAN

CRASH-OUT

LEMI

ADDRESS FILER
FINANCE
MATH SKILLS

MORE SOFTWARE AVAILABLE
SOON FOR THE TRS-80 AND
SINCLAIR ZX81.

WRITE FOR YOUR FREE
CATALOGUE TO:

_____ DDL SOFTWARE, INC.
■ B5 «£2QL PO BOX 116

WESTTOWN, PA. 19395

TRS-80 IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE
TANDY CORP SINCLAIR ZX81 IS A REGISTERED
TRADEMARK OF SINCLAIR RESEARCH, LTD

CIRCLE 176 ON READER SERVICE CARD

PET/VIC, continued...

VIC Cartridges - Programming Tools

Rating Product Name

Description of Product

"\

Needs

Price

Mfr.
Code

HtMl VIC FORTH $ 59.95 HES

A complete FORTH with VIC extensions

mtl BUT I See Note $ 34.95 UHI

This is a 'Programmer's Toolkit' with some nice extensions

Note: This is a RON chip only - you have to lount it in a socket at

$A000. UN's socket cartridge goes for $ 29.95

III! HESHON $ 39.95 HES

Monitor & debugging tools for machine language - like 'extratoa'

lilt Super Expander $ 69.95 CSJ

Adds 3K RAN plus sound & graphics commands to BASIC

mi Prograuer's Aid $ 59.95 CSJ

'Programmer's Toolkit' for the VIC

III Machine Language Monitor $ 59.95 CSJ

ML Monitor - a bit overpriced - see HESHON which does lore

VIC Cartridges-Miscellaneous

Rating Product Name

Description of Product

Needs

lllll HESNRITER printer

A surprisingly complete word processing cartridge

Mfr.
Price Code

$ 39.95 HES

llll Turtle Graphics $ 39.95 HES

Gives a 'turtle languge' for VIC. Not the L060 standard turtle

III Hole Attack Joystick optional $ 29.95 CSJ

An educational game for children - helps hand-eye coordination

Figure 2B. Hardware.

VIC Hardware - Peripheral Devices

Rating Product Name

Description of Product

Needs

Price

lllll

III

III

III

III

III
II

AlphaCom VIC Printer $219.00

Low cost fast 40 column thermal printer with full VIC graphics
Commodore Datasette

Tape cassette drive for VIC
Commodore Joystick

Your standard joystick
Commodore Paddles

Two game paddles for joystick port
VicHodem

Hodem plugs into User Port and Nodular phone handset

(Uses VICTerm 1 software which comes with modem)
VIC 1540 Single Disk Drive

Disk drive uses CBN 4040 format
Vic Light Pen

$ 75.00

$ 9.95
$ 19.95
$109.95

Mfr.
Code

ALP
CSJ
CBN
CSJ
CSJ

$599.00 CBN

$ 39.95 SKY

Light Pen & demo programs - I find light pens a bit flakey to use

VIC Hardware - Bus Expansion Boards

Rating Product Name Needs

Description of Product

llll CardBoard

6 slot expansion with select switches for 2 blocks

Note: NO protection of traces from paperclips, etc
llll Expandor

3 slot expansion board with switches for each slot
III Hini Nother

A no-frills 3 slot expansion board

Mfr.
Price Code

$139.95 CAR

$ 59.95 PTI
$ 69.95 QDI

398

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Mfr.
Code

N

Rating Product Name Needs Price

Description of Product

III 3 Slot Nini -Mother

A no-frills 3 slot expansion board with plastic cover
III The Prograwer * 69. M

A no-frills 3 slot expansion coated with black paint insulation
II Expansion Mother Board * 39.95 SLA

3 slot expansion - hard to insert but certainly inexpensive It has

solder task over traces

$ 69.95 DES

PAR

VIC Hardware -Memory Expansion Cartridges
Rating Product Name Needs

Price

Mfr.
Code

Description of Product

llll

Illl

llll

III

III

$145.00 NCS

$169.95 SLA

24K RAH

24K rat cartridge
24K Hetory Expansion

24K rat - has low power consutption
VIH-16 by Microtek $129.95 SKY

16K tetory expansion with address switches t ROH/EPROff insertability
VIC 16K Hetory Expander Cartridge $109.95 SKY

16K rat cartridge - hard to get inside to address snitches
VIC 3K Hetory Expander * 39.95 SKY

Hany, tany gates tapes dislike this cartridge

VIC Hardware - RS-232 Interfaces

Product Name
Description of Product

Needs

Price

Mfr.
Code

llll
llll
II

I

I

Print or $ 49.95 QDI

True RS 232 levels, good instructions
RS232C Tertinal Interface $ 49.95 CSJ

True RS 232 levels in this interface by Cottodore
V232 * 45.00 NCS

True RS232 levels, but no protection frot shorts and tounting of sote

cotponents tay lead to breakage
HDH-1 * 62.00 RVR

Tmo plugs for todet It printer. TTL levels only. Internal construction

is very shoddy It hard to repair
HOH-2 $ 31.00 RVR

One plug for todet. TTL levels only. This is a kit * if you buy the

assetbled version it is put together with sote IC pins not soldered.

Mfr.
Code

VIC Hardware - Unique Items

Rating Product Name Needs Price

Description of Product

t$m VIE * 79.95 HCS

Cartridge which provides a true IEEE-488 interface. This lets the
VIC connect to any standard PET/CBH peripheral. Very handy for VIC
product developtent people

Ulll Protqueen $174.50 BCB

Eprot burner with 4K rat It eprot with burn code It hex editor
Note: 4K rat allows access by external cpu for etulation It developtent work

llll 40/80 Video Cotbo Package $299.95 QDI

16K rat plus 40 fc 80 colutn video converter
Note: Video is black It white. In 80 col tode you need a tonitor
Display is 24 lines high, not 25 as in PET/CBH

llll HESCOH Standard PET/CBH $ 49.95 HES

A cable to connect VIC User Port to PET/CBH User Port and software
to handshake data between the two. Useful for developing VIC prograts
when your best tools are on your PET.

llll A/D/A - Converter $129.95 HUE

8 channel 8 bit A/D, 1 channel 8 bit D/A on 0-5v range
Software driven SAR/cotparator for A/D

This remarkable book
shows you • . .

• How to professionally prepare
news releases and articles so they
will be accepted by the media.

• How to develop your mailing
lists.

• How to work with the news
media.

• How to measure the effectiveness
of your publicity

• Dozens of ways to secure
additional publicity at nominal
cost.

• Over 600 outlets for free publicity
and reference to thousands of
additional sources.

In this comprehensive publicity guide.
Harry Barber eliminates the mystique ol
"tree publicity" shows you in detailed,
step-by-step procedures, how and where to
get it all the tree publicity you'll ever
want for yourself or your organization.

How To Steal A Million $ In Free Public-
ity is the ideal reference guide tor business
owners, corporate executives, political
groups, non-profit organizations, and
individuals in all walks of life.

About the author —

Nationally prominent advertising and
public relations executive. Harry Barber,
gives it to you straight in his latest book.

The author has developed hundreds of
publicity campaigns in conjunction with
screen and television personalities. US
Astronauts, USAC Racing, major corpo-
rations, and private individuals.

Only $14.95 postpaid
SATISFACTION GUARANTEED/

Success Sellers

Publishers & Booksellers
P.O. Box 16801
Irvine, CA 92713

Please rush me a copy of Harry Barber's
book, HOW TO STEAL A MILLION $
IN FREE PUBLICITY. I enclose $14.95.

Name

Address
City

V

State

Zip.

CC-3

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

399

CIRCLE 344 ON READER SERVICE CARD

SOFTWARE TREE

PROUDLY PRESENTS

CORPORA TE STRA TEG Y

THE GAME OF MAKING MONEY IN BUSINESS!

YOU ARE THE TOP EXECUTIVE
OF A COMPANY THAT BUILDS
ROBOTS. IT IS YOUR JOB, AS
WELL AS YOUR OPPONENTS, TO
BUY AT LOW PRICES AND SELL
AT HIGH PRICESTO MAKE MONEY.
SUPPLY AND DEMAND AT ITS
BEST. FOR 2 TO 6 PLAYERS.

PRICES: APPLE II APPLESOFT, DOS 33 32K

ATARI 400/800 DOS 2.1 32K

COMMODORE/PET 16K

DISK $29.95

ATARI 400/800 16K, COMMODORE/PET 16K

CASSETTE --$21.95

CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAX

MAKE CHECK/MONEY ORDER

PAYABLE TO:

SOFTWARE TREE

P.O. BOX 51354

SAN JOSE, CA 95151 - 5354

ATARI, APPLE II AN D COMMODORE/PET

ARE TRADEMARKS OF ATARI INC.,

APPLE COMPUTERS AND COMMODORE

BUSINESS MACHINES.

CIRCLE 328 ON READER SERVICE CARD

r

Stretch
-A Your

ATARI

' 400 16K S265

800 16K 635

810 Disk Drive 429

Percom D D Disk Drive 589

Newport Pro Stick 150 30

Verbatim SS DD Disks 29
is of Mars

33

Pac Man 33

•TS

Apple Panic 21

F^ogger 26

.' >rh l II A0

Visicalc 179

£z commodore

Vic 20 235

ViC 1515 Printer

Vk 1540 Disk ( N .• 489

Scotl Adams Adventures

PRINTERS
Axiom IMP I 485

,■ ittrax

MONITORS
Amdei Video 300 159

Am<* ■ lor I 339

OPTOMAM CONSUMER PRODUCTS
260C North Ridge Drive
P.O. Box 1038
, Placerville CA 95667 916 621-1090
A TO ORDER

, Pied < nee k money rdei or

lonai chei v
PO Box 1038 Call tor COD Vi!
Mastercharge CA
Inch n he i

PET/ VIC, continued...
Rating Product Name

Mfr.
Price Code

II

Description of Product

Prototype / Experimenter's card for VIC $ 18.95 ELC

Kludge card for EE types to fit in VIC. Note: There is a standard
Vector prototyping card for about $13.00 which works quite well if
you have wire-wrap tools or Flea Clips. Available at tost electronic
parts stores

VIC Books & Magazines

Rating Product Name

tion of Product

lilt

llll

Illl

llll

III

III

III

III

I

What

Mfr.
Price Code

$ 29 M TOR

$ 20. M
%29/yr

CPU

VIC Revealed by Nick Haipshire book $ 14.95 SKY

Inner details of VIC for aachine language hackers It advanced prograaaers
VIC Computing aagazine $ 30.00 VCC

Honthly iagazine froi England on VIC $30/yr
The TORPET aagazine

Toronto PET User's Group - has lots on VIC $20/yr
COMPUTE! aagazine

General PET/ATARI/APPLE aagazine with VIC articles
Power / Play aagazine

Coaaodore's VIC users aagazine $10/yr
Understanding Your VIC, Voluae I book

Beginning & interaediate VIC BASIC prograaaing
VIC 20 Prograaaer's Ref Guide book

Coaaodore's advanced book on VIC
VIC-20 Interfacing booklet

Book of electronics projects for VIC. Assuaes soae electronics experience
Personal Coaputing on VIC 20 book $ 5.95 CBN

You got this one when you bought the VIC

$ 10.00 CBH

% 11.95 TIS

% 16.95 CSJ
$ 14.95 NS6

Mfr.
Code

VIC Unique Items - Not Easily Classified

Rating Product Name What Price

Description of Product

lllll VIC Carrying Case $ 89.95 CAY

A nice suitcase sized case for VIC, power supply, rf aod, tape unit
It space for aanuals and paperwork.
(Note: A larger case to include disk & printer is also available.)

llll SoftPedal VIC exercyde $ 145.00 PAC

A stand with fan converts your bike to an exercise bike. Sensor and
software uses VIC for pacing, aileage, etc. Software could be iaproved
to aake this a 5 star product.

Figure 2C. Useful Software.

NOTE: All Software comes on cassette tape unless indicated otherwise.
Some vendors offer both tape & disk versions.

VIC Software - Educational

Needs

Mfr.
Price Code

llll
III

III
III

Rating Product Name

Description of Product

Typino Tutor % 9.95 ACS

Touch typing drill for the VIC - froa easy keys to whole keyboard

in aany gradual steps
Touch Typing Tutor % 15,95 TAY

Teaches touch typing but word generation is randoa and not like

actual text
Stakeout 8K raa, Joystick req $ 14.95 TAY

The 'capture boxes' pen & pencil gaae
Frog * 17.95 HCP

The PET bug eating frog - for young children

CIRCLE 260 ON READER SERVICE CARD

400

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

c

Rating

ttl
$1$
til
III

III

III

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

I

I

zero

Mfr.
Product Name Needs Price Code

Description of Product

Banner / Headliner 80 col printer $ 14.95 MA

Printer banners I headlines - no provision for non 80 col printer
Street Haze % 7.95 CDS

Navigate a city via taxicab - relates street grid to giving directions
Vixel i 1 Joystick optional $ 12.95 CMC

Two gates It a draw on screen prograi in Hi Res lode
Vixel i 2 Joystick optional $ 12.95 CNK

Tmo lore gaies I a custoi character editor which could be used as a

progr ailing tool
Scraible 1 It 2 $ 19.95 COB

Unscramble words. Scraible 2 for 2 players
Flashcard Maker It Quiz * 9.95 ACS

Hake flashcards and quiz with thei on the VIC
Lox * 6.95 COB

'Bagels' for the VIC
1,2,3 / Spelling Bee * 19.95 COB

Hangian and Bagels gaies
Flash 'N Spell * 15.95 Q«X

Flashcards oriented towards spelling drill
Word Invader 5 • 8.95 ACS

Typing practice - goes with Typing Tutor by ACS
English Invaders ♦ 7.95 CDS

Shoot invading words by identifying noun, verb or adjective
Hang-U $ 12.00 DES

Hangian using rather hard words
Educational / Recreational Pack I % 14.95 CSH

Three rather siiple gaies It drills
Botcha Hath * 9.95 CDS

Soiethng will eat you if you don't do your lath in tiie
Hangian * 8.95 ACS

The faii liar guess the word gaie
VIC Leionade * 14.95 TAY

Our dull little leionade stand is now on the Vic

VIC Software - Business and Home

Needs

Price

% 14.95
$ 19.95
% 39.95
% 19.95

Rating Product Name

Description of Product

Teninal 40 8K rai, RS 232 $ 29.95

Siiply the best It nicest VIC as teninal prograi I have seen

<<< Definitely a nice prograi >»
Tickertape

Siooth scrolling horizontal display of lessages
Data Hanager 8K rai

A siiple It usable data base Disk version avail
Universal Hailing List printer

Hailing list or siiple data base Disk version avail
Viten A RS 232

Your basic teninal processing prograi - liiited to 300 baud
Data Handler (word processor) 8K rai, printer % 17.95

A badly naied word processor - when entering answers to questions

there are no defaults - which can catch you!
Word Processor 8K rai

Siall word processor
CopyCaic 8K rai

Perhaps the world's siallest 'Visible'
Loan Analyser

Two prograis which analyse siiple loans
Household Finance

Four prograis for hoie budgeting Disk version avail
Hoie Inventory $ 19.95

Two prograis to inventory & valuate your laterial things
Car Costs % 19.95

Two prograis to journal automotive things

Mfr.
Code

nut
mi

Illl

Ill
III
III

III
III
III
III
III
III

% 30.00

$ 14.95

$ 14.95
Disk version avail

$ 34.95

HHA

HHA
HSP
COB
UHI
HMS

ISM
ISM
CSH
CSN
CSH
CSH

AMI

FOR YOUNG CHILDREN

Nine educational and entertaining
games controlled by a single pro-
gram. Even very young children can
select a game, play it, and select a
different game ...ALL BY THEMSELVES!

• PICTURE MENU GIVES CHILDREN
CONTROL

• MATCH NUMBERS AND LETTERS

• COUNT COLORFUL BLOCKS

• ADD AND SUBTRACT STACKS OF
BLOCKS

• LEARN THE ALPHABET

• PRACTICE SPELLING NAMES

• COMPARE SHAPES

• DRAW AND SAVE COLORFUL PIC-
TURES

The large numbers and letters fill the
screen with color. Children enter
single key stroke responses and get
immediate visual and musical feed-
back. Hints are provided when ap-
propriate. Beyond just teaching
children basic skills, EARLY GAMES
makes them feel comfortable as they
control the computer. Designed for
children ages 2% to 6 years old.

EARLY GAMES offers the child a
diverse selection of activities which
stimulate the process of problem
solving as well as foster individual
creativity.

Pamela Bach, Director
Youth World Day Care Center

I took EARLY GAMES home for my kids
and they really liked it! It held their at-
tention and they learned from it!

Jeannette Fritze
Computer Saleswoman

EARLY GAMES can help children
learn new concepts, information,
and skills and also introduce them to
the joys and benefits of home com-
puters.

Peter Clark, faculty

Institute of Child Development

University of Minnesota

All nine games for $29.95

(Minnesota residents add 5% sales tax)

IBM Personal Computer,

Apple II Plus

TRS-80 Color Computer 16K Disk or Cassette

Model I and III 32K Disk or 16K Cassette

VISA/MasterCard

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

401

LEARNING TOOLS INC

educational software

Suite 140 A
Shelard Plaza North
Minneapolis, MN 55426
1-800-328-1223

Minnesota residents call:

612-544-4720
v s

CIRCLE 220 ON READER SERVICE CARD

BEAT COIN-OP
ARCADE GAMES

with the NEW

Creative Computing

Guide to the
Video Arcade Games!

ii

?*••♦*

■ tATTUZONC • Mft U*K • CDHW«M

• OOMKIV KONO ■ lilMINATO*

• ttOOOffl ■ OOlf • KKKMAN

■ l AD Y MW • AITROM OtlUXI
• MHStNJ CO M M A ND • MOUSfT* kP

• FAC -MAN ■ MIO tm X

■ CM X • SN AP JACK • STA* C AJTU
• $TA 1 OATf ■ TIMMST • VI NTUftf

Here's the games book you've been waiting
for— an all-new, field-tested guide full of savvy
advice and sound tips on how to get the most
from all those quarters!

The GUIDE TO THE VIDEO ARCADE
GAMES is packed with detailed information
on:

• Horizontal and
vertical movement

• Distractions

• Collisions

• Bonuses

• Rates of fire

• Wraparound

—and much more! Whether you're a new con-
vert or an old pro, you'll find a wealth of hard-
won information, lavishly illustrated, to help
you rack up record scores or prolong your
games.

Save money on practice sessions and be
the envy of your friends with the GUIDE TO
THE VIDEO ARCADE GAMES. Use the cou-
pon to order your copy today!

Only $3.95!

4 3 /, 6 " x 6 %"' softcover, 112 pages

creative coittpufciRg oept ha2c[

39 East Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, NJ 07950

Send me

copies of the GUIDE TO THE

VIDEO ARCADE GAMES, at $3.95, plus $1
postage and handling* each. ( # 14A)

□ PAYMENT ENCLOSED $ (NJ

residents add 5% sales tax.)

* All foreign orders (except Canada and Mexico) add $3
to postage and handling shown. Shipped air mail only.

a CHARGE MY:
American Express □ MasterCard □ Visa
(Charge and phone orders: $10 minimum.)

Card No.

.Exp. Date.

Signature.

Mr. /Mrs. /Ms..
Address

(please print full name)

.Apt.

City.

State.

-Zip.

Institutions only-purchase orders under $50 not accepted.

For JaTteT^r^e^H^E^LlTREETsOoTarsi^.
(In NJ call 201-540-0445)

r

PET/ VIC, continued...

Needs

Price

Mfr.
Code

Rating Product Name

Description of Product
II Checkbook * 12.95 HIS

Keeps checks register, coaes in nice plastic binder w/ data tape too
II Hoae Calculation Prograa Pack % 59.95 CSJ

Coaaodore's hoae finance, loans, expenses, etc
II V-Data Base / V-Hail * 29.95

Very liaited data base programs - coaes with disk version too
II Word Vic BK raa % 19.95

A very stall word processor
II Un-Hord Processor % 14.95

A ainiaal 1 iai ted word processor
I Terainal 22 RS 232 $ 14.95

This would rate 3 stars but I couldn't xait control characters
I Budget II 8K raa % 9.95

Like CSIJ's Hoae Finance - but printer's output gave ae nonsense
I Naae * Address $ 5.95

Enter & recover aailing inforaation
zero Portfolio Manager 8K raa $ 19.95

Enter & recall securities info - this pga has soae bad bugs
zero Club Lister % 13.95

I could have written this prograa in the tiae it took to LOAD it
zero Dear Diary $ 12.95

ditto, aaybe less tiae
zero Mortgage Coaparer % 8.95

CSN's Loan Analyser & a pencil gives you aore
zero Savings Account % 13.95

zero Hoae Budget $ 12.95

III At this point I quit looking at TSA's deao tape for it was all the
saae kind of junk. Avoid this vendor!
zero Hailing List Prograa 8K raa, Disk req $ 24.95 SPE

Probably a nice prograa but I couldn't follow the directions and it

didn't work the way it said it would. I couldn't enter a naae for

all of ay efforts

HME

ELC

HHA

HHA

RAK

RAK

HSP

TSA

TSA

TSA

TSA
TSA

Price

Mfr.
Code

$ 14.95 HHA

VIC Software - Programming Tools

Rating Product Name Needs

Description of Product

llll Graphics Designer

Editor for design of custoa character sets
llll Asseabler $ 24.95 FSS

Editor, Asseabler, Loader - does syntax check on entry It source code

is coapacted to allow longer prograas then HES. However, the HOS

addressing conventions are NOT followed and it does not like spaces

after the opcode when entering source code
llll HIRES / Hulticolor $ 25. M ABA

Two prograas to use VIC's high resolution and aulticolor aodes

These are 'wedges' so you can write BASIC prograas with the plotting

coaaands included
llll Graph VICS 8K raa $ 25. N ABA

HIRES k Hulticolor coabined for VICs with aore aeaory. Peraits full

VIC screen in Hi Res aode
III HES Asseabler & Editor

Text editor aakes source files for Asseabler I loader
III Hiniaon 6747

Hachine Language Honitor
III Vic Dis

Disasseabler of aachine language
III Disasseabler

Disasseables ROHs, space liaits awkward for other code
III 6raphics Henagerie i 11.95 HHA

Several graphics deaos i explanations
III VI6IL 8K raa % 35.00 ABA

A ami -language for gaaes. The deaos all used quarter square graphics

and seeaed taken froa the RCA VIP. Code written in VI6IL is very hard

to read. Not auch faster than BASIC

% 23.95 HES

$ 15.95 QHX

$ 9.95 ACS

$ 14.95 HHA

402

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Rating Product Name Needs

Description of Product

II HES Plot

Plot in Hi Res ■ode. Instructions hard to follow
II HES Count 8K rat

Generates various statistics on your BASIC programs

Price

Mfr.
Code

% 15.95 HES
$ 23.95 HES

Price

Mfr.
Code

VIC Software - Unique Items

Rating Product Name Needs

Description Of Product

lllll Public Doiain VIC Collection #1 % 11.00 PUD

Soie 80 programs on tape or disk. These are public doiain prograas
collected froi various user's groups with widely varying quality.
»> This is a bargain you can't ignore! <<<<

III PIPER $ 25.00 ABA

Compose It play lusic on the VIC Disk version avail
Note: This prograi fits Educational and Prograaiing categories too

II Hat Antennas $ 5.95 RAK

Coaputes diaensions for ground plane, dipole and yagi antennas
given frequency. RAK has aany other saall prograas for the radio

haa.
II Horse Code Trainer $ 19.95 TAY

Practice on recognition of Horse Code

Note: Nobody has aade a 'Send Horse Code' training prograa which can

be easily done for 5-20 wpa
II CM Trainer / Speedoaeter % 15.95 RAC

Recognize Horse code - letters and aessages
II Aerobics Points Calculator % 24.95 TAY

If you exercise this counts 'aerobics points' which appeals to the

nuaber-ainded exerciser. I aa not sure of all this but you can try

it out. Disk version avail

Figure 2D. Game Tapes.

NOTE: All Software comes on cassette tape unless indicated otherwise.
Some vendors offer both tape & disk versions.

VIC Software - Games and Entertainment

Rating Product Name Needs

Description of Product

lllll Defender on Tri 3 or 8k aeaory, Joystick opt

Fly rescue ship thru several lethal aazes
lllll Hopper Joystick required

Hop a Froggie across roads, aeadoMS It other things
lllll Choaper Joystick required

Essentially Pac Han - with the best graphics
lllll Snakaan Joystick optional

Fast version of Pac Han
llll Had Painter Joystick required

You could call this a 'reverse Pac Han', sort of - but it's fun!
llll BOSS 8K aeaory card $ 39.95 DES

?\ays chess with soae nice features
llll The Cube $ 15.95 QHX

Siaulates Rubik's cube - shows all faces It uses standard notation
llll Lunar Coaaand % 16.01 DES

Rescue Astronauts while flying through tuabling aeteor fields
llll Night Rider * 12.95

The arcade gaae 'Night Rider'
llll VIC PICS * 18.95

19 High resolution pictures for your VIC
llll Sub Chase Joystick optional $ 14.96

Drop depth charges froa destroyer It avoid aines froa subaarines
llll Haze Joystick optional % 12.95

Solve a aaze froa a rat's eye view

Mfr.

Price

Code

$ 12.95

NUF

$ 12. M

DES

♦ 12.95

RAC

% 24.95

HD6

* 9.95

HUN

VSI
HHA

UNI
VSI

Symtec Hi-Res
Light Pen for
IBM PC,
Apple II
Plus,
Atari

800, VIC 20

Thousands of pens in use by personal
computer users and corporate users such as
American Heart Association, U.S. Military,
Ford Motor Company, and Educational
Institutions of all levels.

Pen reads coordinates over the entire screen.
Touch-tip or Push tip models available. Uses
range from videodisc and computer training,
to simple menu selection to computer
games. Apple pen works with Stoneware, Inc.
new graphics processing system and Apple
Super Pilot.

Apple $250/IBM, Atari, VIC $150

Available at Computer Stores worldwide or

contact us directly:

THE LIGHT PEN PEOPLE

15933 W. 8-Mile Detroit. Ml 48235 (313) 272-2950
IBM. Apple, Atari, VIC are registered trademarks

CIRCLE 347 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CHRISTMAS GIFTS FOR
THOSE WHO COMPUTE

More and more people are
becoming involved with com-
puters. If you know someone who
is, here are some special gifts
that will make a great hit this
Christmas

T-shirts •Bumper stickers

Coffee mugs •Personalized

•Buttons brass name

plates for your
computer

. . . AND MORE . . .

All with colorful designs and your
choice of computer phrases.

For a more detailed description,
call or write today for a free
brochure:

Sculpture by Softouch

P.O. Box 754-C, Bonita, CA 92002

714/475-2268

Please send me your free brochure

Name

Address

City

State Zip

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

403

CIRCLE 307 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Spread Sheet
Templates for
VlsiCalc® Users.

Business SpreadTemps™ are special appli-
cation templates tor use with your VlsiCalc ■
program - to help you customize programs
tor your own special business requirements
Insert rows and columns, change labels, edit,
or replicate formulae No special pro-
gramming knowledge is necessary.

ExecSystems Software M offers you a variety
ot detailed templates on each diskette Each
ot the tollowing Business SpreadTemps™ will
greatly expand the power of VlsiCalc B tor
your business!

/;

VT210
BuslnessTemp One

Provides you with a selection ot protessionally
iormatted reports and analyses Included are
reports and analyses tor cash tlow. break-
even, sales, contracts bidding, sales goals,
checking accounts, and inventory

VT220

.TM

BookeeplngTemp

This "template" is a complete bookkeeping
mini-system tor the small business You and
your accountant will be provided with
important specific and overall financial
information regarding cash receipts, cash
disbursements and banking reconciliations
Easy to use and more reasonable in price
than other database oriented accounting
packages, you can easily use VisiCalcs ■
powerful DIF (Data Interchange Format)
commands for interactive bookkeeping

VT230
BuslnessTemp™ Two

Add a powerful analysis tool to your business
This "template" includes Profit/ Loss Analyses,
Budget Planning. Operating Cost Analysis. Job
Control and other templates to assist the
business manager in today's demanding
business environment

VT240

FormsTemp for Business

Enhance your business operations with a
complete library of common business forms
including, invoices, memos, receipts, packing
lists, reminders, schedules, price lists, and
more. Use the DIF command to interact the
forms with other business templates!

VT260
AppoinTimeTemp

Maintain efficient appointment schedules,
time records, and time analyses for you.
managers, and executives Analyze the time
effectiveness of the tasks being performed in
various organizational environments - individ-
ually or in groups.

VT260

ReportTemp for Business

An advanced report system including report
formats, analyses, and analyses algorithms for
significant manager and executive level
decision information

All SpreadTemps M require APPLE II System
(min. 48K) and the VisiCalc *- Program.

Spread Temp* are NOT wrlte-protected

Business SpreadTemps'" are available on disk-
ette at only $38 each Or you may save $51
by buying all six "templates" for only $175.

(Complete package includes extras such as
full size printed general manual and
examples in a full size 3-ring notebook
Postage and handling is also included.)

ExecSystems Software™
P.O. Box 192
Clinton, MD 20735
(301)856-1180

Visa and Mastercard welcome

Please add $1 50 postage and handling for

individual diskette orders (Postage included in

package price )

Maryland residents add 5% Sales Tax

CIRCLE 372 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Needs

Mfr.

Price

Code

$ 12.95

MUN

1 9.95

HUN

% 11.00

DES

$ 13.95

VSI

% 12.95

VSI

% 9.95

NUF

$ 12.00

OES

$ 23.95

CSN

PET/ VIC, continued...

VIC Software - Games and Entertainment
Rating Product Name

Description of Product

$1$ rlunchiaid 8K raa Joystick req

Pac flan again
III Space Rescue Joystick req

6o thru lethal aaze to save spaceman
III Air Strike

Drop botbs on a tank - Clean graphics fc nice sound
III 6rave Robbers

A 'graphic adventure' in a graveyard
III Trek

The classic 'Startrek' gate for the VIC
III Rescue Froa Nufon Joystick optional

Go froa root to rooa rescuing people I avoiding aliens
III 3-D Labyrinth

6o thru Rat's Eye view of a aaze
III City Boiber / Minefield

Boab buildings before you hit thea / Deduce where aines are or die
III Vic Pack II $ 24.95 SKY

Slaloa/Othello/Heteors - Meteors is by far the best one
III Krazy Kong Joystick optional % 9.95 NUF

Rescue aaidens, hop over barrels and avoid Kong
III Haelstroa Joystick required % 7.95 CDS

Vaguely like 'Centipede'
III Quirk Joystick required $ 9.95

Try to get up a aaze with a lot of aoving holes in the floor
III Dodge Car Joystick optional t 9.95

Drive down road and aiss stalled cars
III Snake Joystick required % 9.95

Snake about, growing longer when you eat things
II Depth Charge % 9.95

Drop those pills on dea subaarines
II 6old Brick % 14.00

Snake about eating gold bricks It avoid self
II Coaputer Baseball % 11.95

Play baseball by selecting characteristics of players for both teaas
II Cosaic Debris $ 14.95 VSI

Shoot at downfalling aliens
II Tank Wars Joystick optional $ 17.95 HES

Take out eneay tank who airrors your aoves aaid trees, lake, aines
II Its A Living

Catch those boabs froa 4 conveyer belts
II Skiing

Ski down hill avoiding trees, ice It eating goodies
II Skier Joystick optional

Ski down a hill avoiding pitfalls
II Kosaic Kaaikaze BK raa Joystick opt

Shoot at aliens lr avoid aother ship
II Super Trek 8K raa

Your basic 'Startrek' in strange colors
II Adventure Pack I

Three tiny adventures - not easy!
II Fuel Pirates

This one is siaply not describable
II Recreation Prograa Pack

Six gaaes (2 are educational) froa Coaaodore
II Escape

Get out of rat's eye aaze using N S E N
II VIC Pack III

Indi500/Convoy/6unfight - all ho-hua
II VIC Trek

A ainiaal 'Startrek' gaae for the VIC
II VIC Trek

Another 'Startrek' - colors used aake for hard reading
II Baseball Strategy $ 12.00

Siaulate baseball gaae by choosing type of pitches k batting

>v

NUF
NUF
NUN
RAC
DES
PRS

MUN
NUN
HES
UNI
TEL
VSI

% 9.95
$ 9.95
$ 17.95
$ 24.95
$ 9.95
% 14.95
$ 15.95 HES
$59.95 CSJ
% 9.95
% 24.95
% 17.95
% 7.95

NUF
SKY
HES
CDS
DES

404

December 1982 c Creative Computing

r

Rating

II
It
II

I
I

I

I
I
%
I
I
I
%
I
I
I
$
I

Needs

I
I
l
I

I
t
I

zero

zero
zero
zero
zero
zero

Price

$ 11.95

% 11.95

$ 24.95

♦ 24.95
% 14.95

Mfr.
Code

V

Product Name
Description of Product

Convoy Raider

Select strategies as a sub coeaander attacking convoy
Boxer's Corner

Select qualities of boxers who then slug it out
Action 6aies Pack

Three ■arginal gaies Trap/SeaMoH/Bounceout
VIC Pack I Joystick 4 Vicvader

VicVader/UFO Attack/Slot
Adventure Pack II

Three lore tiny adventures - very hard to get out of first rooi
Convoy Escort $ 11.95

Converse of Convoy Raider - now you are the escort
Star Defender ♦ 11.95

Undynanc simulation of space battles
Treasures of The Bat Cave % 14.95

Go around rat's-eye iaze looking for gold & avoiding dutc bats
VIC-Yahtzee

Plays and scores Yahtzee - ainiial prograa
6obbler

Chase a gobbler - gobble gobble
Boxing

2 player gaie - operate boxers
Tic Tac Vic

TicTacToe played perfectly so very boring
A Haze Ing

Hove ball thru lethal iaze
Si ton

Plays Snon similar to the toy Si ion
Tank Invaders

I really don't recall but it was a one star for sure
Clowns

Hove seesaw to bounce clowns to pop balloons
Target Zap

'Snake' done crudely
Naze of Hikor

Set through a §aze and find treasure and kill monsters - unfortunately

the maze is so dense you don't have a chance at all. Would get 2 or 3

stars if properly tuned ...
Star Fighter Joystick required $ 13.95

'Star Mars' in slow time
Attack on Silo III $ 12.00

Shoot ICBHs at UFOs, slowly
Lazer Blitz Joystick optional $ 17.95

Fly over UFO's l shoot them - the explosions are pretty
Pak Bomber % 15.95

'Ghost' drops eggs which you catch - way too hard to start with
Pinball $ 15.95

Undexterous version of a pinball machine
Planet Lander % 9.95

Remake of PET Lunar Lander with gravity optional
Space Lander / Dots White % 7.95 DTC

Remake of PET Lunar Lander It a dull game
Breakaway Paddles required % 9.95

Breakout - This one has the distinction of being the only game that

requires the CBH paddles. Not that it made much difference - the ball

mostly went through the screen's paddle anyways
Logic Games

Only if you love Master Mind
Dungeons of Kal

It just didn't work
Panzer Attack

Shoot at turkeys (I mean tanks, sorry about that)
Pedestrian Polo

This one is definitely a turkey
Robots

It loaded It ran but nothing happened

% 12.

$ 9.95

$ 11.00

$ 9.95

$ 12.00

I 15.95

% 9.95

% 9.95

% 9.95

$ 17.95

PRS

PRS

CRS

SKY
VSI

PRS

PRS

VSI

DES

DES

DES

ELC

DES

HES

RAC

RAC

TEL

HES

HSP
DES
HES
HES
HES
COB

TEL

$ 14.95 CSW

$ 11.95

PRS

$ 14.00

DES

$ 14.00

DES

$ 9.95

RAC

I * *

$

$

D/Punch?

$$$

$
$

0/ Punch Conversion Kit* will help you SAVE MONEY,
SAVE STORAGE SPACE, SAVE TIME D/ Punch Kits
or* engineered so you con quickly, accurately, &
safely make alterations necessary to let you use both
sides of your H or S sectored SINGLE SIDED Diskettes.
Converting 1 box of diskettes will more than pay for
each D/ Punch Kit. * Hub-Reinforcer Kit accurately
positions Hub-Reinf. Ring to hub opening. * Disk-
Sleeve lets you replace your lost or damaged sleeves.
Indicate your system con fig with order.

a. D/Punch Kit A — (5K* drives & eq ) for ex.
[Apple, Atari, CBM 4040, Franklin] $ 6 95

b. D/ Punch Kit B — (5Vfc" drives & eq ) for ex.

[TRS 80 (Mod I, III), IBM, Osborne. Zenith] 14 95

c. D/Punch Kit C — (8" drives & eq.) for ex.
[Altos, Zenith, TRS 80 Mod II] 16 95
Labels — [100 pes] 3.00
Write- Protect Stickers — [100 pes] 2 65
Hub-Reinforcer Kit (5%") 10 99
Hub-Reinforcer Kit (8") 12.99

h. Hub-Reinforcer Rings (5%") — [50 pes] 5.85

i. Hub-Reinforcer Rings (8") — [50 pes] 6.20

j. Disk Sleeves (5% ") — [10 pes] 2.35

k. Disk Sleeves (8*) — [10 pes] 385

Add $2 shipping & handling for each $15 order
increment. AK, HI, & overseas cust.: write for SAH charges
AAA res. odd 5% tax. Send check or money order to

$
$
$$$

D/Punch Co. (CC) 12

P.O. Bex 201, Newton Hlds, MA 02161 *

Tel: (617) 964-2126 Telex: 4991009 OtTRI $

• 1982, D/Punch Corp , Pot Pend. $ $ $

CIRCLE 182 ON READER SERVICE CARD

Tl USERS DISCOVER

(Pfaerre!

Owerre Lake $20 Both

Gauntlet of Owerre $20 $30

LOWERRE LTD.

176 S Lemon, Orange, CA 92666

CIRCLE 224 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MicRo Information Systems

a division of MR Information Systems, Inc.

Presents Educational Software

designed to motivate the student.

(programs available for the TRS-80

Mod III* and VIC**)

Write for complete catalog, to:

M-R Information Systems, Inc.,

P.O. Box #73, Wayne, N.) , 07470

' TM Tandy, •• TM Commodore

CIRCLE 243 ON READER SERVICE CARD

CATALOG!

Just let us know and we'll mail you a
FREE Creative Computing Catalog
- 16 pages filled with books, buyer's
guides, magazines, and more!

lb get your FREE catalog, write
to: Creative Computing Catalog,
Dept.HA1X.39 East Hanover Ave,
Morns Plains, NJ 07950.

Creative Computing

BUYER'S GUIDE TO

PERSONAL COMPUTERS,

PERIPHERALS AND

ELECTRONIC GAMES

Send $5.00 ($3.95* plus
$1.05 postage and handling) to:

Creative Computing
Buyers Guide to Personal Computers

P.O. Box 640, Holmes, PA 19043

*NJ residents add 5% sales tax.
Outside U.S.A. $6.00.

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

405

f

7\

PET/ VIC, continued...

Figure 3. Who Makes Them.

List of VIC Manufacturers.

Code Name

Address

aty

State Zip

Phone

ABA

Abacus Software

PO Box 7211

6rand Rapids

HI

4*511

616 241 5510

ACS

Acadtiy Software

PO Box 9403

San Rafael

CA

94912

415 479 4703

ALP

Alphacot

2323 South Bascoa

Caipbel 1

CA

9SM8

408 559 8000

Aim

Aterican Peripherals

122 Bangor Street

Lindenhurst

NY

11757

516 226 5849

CAR

Cardco

3135 Bayberry

Nichita

KS

67226

316 685 9536

CAY

Carry-Coop

24687 Aric Nay

Elkhart

NY

46517

219 875 8698

CDS

CoialData Systeis

PO Box 325

Hi 1 ford

HI

48142

313 685 0113

CM

Coiiodore

487 Devon Park Dr

Nayne

PA

19M7

215 687 9750

CUT

Cooputeraat

PO Box 1654

Lake Havasu City

AZ

86443

COB

Computer Barn

319 Hain St # 2

Salinas

CA

93911

408 757 0788

CPU

Coopute!

PO Box 5406

Breensboro

NC

27413

919 275 9809

CPU

Computer Works

2028 Nest Caaelback

Phoenix

AZ

85415

602 249 0611

CSC

Computer Service Centr

1115 Third St

San Rafael

CA

94911

415 453 6494

CSJ

CoModore Coip Center

930 Twn It Cntry Vill San Jose

CA

95128

408 246 5710

CM

Creative Software 211

1 San Antonio Ciril33

Hountain View

CA

94#48

415 948 9595

OR

Code Work s

PO Box 550

Boleta

CA

93116

815 683 1589

DES

Data Equipment Supply

8315 Firestone Blvd

Downey

CA

91241

714 778 5455

DTC

DTC Software

PO Box 916

Janesville

NI

53547

608 752 3434

ELC

Elcoap Publishing

53 Redrock Lane

Pooona

CA

91766

714 623 8314

FSS

French Silk Sooothware

PO Box 207

Cannon Falls

HN

55M9

507 263 4821

6CB

Gloucester Coop. Bus

6 Brooks Rd

Gloucester

HA

11934

617 283 7719

NES

Huian Engn Software

71 Park Lane

Brisbane

CA

94N5

415 468 4110

HYP

Hypertech 1821 NE 143 St Penths 7

Hiaai

FL

33181

ISN

Intelligent Software

PO Box 3745

San Rafael

CA

94912

415 459 2905

HCP

Magic Carpet

PO Box 35115

Phoenix

AZ

M569

HCS

Hicro-Systeis 11115 Shady Trail #103

Dallas

TX

75229

214 484 7836

HD6

Hicrodigital

752 John Glenn Blvd

Nebster

NY

14581

716 872 0647

HIS

HIS

250 Fern Rock Nay

Boulder Creek

CA

95M6

408 338 9546

HHA

Hidwest Hicro Assoc

PO Box 6148

Kansas City

HO

54111

816 921 6502

HS6

Hicrosignal

900 Eibarcadero IA

Boleta

CA

93117

HSP

Hicrospec

2906 Ports O'Call Ct

. Piano

TX

75#75

214 867 1333

ME

Hicro Nor Id Electronix

6340 N Hississipi Av

Lakewood

CO

88226

303 934 1973

HNS

HN Software

PO Box 126

Urbana

IL

61881

217 356 7511

NUF

Nufenkop

PO Box 156

Shady Cove

OR

97539

503 878 2113

PAC

Practical App of Calif

PO Box 255768

Sacraoento

CA

95825

916 920 19N

PAR

Parsec Research

Drawer 1766-P

Freoont

CA

94538

415 651 3160

PRS

P. R. Software

PO Box 169

S. San Francisco

CA

94188

415 873 6806

PTI

Precision Technology

2970 Richards St

Salt Lake City

UT

84115

801 487 6266

PUD

Public Doaain 5025 S. Rangeline Rd

Nest Hilton

OH

45383

513 698 5638

BDI

Duantua Data Inc 3001 Redhill Bid 4 1105

Costa Hesa

CA

92626

714 754 1946

Mi

Queax - 6RN Labs

PO Box 17010

Rochester

NY

14617

716 338 2145

RAC

Randoi Access Coiptrs

PO Box 1453

Destin

FL

32541

904 837 7201

RAK

RAK Electronics

PO Box 1585

Orange Park

FL

32873

904 264 6777

RAR

RAR-Tech

PO Box 761

Rochester

HI

48863

RRB

RAH/RBC Systeas

PO Box 351

Hal den

HA

82148

617 324 8559

RVR

RVR Systeas

PO Box 265

Dewitt

NY

13214

315 446 8709

SKY

Skyles Electric Works

231-E S. Nhisian Rd

Hountain View

CA

94841

415 965 1735

SLA

Slagh Systea Services

PO Box 53

Dearborn

HI

48121

313 846 6666

SPE

Specific Software

PO Box 10516

San Jose

CA

95157

SUN

Sunrise Electronics

7057 Loopoc Court

Citrus Heights

CA

95618

916 969 8319

TAY

Tayloraade Software

8053 E. Avon Ave

Lincoln

NE

68585

402 464 9051

TEL

Telegaoes

PO Box 152

Haapton Ontario

LIB 1J0

416 263 8064

TIS

Total Information Serv

PO Box 921

Los Alaoos

NH

87544

TOR

Toronto PET Users Club

381 Lawrence Av Nest

Toronto Ontario

H5H 189

416 782 9252

TSA

TSASA Software

2 Chipley Run

Nest Berlin

NJ

18891

609 346 3063

Ml

United Hicroware Ind

3503 Tetple Ave 1 C

Pooona

CA

91768

714 594 1351

vcc

Vic Coaputing

39-41 North Road

London England

—

N7 9DP

01 607 9489

VSI

Victory Software 2027-A S.J. Russel Cir

Elkins Park

PA

19117

215 576 5625

MM

Nunderware

PO Box 1287

Jacksonville

OR

97538

503 899 7549

406

December 1982 • Creative Computing

GOmPUTER WAREHOUSE

CALL TOLL FREE

ATARI

Special 32K 800 System

800 w/32K, recorder, Pac Man or Star

Raiders, joysticks Call

Above w/48K Call

Pac- Man Special

400 w/16K, 2 joysticks, Pac- Man $333

800 (16K)

400

810 Disk Drive
850 Interface
410 Recorder
830 Modem .

$440
$170

$155

16K Memory
32K Memory .
80 Column Board

COMMODORE

VIC-20

Datacassette . . .
Single disk drive
16K Memory

$60
$90
Call

$180
$60

Tl 99/4A HOME COMPUTER

10" Color monitor

Disk controller

Disk drive

32K Memory $290

Expansion box $1 85

Expansion box disk controller. $185
Expansion box disk drive $290

Expansion box 32K memory $220

DISK DRIVES

Lobo

Apple 1st Drive $400

Apple 2nd Drive $350

Percom
Atari D/D Drives Call

MONITORS

Zenith

12" Green Screen $115

Amdek

Video 300 $145

Color I $310

Color II $650

Color III Call

BMC Call

Convex

13" RGB Color S460

NEC

JB1201 $155

JB 1260 $115

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem $2 1 5

Novation

CAT $140

D-CAT $155

Apple Cat II

Auto Cat

1-800-528-1054

SOFTWARE

CP/M

IBM

CP/M

IBM

Ash ton -Tate

WordStar

MailMerge

SpellStar

Visi-Calc

Easywriter II

Spellguard

Call Call Sorcim Supercalc

Call Call Innovative

Call Call Software TIM.

Call Call CBasic

N A $ 1 95 Microsoft Basic 80

NA $275 WordStar, MailMerge.

$225 $225 SpellStar

PLEASE ADD $5 PER SOFTWARE ORDER FOR SHIPPING

$100

$350
NA
NA

$449 $449

SPECIAL VISICALC SYSTEM

Franklin Ace 1000, Lobo 1st Drive,

Zenith Green Screen Monitor, Visicalc $1 800

PRINTERS

Anadex Call

Anacom Call

C. Itoh

F-10-Parallel $1375

F-10-Serial $1375

55CPS-Series Call

8510Parallel $425

Comrex

cr-1-s Call

cr-1-p Call

cr-1-q Call

Datasouth
DS 180 $1200

Diablo

620 RO wo/Tractors $1 1 50

630 RO wo/Tractors $2050

630KSR wo/Tractors $2435

Epson

mx-80 Call

MX-80F/T Call

MX-100 Call

NEC

PC-8023A $469

3510 $1375

3510 Ex $1645

7710 Call

7720 Call

Okidata

Microline80 $305

Microline82-A $400

Microline83-A $650

Microline84 Call

PMC

DMP-85 $410

Smith-Corona

TP-1 $650

Tally

1805/1802 $1490

1605/1602

MT 160

MT180 Call

Texas Instruments

810 Basic Call

$490
$570

$730
$915

$680
Call

VIDEO TERMINALS

Adds

Viewpoint

Televideo

910

910 Plus

920

925

950

Zenith

Z-19

ZT-1

COMPUTERS

Altos

ACS 8000-15

ACS 8000-2 w/CPM ■ $2650

Series 15D $2125

Series 5-5D $4240

Dynabyte Call

Eagle Call

NEC

8001 $730

8012 $470

8031 $730

North star

Advantage Call

Horizon II 64KOD $2625

Sanyo

MBC-1000 $1477

M BC-1 000 w/ 2 Drives $2000

Televideo Systems

TS-802 $2600

TS-802H $4450

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

All products Call

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

Hi-Plot

DMP-2

DMP-7/8

«Hoi'»-C cxd

L -

Prices reflect 3% to 5% cash discount. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufacturer s warranty
Please add $8.00 per order for shipping. Prices & availability subject to change without notice
Send cashier s check or money order all other checks will delay shipping two weeks

2222 E. Indian School Rd. • Phoenix, Arizona 85016

vXJl 1 lHVJ I CK Order Line: 1-800-528-1054 Other Information: 602-954-6109
UJnREHOUSE Store Hours: Mon.-Fri. 10-5 MST Saturday 9-1 MST

CIRCLE 154 ON READER SERVICE CARD

r

■—^■r—— -

rings...tPs-$C strings... tre-SI

From the 46th floor of the TRS-80
tower, we look out on a famous games
graphicist's latest undertaking, a $400
error in a recent column, two games from
Liberty Software, more on blank program
lines, using the PC-1 Pocket Computer as
a portable data-logger, the Radio Shack/
CitiLine credit card, Line Printer VIII
graphics, and a short program that creates
graphics from the keyboard.

Radio Shack Signs Christopherson

Leo Christopherson, one of the top
computer-graphics artists in the world of
personal-computer games, has taken a
leave of absence from teaching to write
games for Radio Shack.

Leo is famous for programs that are
outstanding for their animated graphics
and ingenuity, such as Android Nim (June
1979, p. 125), Cubes (Aug. 1980, p. 162),
Snake Eggs (Aug. 1980, p. 162), Lifetwo
(Aug. 1980, p. 162), Dancing Demon
(Oct. 1982, p. 178), and Voyage of the
Valkyrie (June 1982, p. 220).

Leo has been teaching mathematics and
"sometimes science" to seventh and
eighth graders in a junior high school in
the Franklin Pierce School District out-
side Tacoma, Washington.

For a year, and possibly a second year,
Leo will write graphics games, primarily
for the Color Computer, working at home
at his own pace. "They have left it pretty
much up to me, as to what 111 work on,"
he told me. As part of his contract, Radio
Shack donated 17 TRS-80 Model III
computers to his school district, to be

Stephen B. Gray

used in a network arrangement.

Radio Shack had tried in the summer
of 1981 to get Leo to write full-time for
them, but by then he had already signed
his annual teaching contract. They asked
again later, and he got a leave of absence.
Both Radio Shack and the school district
have agreed to a second year of full-time
games programming, if Leo wants it.

Radio Shack is not the only computer
manufacturer, of course, to offer Leo a
job. Atari wanted him to travel around
the country, giving lectures and seminars
on what an Atari computer can do, but
he didn't want to travel that much.

Keep your eyes open for Leo's pro-
grams under the Radio Shack label.

$400 Too Much

Somehow the game of Talking
Hangman, described in the Sept. 1982
column (p. 208), had its price raised from
$11 to $411, somewhere in the labyrinth
between my printer and the phototype-
setting machine. To repeat, it is $11.

Two Games from Liberty

Let's look at the first two programs
marketed by Liberty Software Co. (635
Independence Ave., S.E., Washington,
DC 20003), which specializes in games
and educational programs. The two are
games that can be played on either a
Level-II Model I or Model III TRS-80

with 16K of memory: Alien Armada
($13.95 tape, $17.95 disk) and Golfers
Challenge ($13.95 tape). If you can't find
these at your local computer store, Lib-
erty can supply them, if you include $2
for shipping and handing.

Liberty Software, by the way, is the
label Acorn Software Products (also of
Washington) is now using on games,
because Acorn is moving "in the direction
of software for more personal use, such
as Superscript and Instant Sort/Search
Database ," one of their people told me.
(Those two Acorn programs will be re-
viewed here in a few months.)

Alien Armada

This is a fairly standard arcade-type
game, where you use the left and right
arrows to move the "rocket base" left and
right, and the spacebar to fire rockets at
the attacking aliens, who drop bombs that
can wipe you out (with accompanying
sound effects) unless you move fast. If
you are quick enough to wipe out the
armada, along comes another, and so it
continues, one alien fleet after another,
as long as you live.

This is a very fast-moving real-time
machine language game, for one or two
players, requiring concentration and
quick reflexes, even at the beginner level.
Once you develop some skill, you can
move to the two higher levels of difficulty,
which are guaranteed to make your heart
pound even if you are an expert at such
games. Warning: You probably shouldn't
play Alien Armada if you are not sup-
posed to get excited.

408

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

The DOSPLUS 4.0 hard
drive system is here!

A hard drive without the dynamic new DOSPLUS 4.0 is like
an eggshell without the egg. The new DOSPLUS 4.0 is the
leading edge— the latest in the line of advanced disk oper-
ating systems from MICRO-SYSTEMS SOFTWARE, INC. It's the
only current operating system written from the ground up
for hard disk operation. Not just a driver but a fully devel-
oped system. What that means to you is more bong for
your buck! Finally an unlimited TRS-80 for small business.
For only $1899 you get the DOSPLUS PLUS."

THE DOSPLUS 4.0 FEATURES

• Single volume addressing/Double sided floppies seen as
one drive-one file can expand ro limit of the hard drive

• Hard Disk— disk editing utilities

• Incredible I/O speed

• Runs any combination of densities or tracks

•Also operates 8" drives with special hardware— comes
with expanded users guide and complete DOS technical
section on I/O calls ond DCD organization

• Ability to use hard drive as the 'system" drive.

"PLUS" MANY OF THE SENSATIONAL NEW DOSPLUS 3.4
FEATURES

• DASIC array sort— multi key multi array

• Tape/Disk— Disk/Tape utility (with relocator)

• Input (controlled screen input)

• Random access ond ASCII modification on Diskdump

• DASIC checks for active "DO"

• Backup and Format from a "DO" file

• Much improved Backup (More reliable)

H699

1AKE YOUR MICRO
TO THE MAX.
ORDER NOW!

COMPLETE WITH 5 MEG SYSTEM.

• I/O package much faster (disk access time reduced)

• Repeat last DOS command with "/" [ENTER]

• Short directory (filename and extension) available

• Short directory of Model III TRSDOS disks

• Single file convert from Model III TRSDOS

• COMPLETE device routing supported (DOS and BASIC)

• Ability to save BASIC programs directly to another machines'
memory (if equipped with DOSPLUS 3.4)

NOTE: The final versions of 3.4 and 4.0 will have almost
identical features and documentation.

THE COMPLETE SYSTEM

• Smooth, silent, swift

• Error-free disk I/O

• *Add on up to 4, 10 meg units for a total of 40 megabytes!

• Plugs on the 50 pin data bus. — no loss of floppy drives

• Completely self-contained— just plug it in and go

*10 meg units available Soon.

NOTE: Specify 40 or 80 track when ordering DOS diskette.
After initial bootup, user can create any DOS desired.

The first in the industry backed by a lifetime warranty

**

**

Lifetime warranty on original media

DOSPLUS first In quality!
First In th* Industry!

MICRO SYSTEMS SOFTWARE, INC

4301-18 Oak Circle
Boca Raton, FL 33431

To order call toll free 1-800-327-8724
For product information (30S) 983-3390

TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corporation
CIRCLE 240 ON READER SERVICE CARD

THE

COMPUTER CONNECTION

New Toll Free Order Number

State of the

Connection-80 BBS

Art in Microcomputer Bulletin Board Programs
for the TRS-80. Available for Mod I (101000) or
Mod III (103000) $199.95.

Electric Pencil Ver 2.1. This is

the easiest to use word processor for the TRS-80
Models I III. Easy to follow instruction manual,
full documentation. Regularly $89.95 Holiday
Special $59.95!

■

AI3.riTl"OU Security Company Service
Maintenance Billing Package for both the Model
I & III. Menu driven basic programs, handles
central station billing on monthly, quarterly, semi-
annual, or annual cycles. Complete sales and aging
reports. Multi field customer listing. Interactive
dunning program for delinquent accounts with
letter writer. (1 13026) $499.95.

Clear Disk Drive Cases —

Give your disk drives a modern look. Clear
Plexiglass Case gives a clean look to your system.
Regularly $79.95 Holiday Special $69.95!!

I OWCT UraW A super-easy screen display
generator. Allows you to save screens in Basic.
Packed String, Load file, or CMD file. Give a
professional look to your program. Regularly
$39.95, Holiday Special $29.95!!

Dosplus 3.4
Operating System

YouVe read all about this incredible Operating
System. With all its* features only the price could
improve it. Sooo... Holiday Special $79.95!!!

(101005) Model I Single Density

(101006) Model I Double Density
(103006) Model III

JVl"Aal The most powerful Editor
Assembler ever written. Full screen editing, linking
loader, full macro support and much more!
Holiday special only (101007) $99.95.

Electronic Messenger completely

automated electronic mail program for the
Model III. Transmitts and receives mail auto-
matically. From a short note to a full disk! The
standard in Electronic Mail for all Computers
(103013) $149.95. (Now only $59.95!!!!!)

Postman Mass Mailing

oyStem This Mass Mailing Package is
without a doubt the most powerful mailing list
program ever written! Info- World gave it a 4
excellent (highest) rating! Regularly $129.95.
Holiday Special $99.95

Manufacturing Inventory

v^OntrOl A complete point-of-sale order
entry system for TRS-80 Model I III Includes
Invoice Generator. Billing Record Maintenance.
Inventory Tracking. Production of finished goods
from raw materials, etc... Fantastic! Regular
$199.00. Holiday Special $149.00!!

PaSCaI-80 The Fabulous Pascal-80
Package by New Classics Software. Considered to
be the best Pascal Package available for the
TRS-80! Regular Price $99.95. Holidav
Special (113008) $79.95!!

MicrO CasllA point-of-sale Inventory
Cash Register, and Accounts Receivable
System for the TRS-80 Model III. Includes
Invoice Generator and Inventory Control!
Regularly $199.00 Holidav Special (103030)
$149.95!!

I%1 Super Utility A Must for all serious

■ computer users. Allows ;you to repair damaged
disk directories, boot tracks, etc. A real value at
$79.95. but a holidav special at $39.95!!

Uniterm A Modular Terminal program for
both the Model I & III. Full Up and down loading
capabilities with a 38K buffer in a 48K mackline!
113000 $79.95.

♦All Holiday Specials End 1-15-83!!!

Postmarks after that date will not be accepted at these prices!!

B. T. Enterprises
~ 1 0B Car lough Road
Bohemia. NY. 11716
516 567 8155 (voice)

[dealer Inquires Welcome
Prices Subject to change
V Y.S. Resident* Add Tax
M516 588 5836 (modem)

B.T. Enterprises is a division of Bi-Tech Enterprises lnc

New Toll Free Lines for

out of New York State

orders

800 645 1165

WELCOME

1

\

■ ■

THE

COMPUTER CONNECTION

New Toll Free Order Number

Stands

1 nd the paper mess on

your computer desk. Our

printer stand allows your

paper to he fed from under

the printer, making room

for the used paper to stack

behind the print out of the way. Available with

an optional removable shelf (Shown) for easy

computer forms change. Available in Large

size also, for MX- 1 00 and other large printer users

also. Also available with center slot for bottom

feed printers.

Regular Stand (300010) $29.95

Regular w shelf (30001 1) $44.95

Large Stand (300020) $34.95

Large w shelf (300021) $49.95

Large w slot (300050) $49.95

B.T. Hard Disks

We want you to have all the power that yourTRS-
TRS-80 is capable, at prices that have other manu-
facturers cross-eyed! These Five, Ten and Fifteen
Megabyte units are easy to use, just plug them into
the expansion buss of your Model I or Model III.
Comes complete with the fantastic DOS PLUS 4.0
Operating System! Available in configurations:
5 Megabyte Fixed, 10 Megabytes, 15 Megabyte
Fixed. Look at the incredible low prices
of our systems!
SYSTEM PRICING
5 Megabyte Winchester Fixed Disk
201505 Model I Version
203505 Model III Version
10 Megabyte Winchester Fixed Disk
201510 Model I Version
203510 Model III Version
15 Megabyte Winchested Fixed Disk
201520 Model I Version
203520 Model III Version
Add $10.00 shipping and handling

$2399.95
2399.95

$2549.95
$2549.95

$2699.95
$2699.95

4 Mhz

x

5 "*9*byt* t
under

*40Q0

HQH

Upgrade Kit

Putting Disk drives into yourTRS-80 Model III
will turn it into the powerful computer it was
designed to be. The B.T. Enterprises DISK
DRIVE INSTALLATION KIT is easy to do and
represents a substantial savings over the cost if
done by Radio Shack.

The kit was designed to be installed by a non-
technical person, and takes an average of 45 to 75
minutes to complete. The only tools necessary are a
phillips and flat head screw driver and a pair of
diagonal cutters. No cutting of traces or soldering
is necessary. The full instruction procedure was the
topic of a feature in 80 US Magazine in the
May, 1982 issue, and was given high marks for
ease of installation.

KIT CONSISTS OF:

• FDC 111 B* Micromainframe Controller
Board assembled & tested

• Switching power supply

• Disk drive mounting brackets

• All cables and hardware

• Instructions with diagrams

• Drives are optional

*FDC III C Board optional at additional cost
supports 8 inch external drives and extended
density 5-Va inch drives (dual headed and 80
track)

203103 Disk Upgrade Kit B Version

w/ hardware

203104 Disk Upgrade Kit C Version

w/ hardware

203113 Disk Upgrade B. Version

w/2 40tk & 32K

203114 Disk Upgrade C Version

w/2 40tk & 32K

203115 Disk Upgrade C Version

w/2 40tk DH & 32K
2031 18 Disk Upgrade C. Version

w/2 80tk & 32K
2031 17 Disk Upgrade C Version

w/2 80tk DH & 32K

203003 FDC III B Controller Board

Only

203004 FDC III C Controller Board

only
200500 Switching Power Supply

(3 voltages)
203010 Controller Assembly Kit
203510 Controller Assy kit

w/ power Supply
DH — Dual Headed

$279.95

$309.95

$799.95

$829.95

$1029.95

$1029.95

$1229.95

$139.95

$169.95

$99.95
$75.00

$174.95

B. T. Enterprises

10 B Car lough Road Dealer Inquires Welcome
Bohemia, N.Y. 11716 Prices Subject to change
516 567 8155 (voice) N. Y.S. Residents Add Tax
— 516 588 5836 (modem)

B.T. Enterprises is a division of Bi-Tech Enterprises Inc.

New Toll Free Lines for

out of New York State

orders

800 645 1165

WELCOME

CIRCLE 130 ON READER SERVICE CARD

f TRS-80, continued...

Golfer's Challenge

This game of golf, for one or two
players, generates 18 new holes, complete
with sandtraps, waterholes, and trees,
every time you play. You have a choice
of 13 clubs (a driver, three woods, eight
irons and a wedge) and of seven directions
to aim the ball.

The holes are drawn for you, as
straightaways or doglegs, one at a time,
and the display shows the tee, 150-yard
distance markers from the hole, various
fairway hazards (T for a tree, S for sand,
W for water), the green, and a number
that represents the distance from tee to
hole.

You select a club and direction of aim,
using a table that indicates the possible
yardage of each. The ball doesn't always
go where you want it to, of course. When
you get on or near the green, you don't
putt; the computer takes over and assigns
two or three shots to make the hole. After
each hole, a scorecard is displayed.

Sound effects are available through
earphones or the recorder AUX jack, and
consist mostly of a chirping, accompanied
by a flashing pixel, to show where your
ball is.

The game is interesting for a round or
two, but unless you are a golfer, or want
to learn something about the game, or get
some pleasure playing this against an
opponent, you probably won't play it very
long. The graphics are clever, but the ball
doesn't sail through the air, and the clubs
are never seen on the screen.

Blank Program Lines HI

In writing about how to put blank lines
between sections of your program listings,
the June 1982 column (p. 217) said Radio
Shack's Line Printer II ignores down-
arrows, and that you must, when using

THAT "PRINT OUT ON My

pesic First thims /m /

THE /fltfRMJMS/ I

the II or other printers like it, "add spaces
the hard way: one at a time."

Don Davidson of Silver Creek, NJ has a
marvelously simple solution:

"You had a suggestion for a better way
to put blank lines in program listings using
the down-arrow. It did not work, however,
on a Line Printer II.

"It is almost as easily done on a Line
Printer II, though. Just add a space after
the down-arrow. For example, to leave
two spaces, just add (down -arrow) (space)
(down-arrow)(space) at the end of the
line."

It works. Of course, after the (down-
arrow)(space), you have to press ENTER,
to get the prompt for the next line.

PC-1 as Portable Data-Logger

In the PC -2 section of the RSC-7 cat-
alog, it says "Radio Shack will introduce
an RS-232C interface and software to
allow the PC -2 to function as a terminal."
Well, you can get a hardware /software
package right now that will let you use
the earlier PC-1 Pocket Computer as a
portable data-logger.

With the PTR Interface from Protean
Scientific (Route 13, Lincoln, NE 68527),
you can use the TRS-80 PC-1 to transfer
data tapes from the Pocket Computer to
a TRS-80 Model I or III. The PTR Inter-
face connects directly to cassette recorder
cables of the desktop computer, and
doesn't have to be removed during normal
cassette operation. An LED flashes to
indicate the transfer of data. The inter-
face operates from batteries, and thus
cuts down on cable clutter.

The PTR Interface reads both alpha
and numeric data, so you can either load
datafiles as they occur on the tape, or
search for datafiles by name. You can
load complete files, or specify the number

412

of memories you want transferred.
Checksum errors identify invalid data.

Protean Scientific provides a sample
Basic program which calls an assembly-
language routine. The PTR package,
which is $99.95 plus $2.50 for shipping
and handling, includes the assembled
electronic interface, a cassette tape with
the assembler and Basic programs, and a
detailed 15-page user manual. The soft-
ware works with a Model I or III and is
supplied in three versions— for 16K, 32K
and 48K systems— on the same tape.

According to a letter from Protean
Scientific President Robert K. Nickel, the
interface "is essentially the outgrowth of
a need we perceived for a low-cost data-
logger for geophysical measurements. We
believe that there are many possible
applications in fields such as geology,
archeology, botany, zoology, and agron-
omy. Virtually any specialized study
which involves the collection of data in
field or laboratory environments could
realize greater efficiency and accuracy
by using a pocket computer to record
data." There are also, of course, many
business uses for a data-logger, such as
taking inventory.

Using the PTR Interface

The PTR Interface connects between
a cassette player and the cassette port of
a TRS-80 Model I or III. The interface
modifies the data signals from a PC-1 tape
to be compatible with the tape-reading
circuit of the desktop TRS-80 and the
PTR assembly-language program.

The software consists of two programs,
the PTR assembler program which trans-
fers data from the PC-l's data tape to the
memory of the desktop computer, and a
Basic demonstration program which
shows how PTR is called and how the
data received from PTR is converted into
numeric and string Basic variables. Part
or all of the Basic program can be incor-
porated into your Basic programs.

First you connect the PTR Interface in
series with the TRS-80 cassette cable and
the earphone jack of the cassette
recorder. Using the SYSTEM command,
you load whichever version of the PTR
assembly language program is appropriate
to the memory size of your Model I or
III. Then load the Basic program, and
make a couple of small changes in the
listing, depending on the size of your
memory size.

Now you are ready to go. Turn on the
interface switch, put a PC-1 data tape in
the cassette recorder, and RUN the Basic
program. You will be asked to enter the
name of the file you want to read, and
how many registers you want to read from
the data file. Pressing ENTER will resuJf
in all registers being read.

If you have entered TESTX as the file
name, the screen will display

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

Lyco Computer Marketing & Consultants

TO ORDER

CALL US

TOLL FREE

In PA 1-717-398-4079

800-

-8760

November 810
ATARI 32 K

SPECIALS 400

800 48K . .

Disk Drive .... $429.00

RAM $ 79.00

16K $255.00

$639.00

a

PERCOM : In Stock

Single Drive • CALL

Dual Drive CALL

(Read all Atari Disks)

PRINTERS : In Stock

Epson Mx80 $449.00

Epson Mx 80 FT III $499.00

Okidata 82A $479.00

Okidata83A $719.00

Okidata 84 $1089.00

Citoh CALL

NEC CALL

(Interfacing Available)

JOYSTICKS : In Stock

Atari CX-40 $1 8.00

LeStick $34.00

Wico Command Control $24.00

Computer Covers :

800 $6.99

400 $6.99

810 $ 6 99

DISKETTES : In Stock

Maxell MD1 . . .(10) $34.00

Maxell MD2 ...(10) $44.00

Elephant ...(10) $21 .00

THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE
ATARI PROGRAM EXCHANGE

$25.50
$15. 50
$15.50
$15.50

$31.00
$31.00
$26.00

Eastern Front 1 941

Avalanche

Outlaw/Howitzer

Dog Daze

Wizard of War

Gorf

Frogger

BUSINESS SOFTWARE : In Stock

Atari Word Processing $i 09. 00

Letter Perfect 51 29.00

TestWizzard $ e900

Datasam/65 $125.00

'nterllap $125.00

Monkey Wrench $ 42.00

ATARI HARDWARE

41 Cassette Recorder $75.00

825 Printer $585.00

830 Phone Modem $149 00

850 Interface $164.00

PACKAGES

CX481 Entertainer $69.00

CX482 Educator $1 25.00

CX483 Programmer $49.00

CX494 Communicator $325.00

SOFTWARE

CXL401 3 ASTEROIDS $28.75

CXL4004 BASKETBALL $26.75

CX41 05 BLACKJACK $12.75

CXL4O09 COMPUTER CHESS $28.75

CXL401 2 MISSLE COMMAND $28.75

CXL401 1 STAR RAIDERS $35.00

CXL4006 SUPER BREAKOUT $28.75

CXL401 3-D TIC-TAC-TOE $26.75

CXL4O05 VIDEO EASEL $26.00

CXL4008 SPACE INVADERS $28.75

CX81 30 CAVERNS OF MARS $31 .75

CXL4020 PAC MAN $32.75

(NEW) CENTIPEDE $32.75

CX4121 ENERGY CZAR $12.75

CX41 08 HANGMAN $1 2.75

CX41 02 KINGDOM $12.75

CX41 1 2 STATES A CAPITALS $1 2.75

CX4114 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES $12.75

CX4101 PROGRAMMING I ...
CX41 06 PROGRAMMING II.. .
CX41 1 7 PROGRAMMING III . .
CXL4007 MUSIC COMPOSER
CX81 02 CALCULATOR

$19.95
$22.75
$22.75
$33.75
$28.75

CX4109 GRAPH IT $16.75

CXL4003 Assembler Editor .... $45.00

CX8121 Macro Assembler $69.00

CXL4002 Atari Basic $45.00

CX81 26 Microsoft Basic $65.00

CXL4018 Pilot Home $65.00

CX405 PILOT EDUCATOR $99. OO

CXL4015 TELELINK $21.00

CX41 23 SCRAM $19.75

CX41 07 Biorhythm $1 3.00

CX41 19 French $45.00

CX41 1 8 German $45.00

CX41 20 Spanish $45.00

CX41 25 Italian $45.00

ATARI

A Warner Communications Company

THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE

for atari 800 or 400

KBYTE

KRAZY SHOOTOUT $35 OO

K-DOS $65.00

K STAR PATROL $37.75

KRAZY ANTICS \ . $37 75

KRAZY KRITTERS $37 75

BALL JOYSTICK KIT $6 75

AUTOMATIED SIMULATIONS

Star Warrior $28 OO

Crush, Crumble A Chomp $23.00

WE CARRY MANY OTHER THIRD PARTY PRODUCTS

YOU CAN CALL FOR PRICES ON AND ASK FOR
YOUR FREE ATARI PRODUCT CATALOG .

VIC-20 $189.00

VIC1 530 DATASSETTE $67.00

VIC1 540 DISK DRIVE $499.00

VIC1 51 5 PRINTER $355 00

VIC1 210 3K RAM $35.00

VIC1 1 10 8K RAM $52.00

VIC1 21 1 A SUPER EXPANDER $53.00

VIC-20 SOFTWARE

VIC1 212 PROGRAMMER AID $45.00

VIC1 21 3 VICMON $4500

VIC1 906 SUPER ALIEN $23 00

VIC1914 ADVENTURE

LAND ADVENTURE $35 00

VIC1915 PRIVATE COVE

ADVENTURE $35 00

VIC 1 916 MISSION IMPOSSIBLE $3500

VIC1917 THE COUNT ADVENTURE .... $35 00

VIC1 91 9 SARGON II CHESS $35 OO

THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE

ALIEN BLITZ $21 .00

Omega Race $35.00

Gorf $32.00

16K RAM/ROM $99 00

AMOK $21 .OO

SUPER HANGMAN $1 6 00

SPIDERS OF MARS $4;

POLICY
Pre-paid orders receive free shipping in the continental U.S.

Personal checks require four weeks clearance before shipping

In-Stock items shipped within 24 hours of order

Back-Ordered and Out-of-Stock items shipped as soon as they are available

Cancellation of Back-Order and Out-of-Stock items prior to shipping receive

full refund or credit towards another purchase upon request.

All products subject to availability and price change.

TO ORDER
CALL TOLL FREE

800-233-8760

In PA 1-717-398-4079
or send order to

Lyco Computer

P.O. Box 5088
Jersey Shore, PA 1 7740

CIRCLE 225 ON READER SERVICE CARD

r

TRS-80, continued...

SEARCHING FOR:

NO DATA STREAM

TESTX

until the first file is found. If there are
other files on the tape before TESTX,
the display will show their names to
indicate which files are being skipped and
also show the contents of the data regis-
ters as they are passed; for example:

SEARCHING FOR: TESTX

SKIPPING:

+ 1.782010312D-02

TESTB

When the desired data file is reached,
the display changes to

LOADING :

TESTX

meanwhile also displaying an error count
and register count. As soon as the file is
loaded, the display changes completely,
and the register contents are displayed;
for example:

REG. 1= SCA5
REG. 2= 3423
REG. 3= 93275

and so on, until the contents of all selected
registers are displayed. Errors are flagged
and counted.

That is all there is to it; using the PTR
Interface is about as simple as possible.
The manual explains all operations in a
very clear way, and also includes several
pages on Theory of Operation, plus a
listing of the Basic program, should you
want to use it in one of your own pro-
grams.

Radio Shack/CitiLine Credit Card

For several months now, there has been

, u k

( EYCMANOCS RtEUNOS )

"As a matter of fact, it worked too well— I pro-
grammed my income, budget, and expenses and it
advised me I couldn't afford to own it/"

10 '-

-GRAPHICS MODE

PRINTABLE DATA IN

THE

RANGE 129 - 255

20 •'

-FOR TRS-80

LINE PRINTER VIII

30 LPRINTCHR$<30) ;' (END GRAPHICS MODE TO ENABLE LPRINT A)

40 FOR A=129 TO 255

50 LPRINT A

5 CHR*(18):

|' (LPRINT A, THEN

ENTER GRAPHICS MODE)

60 LPRINT CHR*<

: 255 ) ; '

(LPRINTS VERTICAL LINE FOR REFERENCE)

70 LPRINT CHR*(128) ; '

(LPRINTS SPACE)

80 LPRINT STRING*< 10, A) ;'

(LPRINTS 10 DOT LONG STRING OF CODE A)

90 LPRINT CHR*(30) ; ■ <

END

GRAPHICS MODE

TO

ENABLE LPRINT A )

100 NEXT A

129

f

130

1—

131 |—

132

1—

133

•=

134

i_

135 1—

136

1—

137

138 1=

139

1=

140

I—

141

|=

142 1—

143

\ wm

144

1—

145 1=

146

|=

147

|~

148

|=

149 1=

150

1=

151

1=

152 1—

153

|=

154

|=

155

1=

156 1—

157

1—

158

!■■

159 1"

160

l_

161

|

162

1 —

163 1=

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a new credit card available "for qualified
consumers who want a revolving loan
account with Citibank. ..for big-ticket
purchases from Tandy's Radio Shack
stores. The card can also be used to
purchase financial services," according to
the press release.

The new card, called Radio Shack/
CitiLine, is said to be the first such
national "co-branded" bank card. It is
accepted only at Radio Shack stores "in
the 48 contiguous states," and is for
financing a purchase of $225 or more.
Borrowers pay about two percent a
month; there is no annual fee.

Now you can get "instant credit" for
buying a Radio Shack hi-fi or music
synthesizer, or even a TRS-80 computer.

Line Printer Mil Graphics

Last month's column featured Radio
Shack's dot-matrix Line Printer VIII (p.
306), which offers proportional spacing,
elongated or condensed characters,
underlining, superscripts, subscripts, and
many more features, including 30 graphics
characters.

Each of the 30 characters consists of
six vertical dots in various combinations,
which the printer manual says can be
used "for drawing pictures, figures, or
graphs." Fifteen of the characters are
four small squares in all their combina-
tions (the last of which is a larger square),
eleven short lines and sets of intersecting

lines that can be used to construct forms,
and four triangles that face in different
directions.

Bill Fronek, of Houston, TX, sent the
above program and RUN to give some
idea of what can be done with columns of
dots, but in this case, it's all possible
combinations of seven dots.

Line 50 puts the printer in graphics
mode, which is a bit-image printing mode,
and thus quite different from the char-
acter printing mode ordinarily used. In
graphics mode, printable data must be in
the range 128-255; you can print any
combination of seven dots in a dot
column. Each dot is controlled by one bit
in the data byte, in which the high bit
(value 128) is always on, so that, in effect,
the printout above represents the binary
numbers 1 through 127.

Line 80 prints a 10-dot-long string of
columns. Note that, if you select the right
dot combinations, and string them to-
gether properly, you can create almost
any dot-matrix character you wish, from
foreign alphabets to tiny pictures.

The catch with trying to print the 30
graphics characters referred to above is
that the manual doesn't tell you how to
do it. There is a table of printing codes,
but these codes range between 225 and
254, which are the same codes used for
bit-image printing. The Line Printer VIII
manual is highly frustrating, to say the
least.

414

December 1982 c Creative Computing

r

Short Program #34: Keyboard Graphics

A letter from Cincinnati includes a
program for the Model-I Level-II com-
puter:

"Did you know that it is possible to
place graphics on the screen from the
keyboard? The following program is one
method of doing it and can be used in all
sorts of games.

NUMBER
69 M ; X

5 CLS: PRINT

10 INPUT "ENTER A

BETWEEN 64 AND

CLS: PRINT

B*=INKEY*

PRINT CHR*<ASC(B*)+X> ;

15
20
30
40

GOTO 20

"This program gives you direct control
over 58 of the graphics characters at one
time, using shifted and unshifted entries
(there is a total of 63 graphics characters).
In this range of X, all of the letters of the
alphabet give graphics as well as (some-
times) # @ = ?<>. I would appreciate
knowing if someone can figure out how
to control all of the characters."

If you have written a game or two using
INKEYS, you may realize, without run-
ning this program, that it won't work. It
was typed, and since few of us are great
typists, extra care must be taken when
typing up a program instead of using a
printer.

RUN this program, and you get

?FC IN 30
or on a Model III,

Illegal function call in 30
which may, of course, lead you to think
something is wrong with line 30. What's
that pair of double-quotes for? Nothing,
apparently, so take them out. And you
get the same error message.

If you assume the error is in line 30,
you might pare the problem down to what
may seem the heart of the problem:

20 B$=INKEY$

30 PRINT ASC(B$)

Run this and you'll get the same error
message, which is somewhat mystifying
because, according to the Level II man-
ual, this pared-down version of line 30 is
OK.

So, finally, you look at page 5/5 of the
Model II manual (page 166 of the Model
III manual), and you find, "INKEYS
returns a one -key string determined by an
instantaneous keyboard strobe. If no key
is pressed during a strobe, a null string
(length zero) is re turned.... Because of the
short duration of the strobe cycle (on the
order of microseconds), INKEYS is in-
variably placed inside some sort of loop,
so that the keyboard is scanned
repeatedly."

After reading the rest of the text about
INKEY$, you soon realize all you need

add to the Cincinnati program to make it
work is a simple loop :

25 IF B$="" THEN 20 ELSE 30

Mystery: What was the original, work-
ing version of the Cincinnati program?
Was the one-space string at the end of
line 30 originally part of something like
line 25? What do the two PRINT state-
ments do for the program?

Enter a 64 after you RUN the program,
and keys A-Z plus # and @ will give you a
total of 54 graphics characters, with the
graphics codes 129-156 and 160-186.
That's using the SHIFT key, too.

If you enter a 69 after you RUN the
program, you shift the "window" five
places to the right, so to speak (so to
write?), and by using keys A-Z plus =
@<>? @ you obtain 59 graphics char-
acters with codes 129-160 and 165-191.
That takes care of all 63, counting the
other set also.

So what the last sentence in the Cin-
cinnati letter must mean is: Can you write
a program that will generate all 63 graph-
ics characters from the keyboard, without
having to use ENTER or anything similar
in line 10? The answer involves a knowl-
edge of ASCII codes below 32, and
between 91 and 95, inclusive. Assuming,
of course, that there is a program that
will do the trick. □

Announcing

for

Computers for Sea & Sky is an outstand-
ing new reference volume that applies com-
puter technology to air and sea navigation.
This state-of-the-art book substitutes com-
puter programs for reams of charts and
tables, and replaces hours of hand calcula-
tion, research and interpolation with mi-
croprocessor speed and accuracy.

Computers for Sea & Skv provides the seri-
ous aircraft pilot or ocean navigator with
computer programs in BASIC that perform
vital computations in seven major areas:

■ AVIATION, covering programs for DM E
speed correction, turn performance, rate of
climb, crosswind computation, and more.

■ NAVIGATION, including course correc-
tion, area navigation from a VOR, Great
Circle computations, distance from a
VOR/OMNl.

■ SPEED and DISTANCE, with programs
for computing line-of-sight distance, dis-
tance to an object on the horizon, distance
by vertical angle, and speed.

■ METEOROLOGY, covering relative
humidity and dew point, temperature con-
version, barometric correction and units,
freezing level/flight level computations.

■ TIME and THE SKY, including altitude,
azimuth and amplitude, time into arc,
sunrise/sunset and more.

■ CHARTS— meridional parts, scaling,
and latitude/longitude dimensions.

■ MATHEMATICS, including triangle.

a new computer reference book
pilots and navigators!

circular curves, coordinate conversion, ha-
versine computation.

The programs in Computers for Sea &
Sky can replace fully 1,000 or more of less
accurate charts and tables, as well as on-
board equipment costing thousands of dol-
lars. The programs, generally accurate to six
decimal places, can be run on virtually any
microcomputer.

Take advantage of the speed and effi-
ciency of microcomputer navigation and
analysis in your plane or boat— order Com-
puters for Sea & Sky today-only $9.95!

■ Large 8'/ : " by 11" size.

■ Glossary, index, bibliography and appendix of
constants.

■ Easy-to-use BASIC programs. njn_and_ile
bugged on a
UNIVAC 1100/82
system.

■ Written by a noted
computer lecturer
and author who is
a licensed pilot and
FAA certified
ground instructor.

ONLY $9.95!

( ompuirr. loe

MAX Mil

( creative computing

DeptHA2H39 East Hanover Avenue, Morris Plains, NJ 07950

Please send me copies of Computers for Sea & Sk

(Foreign orders except Mexico and Canada add $3
#14F

k}\ at $9.95. plus $2 postage and handling
additional per order. (Shipped air mail

each,
only)

CHECK ONE:

] Payment enclosed $.

I Charge my:

1 American Express
MasterCard

Visa

NJ residents add 5 r t sales tax.

Card No.

Expiration Date-
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(please print lull name)

Address-

.Apt.

City.

State/Zip.

] Check here for FREE catalog. Please have this in hand when ordering

Charge orders, CALL TOLL FREE 800-631-8112 (In NJ 201-540-0445)

Institutions only: Purchase orders under $50 not accepted.

— 'a

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

415

AUTHORIZED

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CIRCLE 373 ON READER SERVICE CARD

STATIC ELECTRICITY - THE INVISIBLE THIEF
A TOUCH IS ALL IT TAKES

A touch is all it takes to rob memory, alter
expensive programs or produce faulty data.
Levels of 2000 VOLTS can pass UNNOTICED
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failure.

WATTS OUT can prevent equipment malfunction
caused by static discharge. It is MNEMONIC
and ANTI-STATIC DEVICE designed to eliminate
body capacitance effects involved in friction
generated static, especially formulated out of
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of 10^ ohm/cm or less.

WATTS OUT (at $5.95 ea.)

Please send

Make check, money order payable to Associated
Research Enterprises. Colorado residents add 3.5%
sales tax. Price includes shipping. Overseas orders
add 15%.

Item subject to availability. Allow four to six
weeks delivery in U.S. and six to eight for ship-
ments outside U.S.

ASSOCIATED RESEARCH ENTER. P.O. BOX 22463
DENVER, CO 80224 Dealer Discounts Available.

CIRCLE 119 ON READER SERVICE CARD

ews

bookp

Steve Gray, et al.

A Practical Introduction to Computer Graphics, by Ian O.

Angell. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 154 pages, paperback
$16.95. 1981.

This slim British book provides a quick but thorough look
at computer graphics for those familiar with college -level
math and Fortran. It moves fast: page two presents a simple
program (and then a shorter version) for drawing a square,
shows the results, then asks the reader to "draw a triangle, a
pentagon and a hexagon with programs similar ,to those
above."

The programs are not explained, perhaps because the
additional text would add several dozen pages to the book,
which is expensive enough as it is. There are dozens of
Fortran programs in the ten chapters, on 2-D graphics, 2-D
matrices, clipping and covering, 3-D coordinate geometry, 3-
D matrices, perspective and stereoscopic views, hidden-line
algorithms, setup techniques, computer movies, projects, and
a conclusion. Exercises are scattered throughout the book,
but no answers are provided.

On page 10, Angell gets into vector pairs, by page 26 into
matrices, and by 43 into direction cosines. So you'd better
have a good grounding in math, or be prepared to learn a lot.
The author writes clearly, with a lean style that concentrates
on the essentials. An example: "There need only be three
basic forms of coordinate -system change; that is, translation
of origin, change of scale, and rotation of axes; all other
changes can be formulated in terms of these three types."

The book "is essentially a third-year degree course given to
undergraduates at Royal Holloway College, University of
London," and as with nearly all Wiley books, is very nicely
produced, with clear program listings, very neat drawings,
and much attention paid to typography. If you are interested
in computer graphics, have a good enough background in
Fortran to convert the programs to Basic or whatever lan-
guage you are using, and can cope with matrix determinants,
you will find this book a valuable introduction.

416

Excuse Me, What Was That? Confused Recollections of
Things that Didn't Go Exactly Right, by Anton Braun Quist.
Dili thi urn Press, Beaverton, OR. 1982.

My experience has led me to believe that humor books of
this sort have a common tendency: a majority of them are not
very amusing. This book is an exception, and a notably witty
one. It is a compendium of some bizarre and ostensibly true
goings on in the realm of men and machines. Dilithium Press
should do itself a favor, however, and re title the book.
Something like "Technological Tangles" would probably fill
the bill.

Rather than restricting itself to computer tales, the book
approaches many aspects of technological fa ux pas, ranging
from lens-making to flying, even driving a bus. Quist attests to
the veracity of every story he presents, and Dave Ahl has
confirmed the truth of at least one of the stories.

Each tale underscores the author's philosophical bent,
namely, that "there's a touch of panic in all human endeavor,
a drive to be mysterious that flavors all action, and has not
yet been accounted for in formulas for predicting results."

December 1982 ® Creative Computing

lews

Rings true, doesn't it? Otherwise stated, "you never know
until later."

Take the example of the R&D group that wanted to print
on strawberries. Marketing studies have shown that the word
"Sunkist" sells citrus fruits. If only, the innovators mused,
they could do the same for the strawberry. A promising
electrostatic process was developed, similar to Xeroxing,
wherein ink powder could be accurately put on nearly any-
thing. "Indeed, Time Magazine ran a picture of a label that
had been put on a raw egg on a plate. (No, not on the shell, on
the raw yolk and white lying right there on the plate.) 4 We can
print on still water/ said the proud innovators who had
developed the basic technology."

The only problem was they had no way to affix the powder
to the medium. A Xerox machine uses heat to fuse the
powder. Certainly this couldn't be done to a strawberry. The
developers dabbled with all sorts of fixes, but they couldn't
get the powder to stay. No matter what. Case closed.

Then there was the outfit that turned out the traveling
wave tubes, very crucial to radar technology. One day they
simply lost the ability to turn out working tubes, and under-
standably, began to panic. An extensive evaluation was made
of assembly line practices. Rigid standards were enforced.
Still, no tubes would work.

Finally it was determined that production stopped just
when a female employee left the company. They feverishly
brought her back. She began creating working tubes.

It seems she used her thumbnail as a guide when inserting
elements into the tube. "They used a micrometer on her
thumbnail, prepared a gauge of the same thickness, and used
it to make traveling wave tubes that worked. So much for
science."

How about the secret ingredient used to make electric
eyes? Government officials couldn't make them work without
it. The solution finally came out, for bladder or worse.

I'm a sucker for stories like this, and the book is chock full
of them. There is something recognizable in the dirigible
tester who can't seem to get hydrogen to burn until he blows
himself up, or the computer that works phenomenally until
the moment it's on TV. Truth is that superstition still lives,
and those closest to technology know this best. For some
great stories documenting the "dark side of the force," this
book is great.— JJA

Fun With Microcomputers and Basic, by Donald D. Spencer.
Reston Publishing Co., a Prentice-Hall Co., Reston, VA. 128
pages, paperback $9.95. 1981.

This "new version" of Fun With Computers and Basic,
originally published in 1977, is described by Reston as "an
excellent book for children." But not much younger than
teenage; the vocabulary is fairly sophisticated.

After introductory chapters on the Importance of Com-
puters, How to Recognize a Computer, Telling the Computer
What to Do, and Let's Talk in Basic, the book gets down to its
major theme with a 70-page chapter on Problems and
Programs. A nine-page glossary ends the book.

The change in title reflects the note in the preface that the
programs in the current book were developed using TRS-80

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and Apple computers, and will run on many others.

Almost fifty programs are included in the long chapter,
starting with simple ones such as metric conversion and grade
average, and working up to complex programs such as Magic
Square and Buried Treasure. Many interesting programs are
provided, such as Armstrong numbers, perfect numbers, coin-
tossing, and slot machine.

Every few programs, the author asks the reader to write
one or more on his own, building up to more and more
complicated ones, such as Wheel of Fortune.

Written with Spencer's usual straightforward style, and
enlivened with dozens of drawings and cartoons, this book is
very good for a beginner of almost any age, from the teens on
up, who's interested in learning how to program by first
copying a few programs from the book, seeing how they run,
and then writing a couple on his own. No solutions are
provided in the back of the book.

Introduction to Interactive Computer Graphics, by Joan E.
Scott. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 265 pages, hard-
cover $24.95. 1982.

Although the preface says "this book combines in a single
volume both technical information about graphics systems
and practical knowledge concerning their use," the emphasis
is almost entirely on "what" and not "how." There are no
programs, no program lines, and very few equations.

However, there is much of interest here for those who want
a good but quick look at what can be done with computer
graphics. There are hardware chapters on Input Devices at
the Work Station (light pens, digitizers, joysticks, trackballs,
dials, keyboards, buttons, switches, voice data-entry), Inter-
active Display Devices, Lasting Results (plots, hard copy,
photographs), Graphics Suppport; software chapters on
Building the Computer Model, Interactive Input Techniques,
Viewing the Computer Model, 3-D Viewing, Application
Programs; and two final chapters, on Management Concerns,
and Application Survey.

Most of the hardware chapters, and one of the software
chapters, provide a vendor list for the products described,
and there is a 38-item list of references for those wishing to
delve further into various topics, although only one is dated
after 1978, and that is Newman and Sproull's 1979 Principles
of Interactive Computer Graphics (reviewed March 1980, p.
184), a better and more extensive book (from McGraw-Hill),
with more than twice as many pages for the same price,
although with math you would have to have a graduate
degree to understand. There is a little advanced math in
Scott's book, but almost entirely in the chapters on Viewing
the Computer Model, and 3-D Viewing.

Scott's book is good, as far as it goes, with a good coverage
of the subject, although with many extraneous words and too-
long sentences. Newman and Sproull's book is hard to beat;
Scott's is something like a subset of it.

The TRS-80 Means Business, by Ted G. Lewis. John Wiley &
Sons Inc., New York. 203 pages, paperback $12.95. 1982.
One of the latest in Wiley's paperback guides to microcom-
puters, this one claims to be "the first introduction to
computing with the best-selling TRS-80 Model II microcom-

December 1982 ° Creative Computing

views

booh

puter that's geared specifically for business users," according
to the back cover.

Chapter 1 asks Who Needs a Small Computer?, and
discusses several examples in detail. Chapter 2, Computer
People Talk Funny, looks at hardware and software. Chapter
3, Who Can Afford a Computer?, examines system costs. The
next three chapters present programs, in The Computer as
Filing Cabinet (file structures), Instant Retrieval Techniques
(hashing), and The Little Databaser. Chapter 7, Analysis of
Small-Business Systems, "ties together many of the concepts
and techniques developed throughout the previous chapters,"
in looking at systems for dentist's billing, shoe-store accounts
payable, stockbroker's files, etc. An admirable 22-page
appendix on Getting Started With Model II Basic provides a
cookbook, from turning on the power switch to editing to
Basic statements to data types.

The author's teaching experience (in Computer Science at
Oregon State University) is evident in his carefully detailed
presentation of complex principles in an easily understood
fashion. The book, however, is best understood by a fairly
bright reader, especially the chapter on hashing, which may
be a problem to those who didn't do well in high school or
college algebra. For those who did, this book is highly
recommended.

An 8" disk of all the programs in the book is available from
the publisher for $19.95.

More TRS4M) Basic, by Don Inman, Ramon Zamora and Bob
Albrecht, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 285 pages,
paperback $9.95. 1981.

One of the latest in the Wiley STG (Self-Teaching Guide)
series, this sequel to the authors' TRS-80 Basic book "helps
you build on your fundamental knowledge of Level II Basic
with scores of practical applications that are both recreational
and educational. It explains all TRS-80 Level II Basic
statements, commands, and features not covered in their
previous best seller," according to the back cover.

The book explores PEEK and POKE, several different
ways of displaying graphics (including "super-graphics"
techniques), and file-handling using both cassette and disk
files.

The chapters include an Introduction, Guided Tour of
Memory (RAM, ROM, PEEK, POKE), Graphics and Super-
graphics (SET, RESET, POKE, STRINGS$), Introduction to
Cassette Data Files, More about Cassette Files, Disk Oper-
ation, Using Disk Files, Tuning Up Your Computer (adding
sound to programs), Special Features and Fancy Functions
(saving memory, error-handling, etc.), Graphics and Anima-
tion, Arithmetic Functions, and A TRS-80 Art Lesson. Three
appendixes provide a table of graphics characters, information
on the cassette recorder, and error codes and messages.

Written with the well-known expertise of these veteran
authors, the book explains everything in detail, with many
programs and drawings. Like its predecessor, this book is also
available from Radio Shack, at the same price, with a different
cover (showing the Model III) and title, "Advanced Level II
Basic."

These two books are what Radio Shack should have
provided with the Level II TRS-80 instead of that reference
manual. □

December 1982 e Creative Computing

VIC20

PERSONAL
COMPUTER

ARCADE GAME

CHRISTMAS

SALE!!

10 Most Popular Tape
(for VIC-20)
RanK Name

1. Super Paratrooper
(Fantastic)

2. Exterminator-Plus
(Better than Centipede)

3. Cricket

(Better than Frogger)

4. 3-D Hackman

(3-Dimensional)

5. Snackman

(Better than Packman)

6. Bug Blast
(Creepy)

7. Anti Matter Splatter
(Nuclear Disaster)

8. Bombs Away
(Great)

9. 3-D Maze-Escape
10. Krazy Kong

Programs

List Sale

$24.95 $19.95

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$24.95 $19.95

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BUY ANY FOUR — DEDUCT 10% MORE

10 DAY FREE TRIAL!

2-4 Day Delivery-First Class Mail.
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We Have Over 500 Programs.

ASK FOR FREE CATALOG!

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(our prices prove it)

ENTERPRIZES (factory direct)

BOX 550, BARRINGTON, ILLINOIS 60010
Phone 312/382-5244 to ordsr

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NEW from Creative Compating-

Three great books for
Apple, Atari and TRS-80 owners!

Creative Computing has just produced the books you've been waiting for- the most informative,
challenging and stimulating volumes yet written for the Apple," Atari," or TRS-80 R owner!

THE CREATIVE APPLE

brings you 450 pages of the best articles
and features on the Apple to appear in the
past four years of Creative Computing.
Revised and updated, this wealth of material
gives you dozens of ways to tap the tremen-
dous potential of your Apple, with informa-
tion-packed chapters on:

• Graphics • Music • Education • Word
Processing • Business • Applecart

• Software Reviews • Programs- Ready
to Run • Tips for Easier Programming

• Branches
Whether you use your Apple for business,
teaching, home budgeting or just having fun,
you'll find plenty of ways here to get more
out of it than you ever dreamed!

THE CREATIVE APPLE, edited by Mark Pelczarski and Joe
Tate. W x 11", softcover, illustrated, 450 pp. $15.95.

THE CREATIVE ATARI is an invaluable
guide for the average, non-expert user who knows a little
about BASIC and simple programming. The Atari is one of the
most sophisticated consumer graphics devices ever invented.
Yet, because it is so powerful, learning how to use its special
features can be difficult for all but the most skilled program-
mers. Here's where THE CREATIVE ATARI can help. Taking
articles, columns and tutorials that previously appeared in
Creative Computing, the authors have updated the material
for maximum learning ease. THE CREATIVE ATARI contains
four main sections:

• An introduction, with a discussion of Atari memory con-
cepts essential to programming.

• A tutorial on Atari graphics.

• A collection of programming tips, plus information on
non-graphics areas.

• Programs you can type in yourself, with reviews of other
good commercial programs available for the Atari.

You'll also find an Appendix with a reference guide to useful
Atari information. Whether you're a long-time Atari owner or
are just thinking about getting one, this is the book to have!

THE CREATIVE ATARI, edited by David Small, Sandy Small
and George Blank. 8^" x 11", softcover, illustrated, 250 pp.
$15.95.

THE CREATIVE TRS-80 * a complete

guide based on articles that appeared in Creative Computing,
covering everything from games to business applications for
the TRS-80. Chapters include:

• Games, with nine full-length listings you can type directly
into your computer.

• Personal productivity, with discussions on expense man-
agement, record keeping and other packages.

• Education, detailing uses for pre- school, elementary and
high school students.

• Business, and making the most of your investment
opportunities.

• Word processing, covering Scripsit, Lazy Writer and more.

80

• Programming tips, suggestions on structured pro-
gramming, debugging, error trapping and numerical
techniques.

• Graphics, with advice from experts on how to enhance
your programming capabilities.

• TRS-80 Strings- reprints of this monthly Creative
Computing column.

• Software, an overview of commercial software ranging
from chess to improving your computer's language
capabilities.

• Hardware, including discussions on new models, printers
and other peripherals.

Your TRS-80 is a wonderful tool for learning, having fun, and
improving the quality of your life. With THE CREATIVE
TRS-80, you'll expand the uses of your machine-and its value
to you- in a hundred new and exciting ways!

THE CREATIVE TRS-80, edited by Ken Mazur. 8fc" x 11",
softcover, illustrated, 250 pp. $15.95.

Registered Trademarks: Apple: Apple Computer Inc.; Atari: Atari Inc.:
TRS-80: Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp

USE COUPON OR TOLL-FREE NUMBER TO ORDER TODAY!

ri) „ af ! v « rnnmJillDll Dept HA2F 39 East Hanover Avenue
(,I'(,dMl(, COIttptfir.IRQ Morns Plains, N] 07950

CREATIVE APPLE: Send me

copies at $15.95 each* plus $2 postage

and handling. #18R

CREATIVE ATARI: send me copies at $15.95 each* plus $2 postage

and handling. #18B

CREATIVE TRS-80: Send me copies at $15.95 each* plus $2 postage

and handling. #18Y

*NJ residents add 5% sales tax. All foreign orders (except Canada and Mexico) add $3 to
regular postage and handling charge Shipped airmail only

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Torfesler~r^(TPTO^TH^ "

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, # „ Having trouble

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Understanding Your PET/CBM $16.95

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PET Graphics $ 6 95

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A Workbook of BASIC Exercises

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![12 Mo. Issues — 6 Bi-Month >
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SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SHOPPERS GUIDE

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V% call Toll Free - 1-800-343-7706
In Massachusetts - 617-963-7694

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• Radio Shack's Model I, 11. Ill

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£*

Micro Architect Inc.

96 Dothan St.
Arlington, MA 02174

"DISC DOUBLER PROGRAM"

'DOUBLE THE STORAGE CAPACITY

ON YOUR SS/SD OR SS/DD 5V4 INCH

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ALL YOU PAY IS A ONE TIME FEE OF $12.95.
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OR SS/DD DISKETTES. HURRY, SEND $12.95
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DISK DOUBLER PROGRAM

CP-M COMPANY
P.O. Box 1045 DEPT. CCO
WOODLAND HILLS, CALIFORNIA 91365

Nationwide 800-428-7825 Ext. 43
CA. Residents Only 800-428-7824 Ext. 43

California residents add 6% sales tax, Los Angeles residents
add 6.5% sales tax. Please include $1 postage and handling.
All orders shipped within 10 days. Disk doubter program
copyright 1962 by computer peripheral-material company.

ATARI* SOFTWARE
ADVENTURES AND GAMES

Each adventure takes up to an hour and is
programmed with random variables to
change the game every time you play.

THE TALISMAN OF POWER

A search through many obstacles for the
four keys of Gremlock. Will you get out
alive? 16K- $18.95.

THE GHOST TOWER

Find a Magical Gem in a tower haunted
with Ores, goblins, etc. 16K - $16.95.

SUPER SHAPE BUILDER

A graphics game mainly for children from
age five. Draw' your own pictures with your
joystick, in color. 8K - $9.95.
Send Check or C.O.D. - Discs $4.00 extra.
SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. Write for
further information on our GALAXIAN AD-
VENTURE and other software. Dealer In-
quiries welcome. Continental Adventures,
4975 Brookdale, Bloomfield Hills, Ml
48013. (313) 645-2140.
* Indicates Trademark of Atari, Inc.

DISCOUNT PRICES FOR

APPLE

II PRODUCTS

Rana 40 Track Drive $349.00

Videx 80 Column Video Term $235.00
Videx Enhancer II $105.00

Videx Function Strips $ 65.00

Mountain Computer CPS $ 1 77.00
Mountain Computer 32K $ 1 63.00

Prometheus 16K $ 79.00

Laser Lower Case Plus $ 45.00

Laser Keyboard Plus $ 70.00

NEW ENGLAND FRUGALITY AT ITS

FINEST.

Yankee Micro, P.O. Box 601 , Milford,

NH 03055.

ELIZA IS HERE!

AT LAST' A FULL IMPLEMENTATION of the original ELIZA
program is now available to run on your microcomputer 1

Created at MIT in 1966. ELIZA has become the worlds most
celebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program ELIZA is
a non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement as
you type it in and then responds with her own comment or question
— and her remarks are often startlmgly appropriate 1

Designed to run on a large mainframe. ELIZA has hitherto been
unavailable to personal computer users except in greatly stripped
down versions lacking the sophistication which made the original
program so fascinating

Now. our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL power
and range of expression of the original is being offered at the
introductory price of only $25 And if you want to find out how she
does it (or teach her to do more) we will include the complete
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Order your copy of ELIZA today and you II never again wonder how
to respond when you hear someone say Okay let's see what this
computer of yours can actually do'

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS:

1 Standard 8 men tingle density for all CPM based computers
$25 tor ELIZA COM ■ add $20 tor Microsoft BASIC 80 Source

2 5 ' . inch CPM tor Apple II equipped with Z 80 SottCard

$25 tor ELIZA COM add $20 tor Microsoft BASIC 80 Source

3 5 . men tor 48K Apple II with Applesoft ROM and DOS 3 3
$25 for Protected File - add $20 lor Applesoft Source

4 5 • inch tor 64K IBM Personal Computer

$25 tor Protected File add $20 lor BASIC Source

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE. Dept R
LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA 90046
(213) 656-7368 (213) 654-2214

MC VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

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PAPER

FANFOLD BOND PAPER 9/2XII

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residents add 6'/?% sales tax. Satisfaction guaranteed.

Call or write for free catalog and samples.

BOB'S CHARTS 405 E. THIRD, SUITE 206F
Computer Paper Dept LONG BEACH, CA 90802

(213) 435-3492

^^ SUPER -A-fr
ISA's DATABASE

The only DBMS with all these features:

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• PRINTS totals & subtotals - mail labels

• REFORMATS and merges data files

• MULTI-DISK files: Up to 1 28K records

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• USE existing data files

• COUPLES to word processors

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• SEARCH by strings, ranges, comparisons

• DATA COMPRESSION: Over twice as
many labels as the other system

For TRS-80* Models 1. II, III, & 16 - 250.00
CP/Mt - 295.00

CDC

13715 VtMvta St.. Dept. CC

Via Nyy.. CA. 91405

(113) 873-6621

•T.M. Tandy Corp.

t T M Digital Research

NOW AVAILABLE. CRT STAND
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UNIQUE DELTA DESIGN GIVES MAXIMUM SUPPORT USING
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STEEL W WOOD GRAIN VINYL FINISH $33 95
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ALUMINUM W XEROX PUTTY COLOR FINISH $42 95
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COMPUTER PERIPHERALS-
MATERIALS COMPANY
P.O. BOX 1045 DEPT SBO
WOODLAND HILLS, CALIFORNIA 91365
NATIONWIDE 800-428-7825 EXT. 43
CA. RESIDENTS ONLY
800-428-7824 EXT. 43

DEALERS AND DISTRIBUTOR
INQUIRIES WELCOME

California Residents add 6°» sales tax Los Angeles residents add
6 5°o sales tax Can be shipped UPS. PARCEL POST Weight 3 lbs
In the Continental U S add $2 50 postage and handling. $5
elsewhere Xerox 820-822-860 Trademark and product of Xerox
Corp Patent pending CP-M Company 1982

5 1/4" double density
(Specify soft, 10 or 16 sectors)
Single sided
Double sided

8'
8'

single density
double density

Write for full catalogue of EXCITING GAMES and
product lines.

CDE 2463 McCready Ave
Los Angeles, California 90039
(213)661-2031

Make a Living at "21"

A Blackjack Program unique in its ability to teach
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The program will effectively teach card counting
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CP/M with cursor addressable screen.
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CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research.

COMPUTERWARE

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Widest line of Hardware and Software

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Memotech
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Haven Hardware
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Aerco

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J. P. Gibbons
Kopak Creations
Ksoft
Gladstone
M.C. Hoffman

Write, Sinclair Place for Hardware
or Software Catalog (Specify) at
P.O. Box 2288 Redmond, WA. 98052.

1982 VERSION IFR SIMULATOR

?£ TCW U4CXEM mt 80TT0W * «M

APPLE II PLUS 48K DOS 3.3

A real IFR Simulator with

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Visit our Retail Store. Write for Catalog.

Franklin Ace 1000

Totally Apple compatible
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Includes 64K of RAM,
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VIC 20 8K Exp
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Exp 110.00

•mi

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volume
Discounts

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P.O.Box 1311

Provo, Utah 84603

801 373-5389

Please add $2.00 shipping /handling.
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Centronics 700 Series

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Diablo 630 (Box of 6) $25.90

Epson MX 70-80 $12.95

NEC Spinwriter (Box of 6) $24.00

Okidata Microline 80 (Pkg of 3) $ 8.90

Qume (Boxes of 6)

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Texas Instruments 810 (Bx of 6) $19.00

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Illinois Residents Add 6% Tax

ILLINOIS COMPUTER
PRODUCTS CO.

P.O. Box 112 /*««»% aa S eenn

Mt Prospect, I L 60056 ( Jl C) 228-3390

SINCLAIR TIMEX1000

I/O loord wHh our Not Tlm« Ctock/Catondar

Time Month Date Year Dayofwk
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Description
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FC board and manual of #320
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Shipping, and handling

price
$49 95
$2495
$3995
$1995
$54 95
$1995
$69 95
$1295
$395

• Built and tested Calif residents odd 6% tax
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an AUDI

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Info (714)741 -5132

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Introduction to Word Processing $12.95
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Your Home Computer. an intro guide $12.95
Computer Dictionary $15.95

How to computerize your business $ 7.95
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1001 things to do with your micro $7.95
Computer Graphics Primer $14.95

Guide to Atari 400/800 systems $16.95
Atari" games and recreations $12.95

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80 Time saving programs / TRS-80" $ 9.95
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55 TRS-80 ' Color Computer programs $ 9.95
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Diskettes 6 1/4" $27.50/10

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[The Quality
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BASF DISKETTES

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APPLE II PLUS

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Woodmville Washington 98072

SPORTS COMPLEX

Football — Baseball— Golf

3 Realistic Sports Simulations — All 3
for $30

Football (Integer) has all the action of
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Baseball (Applesoft or Integer) uses
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Golf (Applesoft or Inter) 18 holes of
hi-res action for 1 to 4 players.
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Apple II or Apple II ♦

WOLFFWARE, 2004 E. Kensington,
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WARNING: Frequent use may cause
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creative compa ti r g C LASS I F I E D

CLASSIFIED RATES: Per Word, 15 Word Minimum. REGULAR: $2.00. EXPAND-AD®: $3.00. Ads set in all bold type at 20% premium. Ads set with
background screen @ 25% premium. GENERAL INFORMATION: Prepayment discounts available. Payment must accompany order except credit
card— Am. Ex., Diners, MC, VISA (include exp. date) — or accredited ad agency insertions. Copy subject to publishers approval; must be typewritten
or printed. First word set in caps. Advertisers using P.O. Boxes MUST supply permanent address and telephone number. Orders not acknowledged.
They will appear in next available issue after receipt. Closing date: 5th of the 3rd month preceding cover date (e.g., April issue closes Jan. 5th). Send
order & remittance to: Classified Advertising, CREATIVE COMPUTING Magazine, 1 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016. Direct inquiries to Candi
Huggins, (212) 725-3927.

SOFTWARE

RETIREMENT PLANNING— $29.95. for Atari. Advanced fi-
nancial planning, 20922 Paseo Olma, El Toro, CA. 92630.

ONLY $9.95! 100 Easy Input Business and Graphic Programs
for all MICRO COMPUTERS using basic. MURPHY & AS-
SOCIATES. P.O. Box 165, Brandon, Mississippi 39042. (601)
939-9500.

PLAYER/MISSILE TOOL KIT for Atari 400/800. (16K) Create
exciting, fast-action graphics using straight forward BASIC.
Kit facilitates rapid horizontal and vertical movement, colli-
sion detection and player creation. Demo program and com-
plete documentation. Indispensable for game development.
$29.95 cassette. Sound Software, P.O. Box 16663, Seattle.
WA 98116.

SCOTCH BRAND a full line of quality personal comput-
ing supplies. Diskettes & cassettes fpr most systems. Educa-
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town, PA 19057. Free Data!

"CONSUMER" DRUG WATCHER New Educational Pro-
grams for the informative use of 550 medications. Drug In-
formation Program, and Drug Testing Program that tests your
specific medications for potential Drug Interactions'.
Applesoft/disk/48K $39.95. Medical Watch Software, 1620
Ensenada, Modesto, California 95355.

KISS-MONEY MAKING PROJECT via computer dating for
schools, clubs. MICROSOFT BASIC listing, documentation,
sample surveys for $7. DJ Bohlke, Coggon, IA 52218.

OPTION-INVESTING PROGRAM MAXIMIZES PROFIT For
Apple, TRS-80, IBM, $125. Free Brochure. OPTIONS-80,
Box 471-C, Concord, MA 01742.

SINCLAIR ZX81/TS-1000/TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER
PROGRAMS. Wide Selection/High Quality. Catalog $1.00.
Zeta Software, Box 3522, Greenville, SC 29608.

SCIENCE FAIR SOFTWARE. Nuclear Reactor Physics,
Maxwell's Demon, Time Dilation, Wave-Particle Duality. Free
details! Nuclear Software Systems, P.O. Box 1693, Mel-
bourne, Fla. 32901.

RENT best selling Apple programs! Only $4 each. Over 100
titles. FREE CATALOG. CompuFun, Dept. CC, 5753G East
Santa Ana Canyon Rd., Anaheim Hills, CA 92807.

TI-99/4A users— new game! "City Builder" cassette— USA
+ foreign: $19.95US Canada: $19.95Cdn (N.B. residents +
8%) cash, M.O., check. GIGO Software, Box 3461, Frederic-
ton, N.B. Canada, E3A 5J8. U.S. Inquiries.

VOLCANOES— Fun, challenging, explosive. STAR SEARCH
—out of this world! Earthware, Box 30039, Eugene, Oregon
97403. (503) 344-3383.

OSI C1P CLOSE-OUT SALE! Thirty-four outstanding pro-
grams on tape all for the "giveaway'* price of $29.95! Includes
Arcade, Strategy and Kaleidoscopic games, Utilities and
Statistics. Send for free program summaries. Victory
Software, 2027-A S.J. Russell Circle, Elkins Park, PA 19117.

APPLE II, CIVIL-ARCHITECTURE design software. Hydrau-
lics, earthwork, beam design, structural, and hydrology.
Brochure available. CIVIL WARE. 725 Gallup Road, Fort Col-
lins, Colo. 80521, 303/221-3492.

ATARI SOFTWARE AT DISCOUNT PRICES. Queue's Com-
prehensive Catalog #10 Free. Queue, 5 Chapel Hill Drive,
Fairfield, Connecticut 06432.

VIC 20 SOFTWARE. Free comprehensive catalog #11
(specify). Queue, 5 Chapel Hill Drive, Fairfield, Connecticut
06432.

APPLE SOFTWARE AT DISCOUNT PRICES. Queue's free
catalog #12 (specify). Queue, 5 Chapel Hill Drive, Fairfield,
Connecticut 06432.

AMENDED FEDERAL RETURN tax program for Apple II.
Computes tax by tables, rates, and income averaging. Pre-
pares and prints completed 1040x; overlays included. 1980
$39.95. 1981 $39.95. Both $64.95. Tax deductible. Taxwares,
17855 Bernardo Trails Place, San Diego, California 92128.

SEND FOR FREE CATALOG of quality software for TI-99/4
(a) from PROMETHEUS SOFTWARE, 413 Lowell Lane,
Richardson TX 75080.

ATARI 400 KEYBOARD KIT— High quality, full travel up-
grade for serious programming. Send for brochure. $79.95.
S/WARE, 1341 A Quail Hollow Rd., Harrisburg, PA 17112.

POPULAR BUSINESS/UTILITY SOFTWARE AT UNBEAT-
ABLE PRICES! For Atari, Apple, IBMPC, TRS-80. Write:
Soft-Quest, P.O. Box 9663. Baltimore, MD. 21237.

FRENCH SOFTWARE— French Software for the Apple
Computer: 50 programs entirely in French. Write for FREE
Catalog: COMPUTERRE, C.P. 782, St. Laurent, Quebec,
Canada, H4L 4W2, (514) 744-1608.

DOS HELPER: Easily search, read, modify, rewrite sectors;
change DOS commands, error messages; alphabetize
catalogs, restore deleted files etc. Only $29.95! THE PRO-
FESSOR, P.O. Box 301, Swanton, Vermont 05488, (514)
747-9130.

MBASIC SMALL BUSINESS/home Data Management pro-
gram for CPM computers— $25.00. Source listing (19 pages)
$15.00. CC Consulting, 1565 East 775 South, 8, Ogden, Utah
84404.

HARDWARE

IBM BOARD. 64K— V 2 Megabyte on single board. 64K
$395.00, Warranty. Applied Logic, Inc., Box 328, Jamaica,
NY 11415. (212)459-4064.

COMPUTER CONSULTANT

SPACE CITY SOFTWARE Business System/Software

Consulting, Design, Programming, Training, Support. CP/M
Specialist. Houston (713) 465-3131.

COMPUTER EQUIPMENT/SUPPLIES

OPTICAL COMMUNICATOR or Data Link receiver, Trans-
mitter; all electrical parts, lenses, instructions, $9.95 each.
Both $18.50. $1.00 postage/handling Specify digital or
analog. Peko, Box 5476, Sherman Oaks, CA 91413.

ELEPHANT FLOPPY DISKS 5'78" (10/Box)— 5"

SSSD/soft $21.96, $20.96/2+; SSDD $24.96, $23.96/2+;
DSDD $32.49, $30.96/2+. Double density available soft/10/
16 sector (specify). 8" SSSD $24.96, $23.96/2+. Shipping
$2/order. Add N J sales tax if applicable. Write for other prices,
info. Direct-to-Tape Recording Company, 14 Station, Haddon
Heights, NJ 08035.

EPROM ERASER $49.95. Erases all UV Eproms, 90 day
warranty, send orders to: LOGICAL DEVICES INC., 781 W.
Oakland Blvd. Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33311, (305) 776-
5870.

PET JOYSTICK INTERFACE— Allows all PET/CBM comput-
ers to accept either Apple joysticks/paddles or Atari joysticks.
No assembly. Ready to plug into the user port. Software pro-
vided. Only $49.95 Michigan residents add 4% sales tax. J
Systems Corp., 1 Edmund Race, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103.
313-662-4714.

APPLE ADC-DAC/16 parallel ports/software ... $129 kit,
$189. Assembled. Send $2.15 for details and PC/IC solder
practice board. NALAN Computer Specialties, Dept. CC1,
106 Highland Park Lane, Boone, NC 28607.

BIG APPLE COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS— 144-33
38th Avenue, Flushing, NY 11354. (212) 886-3727. Discounts
on Software for Apple, Atari, TRS-80, CPM. Hardware,
Peripherals and more. Call for great savings.

BUYING OR SELLING COMPUTER EQUIPMENT? List with
us: METROPOLITAN COMPUTER CLEARINGHOUSE, P.O.
Box 933, Burnsville, MN 55337, (612) 890-7115.

SERVICES

MAILING LISTS— C.I. Corporation. 1-800-854-2010 /1-
714-450-1667. Call George Schaefer. 4000 Apple users—
$395.00 3000 Radio Shack users— $295.00. Also IBM/PC
users.

CUSTOM KEYTOPS ENGRAVED for computer keyboards.
REPLACEMENT KEYTOPS for word processing software
also available. Arkay Engravers, 2073 Newbridge Road,
Bellmore, NY 11710. (516) 781-9859.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

ATTENTION MICRO AND MINI COMPUTER OWNERS. In-
ventive new method of monitoring investments with your
computer, will allow you to set up your own office at home,
and bring in greater income. Complete package $45. in-
cludes postage/handling. Write for information or send
Check/Money order to: C.B.A.S., RO. Box 163, Ontario, Ohio
44862.

"HOW TO MAKE MONEY WITH YOUR HOME COM-
PUTER." 2 Cassette package with booklet. Send $14.95 plus
shipping to: COMPUTER RESOURCES, 1659 Mills Street,
CHULA VISTA, California 92010.

COMPUTER CASH. 101 Exciting, new spare-time home
businesses. $4.50. Research. Box 22485CR, Houston, TX
77227.

COMPUTER CLUB

GOLD COAST COMPUTER RENTAL CLUB — Apple/TRS-
80 Software, Firmware, Hardware, Publications. For Free
Brochure and details write: Route 1, Bremen, Kentucky,
42325, 502-754-5313.

COMPUTER PUBLICATIONS

HOW TO MAKE MONEY WITH YOUR MICRO. Hard-back,
168 page guide shows how . . . Money back guaranteed . . .
Send $14.95 to RH Publications, P.O. Box 105/C, Sullivan,
Illinois, 61951. $1 for complete book list.

TK'c FUTURIST: A journal of forecasts, trends and ideas
about the future. Bi-monthly publication exploring tomorrow.
$20.00/year — money back guarantee. Write: Dept. C, 4916
St. Elmo Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 2081.

FOR SALE/BARTER

TELETYPE 4320 KSR TERMINAL w/modem for sale. 1981
model, like new, only used 50 hours. Make your offer to Dick
Blades (702) 831-6166, POB 6878. Incline Village. Nevada
89450.

TELETYPE EQUIPMENT for experienced computer en-
thusiasts and beginners. Teletype machines, parts, supplies.
Catalog: $1.00. ATLANTIC SALES, 3730 Nautilus Ave.,
Brooklyn, NY 11224. (212) 372-0349.

RESISTORS, V4WV4W5% C.F. 3* ea., 1% metalfilms. No
minimums. Cabinet Assortments. Quantity Discounts. De-
tails from JR INDUSTRIES, 5834-G. Swancreek, Toledo, OH
43614.

APPLE-FLASHCARDS: Enjoyable 4 function math learning
aid for children. $8.00 Disk. Send check/Money order to:
SEK, 134 Laurelwood Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15237.

GAMES

"SPART" AN EXCITING COMBAT Game for RS ex-
tended basic color computers with joysticks. Send $7.95 for
Tape to EAG Enterprises, P.O. Box 722, Payson, Arizona
85541.

IBM PC PRODUCTS

FREE PC INFORMATION, RGB Color Cables, Graphics
Software and Booklet— "CHOOSING COLOR MONITORS."
J.C. Strick & Associates, 949 S. Southlake Drive, Hollywood,
Florida 33019.

TIMEX/SINCLAIR

ZX81/TS1000 8K/16K Checkers. Aggressive game, outstand-
ing graphics. $9.95. + $1.50 postage. B&B Software, 1425
Lucy Lane, Madison, Wisconsin 53711.

TIMEX SINCLAIR 1000, 2K RAM BASIC, with 16K Ram mod-
ule, cassette recorder and custom design attache case for
$269.95 plus $4.50 shipping. COMPUTA-DEK, 6009 Ken-
wood Drive, Nashville, Tennessee 37215.

TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER PRODUCTS

HIGH QUALITY 16K SOFTWARE. Entertainment, Educa-
tion, Business. Send SASE for FREE catalog. ILUME DE-
SIGN, 4653 Jeanne- Mance St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
H2V 4J5. U.S. Inquiries.

creative computing RETAIL ROSTER

A DIRECTORY OF STORES AND THE PRODUCTS THEY CARRY
TO PLACE A LISTING CALL COLLECT: LOIS PRICE (212) 725-7226

ALABAMA

VILLAGE COMPUTERS, 1720 28th Avenue South,
Homewood, 35209. (205) 870-8943. Apple, Vector,
Graphics, Peripherals, Software, Training and Service.

ARIZONA

PHOENIX — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 2727 W.
Indian School Rd. (602) 279-6247. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, peripherals.

TUCSON — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 7109 E.
Broadway. (602) 885-6773. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

SIMUTEK COMPUTER PRODUCTS, 4897 East Speedway,
9881 East Skyview, Tucson, Apple, TRS-80, Xerox, Corvus,
Tons of Software, Disk Drive and Printers.

DATA CONCEPTS, PHOENIX— 602-242-9961, Tempe—
602-968-2122, Scottsdale— 602-990-3366. Atari, Apple,
Franklin, NEC, Televideo, Commodore, Texas Instruments.

ARKANSAS

ABACUS — 248 Oak St., Conway 72032. (501) 329-9050.
Atari, Commodore, Hewlett-Packard. Business/Personal
Software, Magazines, Supplies. Free Consultation. Credit
cards. We'll ship anywhere.

GAME SHOP — Ft. Smith. Computer games for TRS-80/
Apple/ Atari. 7 days/week.

CALIFORNIA

D.E.S. DATA EQUIPMENT SUPPLY— 8315 Firestone, Dow-
ney 90241. (213) 923-9361. VICVILLE: (714) 778-5455.
Commodore PET, Commodore 64, Vic 20 specialists. Latest
Software, Hardware, Books, Supplies, Peripherals in stock.

OMNI UNLIMITED; 105 S. Los Robles Pasadena; 91101;
213-795-6664; Commodore, Zenith, Otrona, Victor,
Supplies/ Peripherals.

ANAHEIM— HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 330 E. Ball
Rd. (714) 776-9420. Heath/Zenith Computers, Software,
Peripherals.

CAMPBELL — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 2350 S.
Bascom Ave., (408) 377-8920. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

EL CERRITO— HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 6000
Potrero Ave., (415) 236-8870. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

LA MESA— HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 8363 Cen-
ter Dr.. (714) 461-0110. Heath/Zenith Computers, Software,
Peripherals.

LOS ANGELES— HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 2309
S. Flower St., (213) 749-0261. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

POMONA — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 1555 N.
Orange Grove Ave., (714) 623-3543. Heath/Zenith Comput-
ers, Software, Peripherals.

REDWOOD CITY — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER,
2001 Middlefield Rd., (415) 365-8155. Heath/Zenith Comput-
ers, Software, Peripherals.

SACRAMENTO— HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER. 1860
Fulton Ave., (916) 486-1575. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

WOODLAND H\LLS— HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER,
22504 Ventura Blvd., (213) 883-0531 . Heath/Zenith Comput-
ers, Software, Peripherals.

VANGUARD DATA SYSTEMS, 8696 South Atlantic Avenue,
South Gate. 90280, 213-564-6402, Mon-Sat, North Star,
Televideo, Atari/CPM Software.

COASTAL COMPUTERS. 986 Monterey. San Luis Obispo
93401 (805) 543-9339. Apple. Osborne, Alpha Micro.
Software, Peripherals, Supplies. Full Service Center.

PC. COMPUTERS, 10166 San Pablo Ave., El Cerrito 94530.
(415) 527-6044. Commodore Pet, Vic 20 Specialists. In
House Maintenance.

LOTUS CENTURY, Westlake Shopping Center (Inside Mini
Mall), Daly City, 94015, 415-992-5230. All Major Computer
lines discounted.

BEST COMPUTER STORES, INC. 1122 B Street, Hayward
94541. (415) 537-2983. Apple, Compupro, Gimix, Osborne,
Otrona, Panasonic.

BYTE SHOP OF HAYWARD, 1122 B Street, Hayward 94541.
(415) 537-2983. Apple, Compupro, Gimix, Osborne, Otrona,
Panasonic.

COMPUSALES— 16819 South Hawthorne Boulevard,
Lawndale 90260. (213) 370-3224. IBM, Victor 9000, Basis
108, Osborne, NEC, Apple.

THE SOFTWARE AFFAIR — 10127 East Rosecrans,
Bellflower, 90706. (213) 866-5206. Apple/TRS-80/Atari/
T.I. /Color Computer Software.

COMPUTERLAND— 16720 South Hawthorne, Lawndale
90260. (213) 371-4624. IBM, Apple, Commodore, Osborne,
Fortune. Software. Service. Computer Enlightenment.

COMPUTER STORE/San Leandro— 701 MacArthur Blvd.,
San Leandro, CA 94577, (415) 569-4174. Atari, Altos, S100,
Printers. Terminals, software, books, magazines, supplies.

COMPUTER SERVICE CENTER— Floppy disc drive repair
S100 Sales/ Service. Okidata Service. L.A., California 90038.
(213) 851-2226.

PROGRAMS UNLIMITED, 11672 Ventura Blvd. Studio City,
90069. 213-763-3425. Hardware, Software, Peripherals,
Magazines, Books. Talk to the pros today!

EXPERT TRAINING AND INSTALLATION. Systems Consult-
ing. 265 Lynton Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301. (415) 326-8605.
Apple, Epson, Xerox, Diablo, etc.

ANAHEIM COMPUTER AND VIDEO, 3016 W. Lincoln Blvd.,
Anaheim, CA 92801, (714) 995-0224. Atari/O.S.I., Vick
Games.

COLORADO

DENVER — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 5940 W.
38th Ave., (303) 422-3408. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

ALPHA CENTER— 12351 W. 64th, Arvada 80004. (303)
421-6361. SUNDAYS! Atari, T.I.. Timex, Commodore, Cor-
vus, NEC, Source, Epson, Prowriter. Repairs.

CONNECTICUT

COMPUTERWORKS— 1439 Post Rd East, Westport 06880;
(203) 255-9096. 12-6 Tues.-Fri., 12-8 Thu., 10-5 Sat.

THE COMPUTER STORE, 21 Atlantic St., Stamford, 06901.
(203) 356-1920. Apple, Zenith, Sanyo, Diablo, Epson.

THE COMPUTER STORE, 683 Silas Deane Hwy, Wethers-
field. 01609. (203) 563-9000. Apple, Zenith, Sanyo, Diablo,
Epson

AVON — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 395 W. Main
St. (Rt. 44), (203) 678-0323. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

MULTI-BUSINESS COMPUTER SYSTEMS — 28 Marl-
borough Street, Portland, 06480, 203-342-2747, Complete
Commodore Line, Hewlett-Packard, Northstar, Printers,
CRTs.

COMPUTERCITY — 1475 New Britain Ave., West Hartford,
06110. (203) 521-2245. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith.
Hardware, Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

COMPUTERCITY — 377 Temple St., New Haven, 06510.
(203) 562-7546. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith. Hard-
ware, Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

EAST HARTFORD — Computerizes, 1227 Burnside 06108.
(203) 528-9819. Atari, Vector, NEC HW/SW. Apple. Vic SW.
Books.

DELAWARE

THE COMPUTER STORE, 4010 Concord Pike, Rt. 202
North, Wilmington, 19803. (302) 478-7772, Apple, Zenith.
Sanyo, Diablo, Epson.

MICRO PRODUCTS, 401 Philadelphia Pike, Wilmington,
19809, (302) 762-0227, Major brands of Hardware,
Peripherals and over 75 Software lines represented.

COMPUTERLAND, ASTRO SHOPPING CENTER, Newark;
(302) 738-9656. Authorized Sales/Service— IBM, Apple,
Osborne, Software, Peripherals, Training.

FLORIDA

HIALEAH — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 4705 W.
16th Ave., (305) 823-2280. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

JACKSONVILLE — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER,
8262 Arlington Expressway. (904) 725-4554. Heath/Zenith
Computers, Software, Peripherals.

PLANTATION — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 7173
W. Broward Blvd., (305) 791-7300. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

TAMPA — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 4109 W.
Hillsborough Ave., (813) 886-2541 . Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

PROGRAMS UNLIMITED, 2550 Okeechobee Blvd., West
Palm Beach 33409. 305-689-1200. Hardware, Software,
Peripherals, Magazines, Books. Talk to the pros today.

NEW WORLD COMPUTERS, De Sota Square, Bradenton,
33505, (813) 748-6494. Sell/Lease, in stock — XEROX, AP-
PLE, COMMODORE, SHARP, ATARI, VECTOR GRAPHICS,
OSBORNE, PANASONIC, over 1,000 pieces of software,
custom programming, in house repair, HANDS ON EXPERI-
ENCE.

SOUTHERN MICRO COMPUTER, 15945 NW 57th Avenue,
Miami Lakes 33014, (305) 621-4137, Discount prices on
Apple/Sanyo, Miami area's oldest dealer.

COMPUTER SYSTEM RESOURCES, INC., GAINES-
VILLE— Butler Plaza (904) 376-4276. Apple, Osborne, Atari,
Software, Peripherals, Classes, Service.

GRICE ELECTRONICS, Fort Walton, Panama City, Pen-
sacola, 800-342-4646. (800-874-8398). Apple, Hewlett-
Packard, 24 Hour Service.

MICRO COMPUTERS INTERNATIONAL, 1688 and 2420
Coral Way, Miami 33145, 305-856-5166. VIC-20, Atari, Apple,
Zenith, Altos, Xerox, Sanyo, NEC, Okidata, Epson. 10 to 25%
Discount on all personal computers and software.

GEORGIA

ATLANTA — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 5285
Roswell Rd., (404) 252-4341. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

MENTOR TECHNOLOGY, 3957 Pleasantdale Road, Atlanta,
30340, 404-447-6236. Atari, Televideo, Sanyo, Altos, C.
ITOH Printers and other CP/M Systems.

ILLINOIS

COMPUTERLAND/DOWNERS GROVE — 136 Ogden Ave.,
Downers Plaza 60515; (312) 964-7762. 10-6 Mon-Sat., 10-8
Tue., Thurs. IBM, Apple, Atari, Osborne, Fortune.

FARNSWORTH COMPUTER CENTER — 1891 N. Farns-
worth Ave., Aurora 60505; (312) 851-3888. 10-8 Mon.-Fri.,
10-5 Sat. Apple, Hewlett-Packard series 80 systems, HP Cal-
culators, IDS Printers.

THE COMPUTER ROOM, 638 North Michigan, Chicago, IL.
60611. (312) 337-6744. New store at 131 West Madison. Ap-
ple, Televideo, Osborne. Business Program Specialists.

VIDEO ETC., 465 Lake Cook Plaza, Deerfield, 60015, (312)
498-9669. Other locations: SKOKIE (312) 675-3655, Orland
Park (312) 460-8980, Buffalo Grove, (312) 459-6677, strong
Hard/Software support for Apple, Atari.

DATA DOMAIN OF SCHAUMBURG, 1612 E. Algonquin Rd.,
Schaumburg, 60195. (312) 397-8700. 12-9 Mon.-Fri., 10-5
Sat. Apple, Osborne, Alpha Micro, Hewlett-Packard cal-
culators. Largest book and Magazine selection.

COMPUTERS ETC. 2515 West 147th Place, Posen 60469.
(South Suburbs of Chicago). Apple, Zenith Hardware/
Software/Service. Complete Learning Center.

LOMBARD— COMPLETE COMPUTING— 890 E. Roose-
velt. (312) 620-0808: Apple, Atari, NEC, Altos, Dynabyte;
Software, Peripherals, Classes.

COMPUTERLAND/LAKE COUNTY— Rtes 45 & 60, Munde-
lein— (312) 949-1300: IBM, Apple, Osborne, Altos, Fortune,
Digital: 150 other manufacturers.

NILES— COMPUTERLAND— 9511 N. Milwaukee Ave.
60646. (312) 967-1714: Apple, IBM Personal, Cromemco,
Fortune, Osborne, Otrona: Software.

COMPUTERLAND/NORTHBROOK— 3069 Dundee Road
(60062). (312) 272-4703: IBM, Apple, Atari, Osborne, Altos,
Vector: Software, Peripherals, Service.

COMPUTERLAND/OAK LAWN— 10935 S. Cicero, Oak
Lawn 60453; (312) 422-8080; IBM-PC, Apple, Atari, Os-
borne, Corvus, Dynabyte: Software, Peripherals.

ATARI SERVICE— Computers/ Videogames, TRS-80, up-
grades by appointment — Electronic Service, Route 150,
Mansfield, 61854: (217) 489-3241.

HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTERS— 3462-66 W. Devon
Ave., Chicago 60645 (312) 679-2270—224 Ogden Avenue,
Downers Grove 60515. (312) 852-1304— Heath/Zenith
Computers, Software, Peripherals.

GALESBURG— MIDWEST INFORMATION SYSTEMS. 41
South Cherry 61401. (309) 342-7177. Apple, VIC-20,
Peripherals, Software. Open 6 days.

THE SOFTWARE STORE— GLEN VIEW— 1767 Glen view
Road, 60025, (312) 724-7730. Popular Micro Computer
Software. Special Orders Specialists.

MAIN STREET COMPUTER— 215 North Main, Decatur
62523. (217) 429-5505/1610 Broadway, Mattoon 61938. (217)
234-4404/313 East Monroe, Springfield 62701. (217) 753-
8808/123 West Main, Taylorville 62568. (217) 824-4984. Ap-
ples, Hewlett-Packard Calculators, large stock of business,
personal Software. Repairs.

MICRO COMPUTERS PLUS— 349 East Main, Galesburg
61401. (309) 342-9572. All Systems/Home, Business.
Classes, Service, Books.

ABC COMPUTER— SKOKIE— 3361 Dempster, 60076. (312)
673-3550. Gamemaster, Telecommunication Experts.
Business/Personal Computers. Software, Supplies, Service.

ABC COMPUTER— OAK LAWN 60076, 9010 Cicero (312)
423-2800. Gamemaster, Telecommunication experts.
Business/Personal Computers. Software, Supplies, Service.

COMPUTERLAND/ARLINGTON HEIGHTS— 270 West
Rand Road, 60004. (312) 870-7500. Apple, IBM, Altos, For-
tune, Xerox, DEC. Peripherals.

ALPINE COMPUTER CENTER— ROCKFORD— 2418 S.

Alpine, 61108. (815) 229-0200. Apple, Cromemco, Olivetti,
OSI, VIC, Corvus, Peripherals.

IOWA

BEACON MICRO CENTER, 213 Lincoln Way, Ames 50010.
(515) 233-4807. Apple, Atari, Nee Computers, Peripherals,
Software, Service.

KANSAS

GAME SHOP — Wichita. Computer games for TRS-80/
Apple/Atari. 7 days/week.

MISSION — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 5960
Lamar Avenue; (913) 362-4486 Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals, Service.

WICHITA— CUSTOM SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT— 114 Pat-
tie 67211, (316) 262-1415. Ohio Scientific, Altos, SD Sys-
tems, CPM Software. Service.

KENTUCKY

LOUISVILLE— HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER— 12401
Shelbyville Road, 40243. (502) 245-7811. Heath/Zenith
Computers, Diablo Printers, Software, Peripherals.

LOUISIANA

THE COMPUTER PEOPLE— Apple, NEC, Osborne,
Corvus Concept — Seminars, Sales, Service. Houma,
Morgan City, Lafayette— 1-800-352-5828.

COMPUTERLAND/LOUISIANA— 312 St. Charles, New Or-
leans 70130. (504) 522-2255. IBM, Apple, Osborne, Fortune,
Vector. #1 in service.

MARYLAND

COMPUTERS, ETC...13A Allegheny Ave., Towson, 21204.
(301) 296-0520; 9330 Georgia Ave., Silver Spring, 20910.
(301) 588-3748, 257 West St., Annapolis 21401. (301) 268-
6505. Apple, Cromemco, Osborne, Northstar, Seequa.
Sales/ Service/training.

BASIK COMPUTERS INC. 307 North Frederick Avenue,
Gaithersburg, 20877, (301) 840-0412, all Hardware/Software
compatible with Apple, at discounts.

BALTIMORE — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 1713 E.
Joppa Rd., (301) 661-4446. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

ROCKVILLE — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 5542
Nicholson Lane. (301) 881-5420. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

BETHESDA COMPUTERS— 8020 Norfolk Ave., Bethesda
20814. (301) 657-1992. Apple Hardware/Software— Sales/
Service/Peripherals and Accessories.

OLNEY COMPUTERS, 3414 First Ave., Olney 20832. Dis-
count prices on Atari, NEC, Epson, Okidata, Commodore,
Amdek.

MASSACHUSETTS

SCIENCE FANTASY BOOKSTORE — 18 Eliot St., Harvard
Sq., Cambridge 02138; (617) 547-5917. 11-6 Monday-Sat-
urday till 8 Thursday. Apple, Atari, IBM and TRS-80 games.

THE COMPUTER STORE, 120 Cambridge St., Burlington,
01803 (617) 272-8770. Apple, Zenith, Sanyo, Diablo, Epson.

THE COMPUTER STORE, 1678 Mass. Ave. Cambridge,
02138. (617) 354-4599. Apple, Zenith, Sanyo, Diablo, Epson.

THE COMPUTER STORE, 680 Worcester Rd, Framingham,
Massachusetts 01701. (617) 879-3720. Apple, Zenith,
Sanyo, Diablo, Epson.

THE COMPUTER STORE, 103 Devonshire St., Boston,
02109. (617)426-4385. Apple, Zenith. Sanyo, Diablo, Epson.

PEABODY — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 242 An-
dover St. (617) 531-9330. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

WELLESLEY — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 165
Worchester Ave. (617) 237-1510. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

COMPUTERCITY— 16 Front Street, Worcester, 01608. (617)
755-5464. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith. Hardware,
Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

COMPUTERCITY — Vinebrook Plaza, Burlington, 01803.
(617) 273-3146. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith. Hard-
ware, Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

COMPUTERCITY — 420 Rutherford Ave., Charlestown,
02129. (617) 242-3350. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith.
Hardware, Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

COMPUTERCITY — Hanover Mall Plaza, Hanover, 02339.
(617) 826-9217. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith. Hard-
ware, Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

COMPUTERCITY — 991 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, 02138.
(617) 491-4638. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith. Hard-
ware, Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

COMPUTERCITY — 151 Endicott St., Danvers, 01923. (617)
774-7118. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith. Hardware,
Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

COMPUTERCITY— 50 Worcester Rd., Framingham, 01701.
(617) 875-8126. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith. Hard-
ware, Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

THE GAME SHOP— ACTON, 166 Great Road (01720): (617)
263-0418. N.E.'s largest selection of Game/Recreational
Software.

BURLINGTON/SOFT SUPPLY INC.— 68 Middlesex Tpk.,
01803; (617) 229-6666. Supporting IBM, NEC, Digital, Apple
Microcomputers.

HOME ENTERTAINMENT SHOWPLACE— 757 Belmont,
Brockton, 02401. (617) 588-1643. Atari, Commodore,
Peripherals. Game/Business Software. Call now!

BRAINTREE— J.L. HAMMETT Hammett Place 021 84, (617)
848-1000. South Shore Plaza Store (617) 848-1000. Apple,
all educational software, books.

MICHIGAN

COMPUTER CENTER — Garden City; (313) 425-2470 &
West Bloomfield; (313) 855-4220; Hewlett-Packard
Computers/Calculators, Apple, North Star. Large Selection of
Software/Hardware.

COMPUTER CONTACT— 3017 East Hill, Grand Blanc
48439. (313) 694-3740. Apple, Altos. Software, Peripherals,
Service. Business/Education/Personal.

DETROIT— HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC— E. Detroit 48021:
18149 E. Eight Mile (313) 772-0416— Detroit: 18645 W. Eight
Mile (313) 535-6480.

COMPUTERLAND— 22000 Greater Mack Avenue, St. Clair
Shores 48080. (313) 772-6540. Altos, Apple, Atari, DEC, For-
tune, IBM, Osborne, Xerox.

MINNESOTA

ABS DATASYSTEMS CORP. — 905 St. Germain, St. Cloud
56301.(612)253-8734. Ohio Scientific, M/A COM O.S.I. .Au-
thorized Distributor.

DIGITAL DESIGNS— ROCHESTER— 1137 6th Street N.W.
(55901), (507) 282-3222. Altos, Apple, Software, Peripher-
als. Service and Training.

ST. PAUL— HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER— 1645
White Bear, (612) 778-1211. Heath/Zenith Computers, Soft-
ware, Peripherals.

MISSOURI

CENTURY NEXT COMPUTERS — 1001 E. Walnut, Colum-
bia, 65201; 314-875-8613/2120 Missouri Blvd., Jefferson
City, 65101; 314-636-6502 — Apple, Osborne, Atari.

COMPUTER MART— 1904-B E. Meadowmere, Springfield,
65804, 417-862-6500. Apple, Commodore, IMS Interna-
tional, Software, complete Computer Bookstore, Business
Specialist.

BRIDGETON/ST. LOUIS HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC
CENTER— 3794 McKelvey Road, 63044— (314) 291-1850:
Heath/Zenith Computers: Software, Peripherals, Support

COMPUTER ANNEX— 411 South Campbell, Springfield
65806. (417) 864-7036. Black Apple Sales, Service, Sup-
plies. Were education specialists.

ST. LOUIS— FORSYTHE COMPUTERS— 7748 Forsyth
Blvd., Clayton 63105. (314) 721-4300 Apple Dealer. Best in
sales, Service, support.

MONTANA

THE COMPUTER STORE— BILLINGS— 1216 16th Street,
59102. (406) 245-0092: Apple, Commodore, Hewlett-
Packard: Software, Perpherals, Service.

NEVADA

HOME COMPUTERS — 1775 E. Tropicana #6, Las Vegas
89109; (702) 798-1022. Mon.-Sat. 10-7 Apple, Atari,
Hardware/Software, Books & Service.

NEW HAMPSHIRE

COMPUTER MART OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 170 Main St.,
Nashua, 03060. (603) 883-2386. THE Apple Specialists. Full
line Hardware/Software. Training Service.

COMPUTERCITY — 527 South Broadway, Salem, 03079.
(603) 898-2390. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith. Hard-
ware, Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

COMPUTERCITY — 1525 South Willow St., Manchester,
03103. (603) 668-9527. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith.
Hardware, Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

COMPU-CRAFT. 11 Dunbar Street, Keene 03431. (603)
357-3901. Commodore, Altos, Software. Buy right for educa-
tion/business.

VIDEO STORE— 140 Congress, Portsmouth 03801. (603)
431-1211. Osborne and Atari for your business/home.
Software. Supplies.

NEW JERSEY

THE COMPUTER UNIVERSE — 155 Route 17S., Paramus
07652; (201) 262-0960. Mon; Wed; Fri., and Sat, 10-6. Tues.,
and Thurs; 12-9. 23 Rt. 206, Stanhope 07874 (201) 347-7892
Tues. & Thurs. 12-9; Wed., Fri. & Sat. 10-6. Specializing in
Apple Computers.

SOFTWARE CITY, PINE BROOK — 101 Rt. 46 East, 07058;
(201) 575-4574. Bus/Rec/Utility/Home programs for most
microcomputers. Up to 20% off list.

STONEHENGE COMPUTER CORP., 89 Summit Ave.,
Summit 07901. (201) 277-1020. 10-6 M.-F, 10-5 Sat. Apple,
Canon, Wicat. Authorized Dealer. Sales and Service.

COMPUTERLAND, 35 Plaza, Rt. 4 West, Paramus, 07652.
(201) 845-9303. Apple, IBM, Vector Graphic, etc. We know
small computers.

COMPUTERS, ETC... Plaza 38 Center, Rt. 38, Cherry Hill,
08002. (609) 779-0023. Apple, Cromemco, Osborne, North-
star, Seequa. Sales/Service/Training.

SOFTWARE CITY, TEANECK — 161 Cedar Lane, 07666.
(201) 692-8298. Bus/Rec/Utility/Home programs for most
microcomputers. Up to 20% off list.

SOFTWARE CITY, GREENBROOK — 60 Route 22 West,
08812. (201) 968-7224. Bus/Rec/Utility/Home programs
for most microcomputers. Up to 20% off list.

ASBURY PARK — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 1013
State Hwy. 35; (201) 775-1231. Heath/Zenith Computers.
Software, Peripherals.

FAIR LAWN — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 35-07
Broadway (Rt. 4), (201) 791-6935. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

COMPUTERLAND OF CHERRY HILL — Pine Tree Plaza,
1442 E. Rt. 70, Cherry Hill 08034. (609) 795-5900. Apple,
IBM, Fortune.

SOFTWARE MART — 352 Bloomfield Avenue, Caldwell
07006, 201-228-4949. Software for Apple, Atari, TRS-80,
Pet. 10-20% off list.

SOFTWARE CITY/SUMMIT — 3 Beechwood Rd., 07901.
(201) 273-7904. Bus/Res/Utility/Home programs for most
microcomputers. Up to 20% off List.

WAYNE SOFTWARE, 1459 Route 23, Wayne Tile Center,
Wayne 07470, across from Packanack Center. Computers.
Programs. Books. Peripherals. Discount Prices. 201-628-
7318.

SOFTWARE CITY/FAIRVIEW— 251 Broad Ave., 07022.
(201) 943-9444. Bus/Rec/Utility/Home Programs for most
Microcomputers. Up to 20% off list.

SOFTWARE ASYLUM, INC. — Rt. 9 South, Box 175, Old
Bridge 08857. (201) 536-1401. Huge Selection for Atari —
over 400 Programs available. Call for our catalog.

NEW YORK

UPSTATE COMPUTER SHOP— RD 1, Box 17A, Whitesboro
13492; (315) 768-8151. 10-6 Mon.-Fri., 11-5 Sat. Apple —
Commodore — Data General.

ADVANCED COMPUTER SYSTEMS, 18 Market St.,
Potsdam, 13676. (315) 265-5620. Apple, Commodore, O.S.I,
and Novell Data Systems.

CASTLE COMPUTERS, 720 New Loudon Rd., Latham,
12110. (518) 783-9405. M-F: 10-6, Sat: 12-5. Apple, Atari
Hardware/ Software .

COMPUTER WORLD — 4254 N. Buffalo Rd., Orchard Park,
14127. (716) 662-4141. M-F: 9-9, Sat: 9-5. Atari Hardware/
Software.

FUTURE VISIONS COMPUTER STORE, 70 Broad Hollow
Rd., Rt. 110, Long Island, 11747. (516)423-7820. Apple, Os-
borne, Northstar, Ithaca Intersystems.

THE COMPUTER STORE, 221 East Post Rd., White Plains,
10601. (914) 428-1661. Apple, Zenith, Sanyo, Diablo, Epson.

THE COMPUTER STORE, 40 East 52nd St. NYC. 10022.
(212) 832-2180. Apple, Zenith, Sanyo, Diablo, Epson.

SOFTWARE CITY, PEARL RIVER— 147 Kinderkamack Rd.,
Montvale 07645. (201) 391-0931. Bus/Rec/Utility/Home pro-
grams for most microcomputers. Up to 20% off list.

SOFTWARE CITY, MOUNT KISCO— 187 Main St. 10549
914-666-6036. Bus/Rec/Utility/Home Programs for most
Microcomputers. Up to 20% off list.

AMHERST — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 3476
Sheridan Drive., (716) 835-3090. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

JERICHO, L.I. — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 15
Jericho Turnpike, (516) 334-8181. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

ROCHESTER — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 937
Jefferson Rd., (716) 424-2560. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

N. WHITE PLAINS— HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 7
Reservoir Rd., (914) 761-7690. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

ADS OFFICE SYSTEMS, BOX 3210, Rt. 55, Poughkeepsie
12603. (914) 473-9400. User support: Apple, Hewlett-
Packard, IBM- PC.

PROGRAMS UNLIMITED, 20A Jericho Turnpike, Jericho,
Long Island 11753. (516) 333-2266. Hardware, Software,
Peripherals, Magazines, Books. Talk to the pros today.

PROGRAMS UNLIMITED, Smith Haven Plaza, (Route 347)
Smith Haven, Long Island 11755. (516) 724-4490. Hardware,
Software, Peripherals, Books. Talk to the pros today.

PROGRAMS UNLIMITED, 131 Mamaroneck Avenue. White
Plains 10601, (914) 761-9283. Hardware, Software,
Peripherals, Magazines, Books. Talk to the pros today.

SOFTWORLD DISCOUNTS, 2412 Kayron Lane, North
Bellmore, 11710, 516-826-6371, Apple, Atari, TRS-80,
Software Discounted. Call M-F, 4-10.

BUSINESS COMPUTING INTERNATIONAL- 342 Madison,
NYC 10173. (212) 697-9400. Specialization Export: Archives,
Wicat, IBM Series I, System 23 Datamaster, Arabic Conver-
sion Packages, All Software.

PROGRAMS UNLIMITED, Rickets Plaza, Commack, LI.
11725. Opening Late October.

VIDEO VILLAGE, LONG ISLAND, 5060 A Sunrise Highway,
Massapequa Park, 11762. (516) 799-1616. Long Islands
Largest Atari Dealer. Great Software/Service. Catalog 25'.

COMPUTER DISCOUNT SERVICES, 448 West 55th St.,
New York, 10019, 212-757-8698. Timex Sinclair, Atari, Texas
Instruments Hardware, Software, Peripherals.

OKLAHOMA

NORTH CAROLINA

GREENSBORO — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER,
4620 W. Market Street, (919) 299-5390. Heath/Zenith Com-
puters, Software, Peripherals.

PERSONAL COMPUTER CENTER, 2605 Chapel Hill
Boulevard, Durham 27707, 919-493-5466, Raleigh 919-
833-2240. Full Line of Apple Hardware/Software for Busi-
ness, Education & Life.

COMPUTER & VIDEO CENTER — 1902 Clarendon Blvd.,
New Bern 28560. (919) 638-5030. Atari, Northstar, Altos.
Specializing in Small Business Systems.

ALPHA-ONE COMPUTER AND CAMERA CENTER. High-
point 27260. (919) 883-4013. Atari, NEC, Epson Authorized
factory Service Center.

OHIO

ABACUS 11 — 1417 Bernath Pkwy., Toledo 43615; (419) 865-
1009. 4751 Monroe St. (419) 471-0082. 10-6, 10-7Thurs. Ap-
ple, Osborne, Adds, NEC. Atari, Epson & IDS Printers.

NORTH COAST COMPUTERS— 626 Dover Center, Bay Vil-
lage 44140; (216) 835-4345. 10-6 Mon.-Sat., 10-8 Tue.. Thur.
Apple/ Atari/ Vector Graphic/Data General.

PROGRAMS UNLIMITED, Golden Gate Plaza, Mayfield
Heights, 44124. (216) 449-4030. Hardware, software,
peripherals, magazines, books. Talk to the pros today!

MICRO CONCEPTS, 1655 Bhttain Road, Akron, 44310. (216)
633-7740. Commodore, Atari, Onyx, Northstar. Full Service
dealer, Classes. Custom Programming.

BARNHART STORES — 548 N. Main. Urbana 43078. (513)
653-7257. 8AM-5PM. Atari/Commodore at discount prices.

ELECTRONIC CONNECTION — 424 E. Stroop. Kettering
45429; (513) 294-0222 — Trojan Village Shopping Center,
Troy 45373. Atari, Commodore, Timex — Home Computer
Specialists.

OKLAHOMA CITY — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER,
2727 Northwest Expressway. (405) 848-7593. Heath/Zenith
Computers, Software, Peripherals.

GAME SHOP — Norman,' Stillwater, Oklahoma City, Tulsa.
Computer games for TRS-80/ Apple/ Atari. 7 days/week.

TULSA— ABS COMPUTER CENTER— 8518-E East
71st (74133), (918) 252-1604: Atari, Apple,
Hewlett-Packard. Software, Peripherals, Training.

SYSTEMS PLUS— 3407 South Boulevard, Oklahoma City,
73034. (405) 348-0862. NEC business applications, Atari,
VIC-20, Peripherals for IBM.

ENID— Specialty Electronics (405) 233-1632. Atari, Com-
modore, Texas Instruments. All Software/Business Applica-
tions. Open 6 days/week.

OREGON

MICRO COMPUTER SUPPLIES. INC. 3809 Southwest Hall.
Beaverton, 97005. (503) 643-0865. Kaycomp-2, Televideo.
Xerox, Diablo, Dysan, 3M. Ribbons, Forms, Software.

THE COMPUTER STORE— 2015 Northwest Circle Boule-
vard, Corvallis 97330. (503) 754-0811. Microcomputers/
Peripherals sales and service. Training.

MAIL ORDER — COMPUTEROLA— P.O. Box 13748,
Portland, 92713. (503) 239-4315. Atari, VIC-20, Epson,
Okidata, Hayes. Software, Peripherals.

PENNSYLVANIA

CALDWELL COMPUTER CORP., 6720 Rising Sun Ave.
Philadelphia 19111. (215) 742-8900. Apple, Commodore,
Percom, Northstar Sales/ Service.

COMPUTERLAND/HARRISBURG, 4644 Carlisle PikeTMe 1
chanicsburg, 17055. (717) 763-1116. Apple, IBM, Xerox,
Zenith. Sales, support and training.

ERIE COMPUTER CO., 2131 W. 8th St.. Erie. 16505. (814)
454-7652. Apple, Commodore, OSI, Xerox, Atari, Huge in-
ventor y of Software.

MARKETLINE SYSTEMS INC., 2337 Philmont Avenue. Hun-
tington Valley, 19006, (215) 947-6670. We sell and service
Microcomputers and Peripherals for small business and in-
dustry.

STARGATE ENTERPRISES. 1111 Fifth Avenue. McKees-
port, 15132, (412) 664-1111, hours: 10-6/Monday-Saturday.
Authorized Atari dealer with Atari Information Center.

INTEGRATED MICRO COMPUTER SERVICE. 168 Madison.
Rochester 15074, (412) 728-6331, authorized dealer of Atari,
also selling Televideo, Quasar, Casio.

THE COMPUTER STORE, THE Philadelphia Center Hotel.
Philadelphia. PA. 19103. (215) 567-6475. Apple, Zenith,
Sanyo, Diablo, Epson.

20/20 COMPUTER, 2020 Hamilton Street, Allentown, 18104.
(215) 439-1800. Atari, Apple, Durango, Hewlett-Packard,
Data General, Zenith, Televideo. Hardware/Software and
Peripherals.

PHILADELPHIA — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER.
6318 Roosevelt Blvd. (215) 288-0180. Heath/Zenith Comput-
ers, Software, Peripherals.

FRAZER — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER. 630 Lan-
caster Pike, (Rt. 30) (215) 647-5555. Heath/Zenith Comput-
ers, Software, Peripherals.

PITTSBURGH — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 3482
Wm. Penn. Hwy. (412) 824-3564. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

COMPUTER FORUM— 490 Lancaster Pike, Frazer, 19355.
(215) 296-3474. Commodore/Altos/ Atari— Hardware/
Soft ware; Epson. Service/Training.

CAMERART, The Court at King of Prussia, King of Prussia,
19406, (215) 337-2020. CAMERART, opening August 1982,
Willow Grove Center, 2500 Moreland Road, Willow Grove,
19090. (215) 657-7272. Apple/Texas Instruments. Sales/
Ser vice. For Business Systems Call: (215) 544-8700.

PERSONAL SOFTWARE. 146 Paoli Pike. Paoli. 19355.
215-296-2726. SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS. Custom Pro-
grams, Canned Programs and Peripherals.

YORK— COMPUTERS UNLIMITED— 2813 E. Prospect
Road (17402). (717) 755-1045: Apple. IDS, VIC: Software,
Peripherals — Full Service.

SOUTH DAKOTA

COMPUTER SYSTEMS DESIGN— 2139 Jackson Blvd.,
Rapid City, 57701. (605) 341-3662. Apple, Vector Graphics.
Custom Software. Resta urant Management! '

RHODE ISLAND

THE COMPUTER STORE, 740 North Main. Providence
02904. (401) 331-0220. Apple, Zenith, Sanyo, Diablo, Epson.

COMPUTERCITY — 165 Angell St., Providence, 02903.
(403) 331-2187. Apple, Epson, Corvus, NEC, Zenith. Hard-
ware, Software, Peripherals. Service/Training.

WARWICK — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 558
Greenwich Ave. (401) 738-5150.

TENNESSEE

VIDEO VISION STORE, 1645 Downtown West Blvd., Suite
#3, #4, Knoxville 37919, 615-690-8800, Atari 400/800,
H ardware/ Software .

UTAH

MIDVALE —HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 58 East
7200 South. (801) 566-4626. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

VIRGINIA

COMPUTERS, ETC... 6671 Backlick Rd.. Springfield. 22150.
(703) 644-5500. Apple, Cromemco, Osborne, Northstar,
Seequa. Sales/Service/Training.

THE COMPUTER STORE, 6858 Old Dominion Drive,
McLean, 22101. (703) 821-8333. Apple, Zenith, Sanyo, Dia-
blo, Epson.

ALEXANDRIA — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER. 6201
Richmond Hwy., (703) 765-5515. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

VIRGINIA BEACH — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER,
1055 Independence Blvd. (804) 460-0997. Heath/Zenith
Computers, Software, Peripherals.

SMALL BUSINESS COMPUTER CENTER, 2929 Virginia
Beach Boulevard, Virginia Beach, 23452, 804-340-1977. Ap-
ple, Vectorgraphics, Alpha Micro, Commodore VIC 20.

ODYSSEY DATA PRODUCTS— 9014 West Broad Street
Road, Richmond, 23229. (804) 270-1992. Discount
Software-Hardware- Peripherals for Apple, Atari, IBM, TRS-
80, Xerox 820. Free Mail Order Catalogue.

WASHINGTON, DC

THE COMPUTER STORE, 1990 K Street N.W., Washington,
DC. 20006. (202) 466-3367. Apple, Zenith, Sanyo, Diablo,
Epson.

WASHINGTON

SEATTLE — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 505 8th
Ave., N. (206) 682-2172. Heath/Zenith Computers, Software,
Peripherals.

TUKWILA — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 15439
53rd Ave.. S. (206) 246-5358. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

VANCOUVER — HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER, 516
S.E. Chaklov Dr., (206) 254-4441. Heath/Zenith Computers,
Software, Peripherals.

CENTRALIA— DSC COMPANY. 119 West Magnolia 98531.
(206) 736-3240. Atari, Commodore, Helix/6809. Services,
Consulting, and supplies.

TACOMA— ELECTRONICS SHOWROOM. 2504 Jefferson
Avenue, 98402. (206) 272-2329. Atari/VIC Computers.
Atari/ Apple/TRS-80/Commodore Software. Supplies.

KENT VIDEO AND COMPUTERS— 1415 West Meeker
98031. (206) 854-7629. Atari/Kaycomp-2/Commodore.
Printers/Modems/Software/Books.

YAKIMA— ROB ROY COMPUTER SHOP— 1109 West
Yakima Avenue 98902. (509) 575-7704. Northstar, Atari,
Software, Peripherals, Magazines.

ELLENSBURG— COMPUTERCRAFT. 115 West 4th 98926.
(509) 925-3755. Popular Software/Hardware, Business/
Personal. Books/Magazines. Classes. Services.

KIRKLAND— USS ENTERPRISE. 12091 124th Avenue NE
98033. (206) 821-5353. Game Software. Atari, Intellivision,
Odyssey, Astrocade, Coleco.

ELECTRONIC SUPER MART— Parkway Plaza 98188, (206)
575-1093/3070 Kitsap Way, Bremerton 98310, (206) 377-
3979. Commodore Business Machines. Parts.

WEST VIRGINIA

COMPUTERS PLUS, INC., 300 D Street, South Charleston
25303. (304) 744-2321. Atari, Intertec/Superbrain -
Hardware/Software/Service/training.

WISCONSIN

COMPUTERLAND/MADISON— 6625 Odana Rd., 53719,
(608) 273-2020; 3205 E.Washington, 53704 (608) 241-2100.
Apple, Osborne, IBM-PC, Xerox, Hewlett-Packard, Fortune.

COLORTRON COMPUTERS. 2111 Lathrop Ave.. Racine.
53405. (414) 637-2003. Apple, Hardware and Software, C.
ITOH Printers. Service/Training.

BLUE LAKES COMPUTING— Apple. Fortune, Osborne,
Sony — Software, Service, Supplies — Madison (608) 233-
6502— Brookfield/ Waukesha (414) 785-1788— Maxell Disk-
ettes $1.49, limit 3 per customer with coupon.

MILWAUKEE— COMPCO-7110 W. Fond-Du-Lac, 53218,
(414) 438-0610: Apple, Altos, DEC, Osborne, Software,
Peripherals, Service, Custom Programming.

MAGIC LANTERN— 406 South Park Street, Madison 53715.
(608) 251-9112. AH Atari Products. 500 Programs in stock.

PHOTOART S/ISUAL SERVICE— 840 North Plankinton, Mil-
waukee 53203. (414) 271-2270. Bell & Howell, Apple. Educa-
tional/Industrial Software.

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Reader

Reader

Reader

Service No. Advertiser

Page

Service No. Advertiser

Page

Service No. Advertiser

Page

101

A2D Company

238

188

Educational Activities

347

277

Professional Software

307

102

Aardvark Technical Services

51

189

Educational Audio Visual, Inc.

361

278

Program Store

239

103

Accent software

118

186

E&L Instruments

68

280

Programmer's Institute

174

104

Advanced Operating Systems

189

190

Electronic Specialists

356

281

Programmer's Institute

357

105

Adventure International

110-111

191

Epson America

176-177

282

Programmer's Institute

359

106

ALF Products

82

365

Excalibur Technologies Corp.

74

253

Prometheus Products Inc

149

107

The Alien Group

375

372

ExecSystems Software

404

285

Protecto

419

108

Alpha Byte Computer Products

206-207

192

First Star Software

121

284

Protecto

203

109

Alpine Software

175

193

Floppy Disk Services

339

289

Quinsept

210

110

Alternative Software

94

360

Focus Media

129

369

Qume

208

111

Amdek Corporation

228

195

Formaster

31

245

Racet Computes Ltd

245

112

Apple Computer Corp

102-103

196

Franklin Computer

109

291

Radio Shack

197

113

Applied Software Technology

210

219

Gamestar

202

292

Ranco Software Games

358

114

Archive

317

177

.Genie Computer Corporation

104

293

Reader's Digest

229

115

ARCsoft Publishers

225

228

Gladstone Electronics

366

294

Red Baron

222-223

116

Ark Computing

70

200

Gold Disk Software

242

296

Redgate Publishing

215

•

Artworx

146

201

Great Plains Software

145

297

Reston Publishing Co.

86

•

Aspen Software

323

222

Happy Hands

340

298

R.H. Electronics

217

119

Associated Research Enterprises

416

203

Hayden Software

53

299

R.H. Electronics

35

118

Atari

112

•

Hayden Software

269

300

Rock-Roy, Inc.

218

120

Automated Simulations

211

204

Hayes Microcomputer Products

46

301

Roland Corp US

324

117

Automated Simulations

27

•

Heath Company

115-117

302

Royal Softouch

372-373

121

Avalon Hill Company

185

205

Huntington Computing

309

303

Royal Software

52

122

BASF Computer

25

206

IBM Corporation

172-173

305

Savvy

198

123

BBI Mail Order

367

207

UG Computer

32

358

Scitor

349

124

Beagle Brothers Micro Software

246-247

208

UG Computer

205

307

Sculpture By Softouch

403

125

Btg Five Software

13

•

Infocom

140-141

308

Sensible Software

351

126

Bit 3 Computer Corporation

295

209

I/O Management

335

309

S.G.C

291

127

Bottom Line

315

210

Jade Computer Products

265-267

258

Sierra On-Line, Inc

69-101

128

B.P.I. Systems

178

211

JDR Microdevices

277

310

Silicon Valley

231

129

Broderbund Software

186-187

212

KeHy's Computing

251

311

Sinus Software

38

130

BT Enterprises

410-411

213

Kensington Microware

90

312

Sirus Software

271

131

Business Machine Consultants

398

214

Kensington Microware

258

275

Sir-Tech

151

132

Calsoft

125

215

Kern Publications

213

276

Sir-Tech

153

133

Central Point Software

8

216

Krell Software

72

313

SJB Distributors

63

134

Charles Mann & Associates

234

217

Krell Software

50

314

SmaH Systems Engineering

235

135

Chatsworth Data

255

199

Leading Edge

9

315

Smith Corona

78

136

Chrishn Industries, Inc.

262

218

Leading Edge

Cov 4

316

Soft Images

157

137

Chromanetics Corporation

226

220

Learning Tools, Inc.

401

317

Soft Images

159

138

Chromasetts Magazine

286

221

Little, Brown

357

318

Soft Images

161

139

CJM Industries

18

202

LNW Research

17

319

Soft Images

163

226

Cleveland Consumer Computers &

347

223

LMW Research

380

320

Software City

385

Components

224

Lowerne Ltd.

405

321

Software City, Inc.

244

140

C-Load Magazine

287

225

Lyco Computer

413

279

Software Dimensions

232

141

Collins International Trade Corp.

241

227

Mail Comp

272

323

Software Galore

325

142

Commodore Business Machines

Cov 3

198

Maxell

5

324

Softwareland, Inc.

240

143

Communications Electronics

181

229

Meridian

342

325

Software Models

358

144

CompuServe

154-155

230

Micro Business World

261

326

Software Publishers

371

145

Compushack

296-297

373

Micro Computer Service Center

416

327

Software Street

361

146

Computer Discount of America

255

371

Microcomputer Technology Inc

227

328

Software Tree

400

370

Computer-Ed

341

231

Micro D

23

329

Southern California Research Group

230

147

Computer Exchange

40-41

232

Micro House

28-29

330

Southwestern Data

248

165

Computer Learning Tree

238

233

Micro Lab

127

331

Spinnaker Software

14-15

148

Computer Mail Order East /West

282-283

234

Micro Learmngware

280

332

SRA

340

149

Computer Outlets

279

235

Micro Management Systems, Inc

355

333

SRA

341

150

Computer Plus

349

236

Micromint, Inc

361

334

SRA

397

151

Computer Specialties

303

257

Micro Mountain

169

335

Standard & Poor

98

152

Computertime, Inc

371

239

Microsystems Exchange

174

336

Star Micronics

80

153

Computer's Voice

365

240

Micro Systems Software, Inc

409

337

Sterling Swift Pub Co

371

154

Computer Warehouse

407

272

Micro Systems Software, Inc

192

338

Stoneware, Inc

84

155

Computer World International

257

238

Micro-Systems

369

339

Stoneware, Inc

152

156

Computronics

293

241

Microware Dist Inc

417

340

Strategic Simulations

139

157

Comstar

26

242

Micro Works

353

341

Strategic Simulations

201

158

Connecticut Information Systems

92

243

M-R Information Systems, Inc.

405

342

Strictly Software

301

159

Consumer Computer Mail Order

335

245

Muse Software

128

295

Sublogic

43

160

Control Data

132-135

246

Muse Software

260

343

Sublogic

212

166

Corona Data

2

247

National Software

88

344

Success Sellers

399

161

Cosmic Computer's Unlimited

19

248

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

191

345

Suntronics Co.. Inc.

174

162

Cottage Software

238

249

fsleeco

319

346

SuperSoft

193

167

Covercraft

61

251

Newport Machine Design

210

347

Symtec

403

163

CPU Shop

143

250

Nexa Corporation

263

348

Syntax Newsletter

299

Creative Software

130

NRI Schools

65-67

349

Systems 4 Limited

285

164

Creativity Unlimited

366

252

Odesta

131

350

Tech Data Corporation

365

168

Curtis Manufacturing

363

255

Omega Microwave

362

350

Tech Data Corporation

365

169

Dakin 5

11

254

Omega Microwave

325

351

Techcom Enterprises

333

170

Datamost

54

283

Omega Microwave

136

352

Tecmar Inc

7

171

Datamost

55

287

Omega Sales

252

353

Texas Computer Systems

418

172

Datamost

56

237

Omni Resources

96

354

Texas Instruments

166

173

Datamost

57

259

Optimized Systems

280

3 G Company. Inc

356

174

Datasmith

347

260

Optoman Consumer Products

401

355

Thunderware

171

175

Davidson & Associates

377

261

Orange Micro

76

368

Timex

44-45

176

DDL Software

398

262

Pacific Exchanges

280, 365. 367. 398

356

Timex

A65

I

197

Decision Support Software

377

263

Pacific Polytech

255

304

TSK Electronics

221

374

Decision Support Software

377

264

Pan American Electronics

367

357

Unicomm

253

178

Dickens Data

18

265

Pathway Software

377

306

Val Par

21

Digital Equipment Corporation

122-123

266

Peek & Poke Software

377

359

Van Horn Office Supply

349

179

Dilithium Press

359

267

Penguin Software

224

194

Videx

36-37

180

Discount Data Products

106-107

268

Peripherals Unlimited

34

361

Virtual Combmatics

62

181

Don't Ask Computer Software

183

269

Perry Oil & Gas

333

362

Virtual Combmatics

64

182

D/ Punch Company

405

270

Personal Computer Age

327

363

VR Data

253

183

Dresselhaus Computer Products

234

271

Picadilly Software Inc

60

364

Wadsworth Electronic Pub. Co.

331

184

Dynacomp

274-275

272

Powersoft

192

366

Yacaipa Software

333

185

800 Software

49

273

Practical Peripherals Inc

Cov 2-1

367

Zor Khan Industries

366

187

Educational Activities

236

274

Professional Software

305

'Write Advertiser Directly.

December 1982 • Creative Computi

ng

430

FREE

inrrjRinATirjn

SERVILE

Learning more about a product
that's advertised or mentioned in an
article in this month's issue is as
|simple as 1-2-3. And absolutely free.

1 Print or type your name and ad-
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|only one card per person.

2 Circle the numbers on the card
that correspond to the numbers
lat the bottom of the advertisements
or articles for which you want more
information. (Key numbers for ad-
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(Advertisers' Index.)

3 Simple mail the card, and the lit-
erature will be mailed to you free
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|The addresses on the attached
cards are only for product informa-
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